Asee peer logo
Displaying all 28 results
Conference Session
Women in Engineering Division Technical Session 6
Collection
2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access
Authors
Kathleen Buse, Advancing Women in the Workforce; Lyndsey McMillon-Brown, NASA Glenn Research Center; L. Nicole Smith, NASA Glenn Research Center; Brian P. Kirkmeyer, Miami University
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Women in Engineering
about resolving women’sunderrepresentation in male-dominated STEM fields [6]. This paper describes how alumnae ofMiami University in Oxford, OH, worked with their alma mater to form an external Women’sAdvisory Committee to the College of Engineering and Computing. The group chartered amission to “provide leadership in a collaborative environment with faculty, staff, students,alumni and others to improve recruitment, retention and graduation support for women inengineering and computing…”. Members of the Committee engage with the College regularlyand give both guidance and action to efforts related to student success for women students andfaculty.Recently, the Committee embarked on the development of a strategic plan to maximize theimpact of the
Conference Session
Women in Engineering Division Technical Session 3
Collection
2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access
Authors
Jing Wang, University of South Florida; Zachariah Beasley, University of South Florida; Ken Christensen P.E., University of South Florida; Sudeep Sarkar, University of South Florida
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Women in Engineering
and retain women in thecomputing fields. In July 2017, the National Science Foundation (NSF) Directorate for Computerand Information Science and Engineering (CISE) began a pilot effort for broadeningparticipation in computing (BPC) to encourage department level engagement. In 2019, theComputing Research Association (CRA), with the support of CISE, initiated the BPCnetResource Portal (BPCnet.org) to support computing departments in the process of developingdepartment BPC plans. This paper describes the efforts of the Department of Computer Scienceand Engineering at the University of South Florida to develop a BPC plan and implement effortstowards increasing the percentage of women enrolled in, and graduating from, our fourundergraduate
Conference Session
Women in Engineering Division Technical Session 9
Collection
2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access
Authors
Christina A. Pantoja, Purdue University at West Lafayette (COE)
Tagged Divisions
Women in Engineering
- sity. She has four years of experience as a process engineer in industry and more than fifteen years of experience in education and career counseling. American c Society for Engineering Education, 2021 How and why women leave engineering careers: Towards an integrated framework of counseling and organizational psychology career theories.AbstractWomen leave the engineering profession at higher rates than men; thus, exacerbating theirunderrepresentation in the field. The purpose of this paper is to increase our understanding ofwomen’s engineering career decisions, including how and why their career plans change overtime
Collection
2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access
Authors
Roberta Rincon, Society of Women Engineers
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Women in Engineering
. in Civil Engineering from The University of Texas at Austin, an MBA and an M.S. in Information Management from Arizona State University, and a Ph.D. in Educational Policy and Planning from UT Austin. American c Society for Engineering Education, 2021 The Impact of COVID-19 on Women Engineers in AcademiaIntroductionCOVID-19 has upended the lives and livelihoods of millions of Americans, introducing an historiclevel of uncertainty in our everyday lives. While it is unclear what the impact will be on diversityin the engineering and technology sectors, we are beginning to see concerning signs. The U.S.Bureau of Labor Statistics recently reported that the higher
Conference Session
Women in Engineering Division Technical Session 6
Collection
2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access
Authors
Sara Amani, Texas A&M University; Ebtihal Mohamed Youssef, Texas A&M University at Qatar; Rand Yehia Alagha, Texas A&M University at Qatar; Sara Hillman, Texas A&M University at Qatar; Annie Ruimi, Texas A&M University at Qatar
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Women in Engineering
Education Experience (TEE). Rand is involved in multiple student organizations at TAMUQ, she is the President of the Palestinian Cultural Club (PCC) and Pi Epsilon Tau (PiET), and an active member in the Society of Petroleum Engineers (SPE).Sara Hillman, Texas A&M University at Qatar Sara Hillman is an Assistant Professor of English in the Liberal Arts Program at Texas A&M University at Qatar where she teaches courses in foundations of English, intercultural communication, and multicultural education. Her research areas include language ideologies; language learner identities; language policy and planning in the Arabian Peninsula; Global Englishes and linguistic diversity; translingual pedagogies and
Conference Session
Women in Engineering Division Technical Session 10
Collection
2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access
Authors
Cristian Saavedra-Acuna, Universidad Andres Bello, Concepcion, Chile; Monica Quezada-Espinoza, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
Tagged Divisions
Women in Engineering
from the first section, continuity of studies iswhen a student already has a university degree completed and decides to study another tospecialize and obtain a double degree; and a regular career is when it is the student's first collegedegree.It is seen that regular programs show a decreasing trend from years 2009 to 2012, whereparticipation falls to a minimum of 19.2%. Subsequently, an increase is seen from 2014 to 2020,showing an increase from 19.3% to 20.5%. Figure 7. Distribution of preferences for first-year female students in STEM disciplines about their study plan. Source: Own elaboration based on SIES historical enrolment from 2008 to 2020 [16].The variations shown in Fig. 7 are like general results analyzed in Fig. 1
Conference Session
Women in Engineering Division Technical Session 5
Collection
2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access
Authors
Kathrine Ehrlich-Scheffer, Rochester Institute of Technology (COE)
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Women in Engineering
mindsetwithin the greater engineering community. “Open to everybody, but who is actually going to use that room? Leave a building specifically to be in that room? It’ll be the people around it and using it that create its culture. So open to everyone, and the people supporting diversity form its culture.” -4th year Mechanical Engineering studentFocus Group Theme #3: Develop a student advisory board to plan and implement currentstudent programs.In all three focus groups, students voiced support for a student advisory board to help plan andimplement programming for current students. Historically, the only mechanism for student voicein programming has been via the women in engineering program student staff.A 4th year Industrial
Conference Session
Women in Engineering Division Technical Session 8
Collection
2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access
Authors
Shelly Gulati, University of the Pacific
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Women in Engineering
work commitments offering little time to pause and consider how activities todaymay connect with their future plans and how, or if, those future plans align with their purpose inlife. The book offers recommendations and tools for women to make small and large shifts inorder to pursue their broader goals.The book club consisted of four sessions that were 1.5 hours and typically met every other week.All 13 participants received a copy of the book. There was no course credit given forparticipation. Prior to sessions, students read a few chapters to prepare for the discussion.The topics covered over the four sessions aligned with the concepts introduced in the PlayingBig text (12 chapters): • Introduction • The Inner Critic • The Voice of
Conference Session
Environmental Engineering Technical Session 4: Environmental Issues and the Impacts of Intersectionality
Collection
2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access
Authors
Angela R. Bielefeldt, University of Colorado Boulder; JoAnn Silverstein P.E., University of Colorado Boulder
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Environmental Engineering, Women in Engineering
that they showed the community plans of one highway that was still affecting them but went with another design. She described how often the initial plan was not exactly what they were going to follow through with.” 4. Act as faithful agent 10 [frequently misinterpreted the meaning on conflict of interest as conflicting interests among different groups in Tampa – e.g. commuters vs. locals] 5. Reputation by merit 0 6. Uphold professional
Conference Session
Women in Engineering Division Technical Session 8
Collection
2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access
Authors
Kerry Meyers, University of Notre Dame; Victoria E. Goodrich, University of Notre Dame; Taylor Maida, University of Notre Dame; Simran Moolchandaney, University of Notre Dame; Gabrielle Tanjuatco, University of Notre Dame; Caroline Lubbe, University of Notre Dame
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Women in Engineering
, it has been difficult to prove the benefits of field trips to both the students and thefield trip hosts [13]. In order to reap the benefits of field trips, previous studies emphasize theimportance of preplanning [13-15]. When planning a good field trip, many instructors match theobjectives of the field trip to the topics that the students are learning in class [16-18]. Onecommon intended benefit of an engineering or technology field trip is to give students exposureto a specific industry and the subjects discussed in class [16], [17]. Field trips are also used inintroduction courses to give the students hands-on experience with the unfamiliar subject [18],[19]. Numerous studies have found other benefits of field trips, including enjoyment of
Conference Session
Women in Engineering Division Technical Session 9
Collection
2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access
Authors
Susan J. Ely, University of Southern Indiana
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Women in Engineering
midwestern university to betterunderstand the immediate impact of the pandemic on retention of women in engineering.Review of LiteratureSelf-efficacy can be defined as “an individual’s perceived level of competence or the degree towhich she or he feels capable of completing a task” [8]. In an academic program, self-efficacyimpacts choosing a plan of study that aligns with a desired profession that you anticipate joiningafter obtaining your degree. In this way, self-efficacy has direct impact on the recruitment ofwomen into engineering programs of study, as women must first see themselves as a successfulengineer before committing to an engineering major. Additionally, self-efficacy is demonstratedin individual courses, as students choose classes and
Conference Session
Women in Engineering Division Technical Session 6
Collection
2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access
Authors
Shawna Vican, University of Delaware; Robin Andreasen, University of Delaware; Heather Doty, University of Delaware; L. Pamela Cook, University of Delaware
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Women in Engineering
. 1Pandemic Impacts on Faculty CareersIn early 2020, as COVID-19 cases spread across the United States, university administratorsbegan to plan institutional responses. While the full scope of the pandemic was yet unknown, itwas clear COVID-19 would greatly affect normal university operations. By mid-March, manyuniversities had suspended in-person classes and closed student housing, shuttered research labs,banned university sponsored travel, and asked faculty and staff to work from home. At the sametime, many states instituted “stay-at-home” orders for all but essential personnel, leaving schoolsand childcare centers closed. Faced with these new employment conditions, and in many casesvastly increased caregiving demands, faculty adjusted their day-to
Conference Session
Women in Engineering Division Technical Session 7
Collection
2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access
Authors
Beth McGinnis-Cavanaugh, Springfield Technical Community College; Isabel Huff, Springfield Technical Community College
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Women in Engineering
provide mentoring, foster a community ofempowerment, cross-pollinate STEM professionals, and provide connections that fosterbelonging and identity. PVWIS advances equity and inclusion in STEM by celebrating womenwith nontraditional STEM pathways and experiences--particularly community college women.This paper will explain the origins of PVWIS, including organizational goals and values;summarize past and planned activities; and present relevant data. Strengths and challenges of thenetwork will be discussed. A review of the literature on the impact of networks and networkingevents on women in STEM will be provided.Finally, a collaboration between PVWIS and the Society of Women Engineers (SWE) will behighlighted. This partnership, funded by Northrop
Conference Session
Women in Engineering Division Technical Session 7
Collection
2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access
Authors
Leanne Kallemeyn, Loyola University Chicago; Gail Baura, Loyola University Chicago; Francisca Fils-Aime, Loyola University Chicago; Jana Grabarek; Pete Livas Jr, Loyola University Chicago
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Women in Engineering
, teaching methods, and curriculum design that the faculty at theLoyola University Chicago undergraduate engineering program utilize. Loyola University Chicago’s Provost named Engineering a major initiative in theUniversity 2015-20 strategic plan. Beginning in October, 2014, the Director of Engineering, withthe supports of a campus-level Engineering Planning Group, started building this new program.As a former Bell Labs engineer, the Director used systems engineering [4] to plan a generalengineering program that could meet the needs of industry [5-7], the engineering educationcommunity [8-16], engineering faculty [17, 18], and engineering students [19, 20] for at leasttwo decades. In 2020, the program received ABET accreditation. In fall
Conference Session
Women in Engineering Division Technical Session 8
Collection
2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access
Authors
Anne M. Lucietto, Purdue University; Jennifer D. Moss, Emporia State University; Jose M. Garcia, Purdue University; John H. Lumkes, Purdue University
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Women in Engineering
development of a new generation of hydraulic components and systems that can operate using environmentally friendlier fluids. Dr. Garcia has plans to actively continue the development of practical teaching tools that bring industry applications to the classroom.John H. Lumkes, Purdue University John Lumkes is the Assistant Dean & Associate Director, Office of Academic Programs, in the College of Agriculture, and Professor of Agricultural and Biological Engineering at Purdue University. Dr. Lumkes received his Ph.D. from the University of Wisconsin in 1997. His current work focuses on agricultural automation and mechanization, international service-learning, fluid power, innovation and design, multi- domain modeling
Conference Session
Women in Engineering Division Technical Session 3
Collection
2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access
Authors
Maija A. Benitz, Roger Williams University; Lillian Clark Jeznach, Roger Williams University; Selby M. Conrad, Roger Williams University
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Women in Engineering
after students completed the spring semester which was delivered remotelyfrom March onwards. At the time of the summer survey, neither students nor faculty knew howthe fall semester would be delivered. The university was still in the early stages of planning foranother semester impacted by the ongoing pandemic. When the survey was administered it wasunknown whether the university would offer remote, hybrid, or in-person classes in the fall. Table 4. Mean scores from women’s responses to COVID-19 screener questions at the summer and fall survey time points, including difference (delta) and p-value from t-tests. Question: Because of COVID-19 related events and changes, I have felt increased stress about
Conference Session
Women in Engineering Division Technical Session 1
Collection
2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access
Authors
Marcela Alejandra Silva, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile; Angeles Dominguez, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey, Mexico and Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Women in Engineering
degree can apply for internalscholarships. Finally, this study helped to know the students' perception and based on thatgenerate action plans for the career to improve the students' experience during their universitylife and to face their professional life better. The program plans to offer early extracurricularactivities to increase students' identity as future engineering professionals. The idea is to guidestudents to manage better the science sciences courses (first year) that do not bring the practicalconnection to the construction engineering profession.ConclusionsIn this section, we answer the two research questions of the study, reflect upon the study resultsand propose future actions for the program. The two research questions were: 1
Conference Session
Women in Engineering Division Technical Session 5
Collection
2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access
Authors
Erica Haugtvedt, South Dakota School of Mines & Technology; Duane Lewis Abata, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Women in Engineering
way that programming is used in today’s context. Babbage planned for a loop (or sequence)of Jacquard’s punched cards to control the function of the mechanical calculator, which couldthen use the results of preceding computations [19-20]. In addition to loop control, Babbage alsoforesaw sequential control and branching (or decision making). Arguably, Babbage’s AnalyticalEngine represents the transition from mechanized arithmetic (addition, subtraction,multiplication, and division) to fully-fledged general-purpose computation (loop, sequentialcontrol, and branching) of today, although as the Computer History Museum notes, there is nocontinual line of development from Babbage’s engines to the computers of today [15]. Thisinvention of a punch
Conference Session
Environmental Engineering Technical Session 4: Environmental Issues and the Impacts of Intersectionality
Collection
2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access
Authors
Shannon Katherine Gilmartin, Stanford University; Angela Harris, North Carolina State University; Christina Martin-Ebosele, Stanford University; Sheri Sheppard, Stanford University
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Environmental Engineering, Women in Engineering
these results might prompt new thinking about undergraduateengineering education and environmental work. We consider how our findings can informteaching and learning for effective early career practice and future leadership. We proposeleadership modules in environmental engineering curricula that focus on not only the urgentenvironmental problem space, but gender and racial equality in the people space surrounding it.1.0 IntroductionUnderstanding the school-to-work pathways of engineering students—intentions and plans priorto graduation, destinations and experiences after graduation—is a critical component ofintegrated, effective educational practice. Educational settings are not isolated entities in whichlearning communities intuit relevance
Conference Session
Women in Engineering Division Technical Session 10
Collection
2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access
Authors
Nolgie O. Oquendo-Colón, University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez Campus; Lourdes A. Medina, University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez Campus; Maria Angelica Velazquez, Montana State University; David Claudio, Montana State University; Aidsa I. Santiago-Roman, University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez Campus
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Women in Engineering
, they lack control.[19] A high score in this index means that people feelthreatened by ambiguous or unknown conditions, while a low score shows that people do not getaltered by uncertainty and are not averse to taking risks. VSM comprehensive scores for the USMainland and PR are 46 and 38, respectively, with a mean score of 91.67.[19] Therefore, bothcountries show tendencies of pragmatic societies, where people can make their plans but do notget altered or anxious if their plans change. Furthermore, community members do not averse totake risks and embrace change and new ideas without problems.Our study showed a score of 43.09 for MSU versus a score of 0.17 for UPRM. Therefore, bothstudent populations are very pragmatic; thus, they can embrace
Conference Session
Women in Engineering Division Technical Session 8
Collection
2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access
Authors
Gretchen A. Dietz, University of Florida; Kayla Julianna Kummerlen, The University of Florida; Elliot P. Douglas, University of Florida
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Women in Engineering
, because I'm not like a full-fledged engineer or anything. I did collect some dataand organize it for them. I also did a lot of plan production where the project was alreadydesigned but I would label it, set up the sheets, do the cross sections for the roads and other taskssimilar to that. I could tell the work I was doing actually mattered, it was not just assigned to meto occupy my time. My internship definitely improved my performance in engineering abilitiesjust because it really kind of helped show me the level of work that engineering has to be at -likethe level of detail and precision, how carefully everything gets done. I also learned a lot aboutengineering in general, the process of how a project develops and the quality of work that
Conference Session
Women in Engineering Division Technical Session 9
Collection
2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access
Authors
Lisa Abrams, Ohio State University; Adithya Jayakumar, Ohio State University; Lucille Sheppard, Ohio State University; Amy Kramer P.E., Ohio State University; Toni M. Calbert, Ohio State University
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Women in Engineering
course as student allies learn about existing inequities and systems of oppression,and work to create a welcoming and supportive environment for all students regardless ofgender, race, ability, or SES. As both the minority and the majority move into the nationalscientific workforce, the knowledge and skills gained through participation in this study willserve as a springboard from which to promote inclusion across all levels of scientific work in theUnited States.The authors plan to continue to offer the Inclusive Leadership Course on a regular basis andcontinue assessing the impact of the course on the students who take it and on the climate in theCOE as a whole. Also, given the positive feedback from students in the non-gender specificsection
Conference Session
Women in Engineering Division Technical Session 5
Collection
2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access
Authors
Kali Lynn Morgan, Georgia Institute of Technology; Adrianna Bernardo; Todd M. Fernandez, Georgia Institute of Technology
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Women in Engineering
, vol. 55, no. 1, pp. 22–45, 2006.17. K. Krippendorff, “Content analysis,” in International Encyclopedia of Communication, vol. 1, E. Barnouw, G. Gerbner, W. Schramm, T. L. Worth, & L. Gross Eds., New York: Oxford University Press, 1989, pp. 403-407.18. M. Bengtsson, “How to plan and perform a qualitative study using content analysis,” NursingPlus Open, vol. 2, pp. 8–14, 2016.19. S. Weir and M. Fine-Davis, “‘Dumb Blonde’ and ‘Tempermental Redhead’: The Effect of Hair Colour on Some Attributed Personality Characteristics of Women,” Irish Journal of Psychology, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 11-19, 1989.20. K. E. Wohlwend, “The boys who would be princesses: Playing with gender identity intertexts in Disney Princess transmedia,” Gender
Conference Session
Women in Engineering Division Technical Session 1
Collection
2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access
Authors
Lauren Drankoff, University of Dayton; Sandra L. Furterer, University of Dayton; Elizabeth Hart, University of Dayton
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Women in Engineering
listthroughout their first few weeks on campus and can be added at any time throughout the year.They also can choose to be a board member for the WISE program that plan all the events. Thefirst-year female WISE students can additionally choose to be in the WISE mentoring program.However, to have any involvement in WISE, the students must be a female WISE major. The WISE mentoring program is operated by a graduate engineering student. Thegraduate student recruits mentors and mentees by contacting upper classmen and first yearstudents that are on the WISE email list. Everyone that signs up fills out a survey that asks abouttheir major, hobbies, and interests. The graduate student then pairs up the students to make amentor pair based off of their
Conference Session
Women in Engineering Division Technical Session 5
Collection
2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access
Authors
Tracy L. Yother, Purdue University at West Lafayette (PPI); Anne M. Lucietto, Purdue University at West Lafayette (PPI); Geanie Umberger, Purdue University at West Lafayette (PPI); Mary E. Johnson PhD, Purdue University at West Lafayette (PPI)
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Women in Engineering
andtechnologists to plan and conduct heavy maintenance and modifications, freighter conversionsand digital equipment modifications. The production of UAS aircraft is expected to increasesubstantially by 2030 [16]. Deloitte [17] expects defense to grow at 2.8%, space launch servicesto grow 15% or higher year over year, and space exploration and space investments to grow in2021 globally. While this is not a complete estimate of forecasted demand, it does show thatdemand is strong in the aerospace industry.Women and BIPOC in Aerospace. Early in developing higher learning institutions, mostprograms that required an interest in technical fields limited enrollment to men [18]. Womenwere not considered "worthy" of this kind of study as they would become
Conference Session
Women in Engineering Division Technical Session 10
Collection
2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access
Authors
Nacarid Delgado, Universidad Andres Bello, Concepcion, Chile; Karen Judith Correa, Universidad Andres Bello, Concepcion, Chile; Angeles Dominguez, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey, Mexico and Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Women in Engineering
years. It aroused in me a tremendous interest in paleontology and, after theevent, I investigated what I could do to study fossils. I contacted a paleontologist and biologistfrom the Austral University of Chile. She motivated and guided me in all my concerns andquestions, opening the doors to the world of paleontology. So I can say that thanks to thismeeting, I managed to connect with something that I love and plan to study after finishing myfirst university degree."Students agreed that all the event activities, such as talks by outstanding researchers, science andtechnology workshops, and poster sessions on salient women in STEM in history, were excitingand tremendously motivating, considering it necessary to have these in future event
Conference Session
Women in Engineering Division Technical Session 9
Collection
2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access
Authors
Rohini N. Abhyankar, Arizona State University; Samantha Ruth Brunhaver, Arizona State University, Polytechnic campus
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Women in Engineering
Conference Session
Women in Engineering Division Technical Session 7
Collection
2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access
Authors
Victoria Beth Sellers, University of Florida; Idalis Villanueva, University of Florida
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Women in Engineering
, further contributing to hostile working environments and isolation [20].Self-efficacy and its four sources Self-efficacy refers to an individual’s beliefs in their capabilities to plan and take actionto achieve a particular outcome [21]. There are four major sources of self-efficacy [21]: (1)mastery experiences, (2) vicarious experiences, (3) social persuasions, and (4) physical andemotional states. Mastery experiences are the interpreted result of an individual’s pastperformances, such as how a woman evaluates her self-efficacy in a course based upon the gradesreceived for that class.Vicarious experiences are where individuals observe others performingtasks, such as a woman undergraduate student observing a fellow woman undergraduate