Conference Session

Hands-on Materials Science and Engineering

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Richard Griffin, Texas A&M University; Ibrahim Karaman, Texas A&M University; Ji Ma, Texas A&M University; Jeffrey Froyd, Texas A&M University; Jaime Grunlan, Texas A&M University

Tagged Divisions

Materials

-1 -1.5 -2 0 5 10 15 Carbon Black wt%Figure 3. Log Resistivity vs. % Carbon Black concentration- emulsion based Polyvinyl Acetatepolymer. Percolation limit appears to occur at 2% Carbon Black concentration1 www.nano.gov2 T. S. Creasy, J. C. Grunlan, and R. B. Griffin, “An Undergraduate Laboratory: the Effect of NanoparticleMicrostructure on the Electrical Properties of Polymer Nanocomposites,” Proceedings of IMECE06, ASME

Conference Session

Improving ME Education: Trends in Mechanical Engineering I

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Stephen McClain, Baylor University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

: The design of a co-generation power system supplying steam for a textile factory making fabrics for Mugatu Inc.’s “Derelicte Campaign” and producing 50 MW of power [14].2) Related to Cartoon Network’s animated Squidbillies: The design of a 100 MW power plant to provide power for Dan Halen Inc.’s future “Glug: Pine-Cone Liquor” distillery to be located in northwest Georgia [15].Each of the topics has great potential. While the movie Zoolander (2001) is already six yearsold, the co-generation system for Mugatu’s “Derelicte” campaign has excellent opportunities forcycle design assignments. The Zoolander premise would also allow the use of excellent adapted

Conference Session

Innovation in Construction Engineering Education II

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Gunnar Lucko, Catholic University of America; Panagiotis Tsopelas, Catholic University of America; Timothy Garland, Catholic University of America; Rodrigo Gonzalez, Catholic University of America; Thomas Lee, Catholic University of America; Justin Molineaux, Catholic University of America

Tagged Divisions

Construction

to $5B 5/27/03 3/25 and Afghanistan 6.1, 5.6 1,000 100’s 1,000’s 2,000 3/27/2002 1/26/01 India 7.7 20,085 166,836 - 1,122,000 1/13/01 El Salvador 7.7 852 4,723 - over 258,226 11/12/99 Turkey 7.1 894 4,948 - extensive 9/20/99 Taiwan 7.5 2,400 8,700 600,000 82,000, $14B 8/17/99 Turkey 7.4 17,118 50,000 500,000 $6.5B 1/25/99 Colombia 6.2 1,885 4,750 250,000 60% New 7/17/98

Conference Session

Climate Issues for Women Students

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Xiang-Yun Du, Aalborg University; Anette Kolmos, Aalborg University

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering

2003 2004 2005 2006During the 80’s women’s percentage increased on an average from less than 10% to more than 20 % atAalborg University, which was established in 1974 as a problem-based and project-based university.During the 90

Conference Session

Computer-Assisted Lab Studies

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Julio Garcia, San Jose State University; Patricia Backer, San Jose State University

Tagged Divisions

Division Experimentation & Lab-Oriented Studies

27 29 29Modal score(s) 23 (6) 27, 30, 31 (3) 29, 31 (3) 27 (5) 27 (5) 32 (5)Midrange 29 27 28 31 28.5 28Between the pre-test and the post-test, the mean score for 2005 increased by 1.8 points (or 3.6%),compared to 3.6 points (7.2%) for the 2004 cohort. The median score increased by 1 point,compared to 2 points in 2004. The modal score was lower than two of the 2004 modal scores.Overall, the pre-test and post-test scores were higher in 2005 than in 2004, but they showed lessimprovement.Considering individual students’ changes in test scores, fifteen of the twenty-four students (or62.5%) in 2005 improved their scores on the

Conference Session

Project and Model-Based Mathematics

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sharlene Katz, California State University-Northridge; Bella Klass-Tsirulnikov, Sami Shamoon College of Engineering (formerly Negev Academic College of

Tagged Divisions

Mathematics

hardlims(x) = 4 5+1, x 2 0Thus the input of the single neuron is an R x 1 matrix p, and its final output is a scalar a =hardlims(Wp + b), depending upon whether the result n = Wp + b is positive or negative.A neural network can contain multiple neurons. Each neuron receives the same input vector, p,but produces a separate output. A network of S neurons has S outputs and can be represented ina manner similar to the single neuron network shown in figure 1. However, the weights are nowthe rows of a weight matrix W of size S x R. Accordingly, b, n, and a become column vectors oflength S, or S x 1 matrices. Thus, for an S neuron neural network with input p, we obtain Soutputs, which are contained in the S x 1 matrix

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ismail Fidan, Tennessee Tech University; Nasir Ghani, Tennessee Tech University

. Page 12.1237.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2007 Remotely Accessible Laboratory for Rapid PrototypingAbstractThe Rapid Prototyping (RP) Laboratory1 was established in Fall 2003 and funded by theNational Science Foundation DUE 0311586 grant and Tennessee Tech University (TTU)matching support. Since this time, almost 500 high school students and student(s) studyingcomputer aided design/computer numerical control have practiced with RP technology. In orderto further extend a remote access capability to this current laboratory and let more engineeringand technology students learn this technology via online materials, a new NSF grant wasawarded in Summer 20062. Since this time, the remote RP laboratory development has

Collection

2007 ASEE Midwest Section Conference

Authors

J. Oh; B. Kissick

. • Value people, hard work, humor, knowledge and service.1 O’Donovan, E. “Professional learning communities” District Administration 43.3 2007 Vol.2 p942 Kraat, S. B. Ed. Relationships between Teaching Faculty and Teaching Librarians. New York: Haworth20053 Elmborg, J.; Hook, S. Ed. Centers for Learning: Writing Centers and Libraries in Collaboration.American Library Association 20054 Information literacy in action: collaboration, retrieved February 2007, from Association of College andResearch Libraries Web site:http://www.ala.org/ala/acrl/acrlissues/acrlinfolit/infolitresources/collaboration/collaboration.htm5 Oh, J.; Collins, J.; Kissick, B.; Starkey, A. “Information Literacy Teams: Bridging the Fluency Divide”2005 ASEE Conference

Conference Session

Applied Mathematics

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

S.K. Sen, Florida Institute of Technology; Gholam Ali Shaykhian, NASA

Tagged Divisions

Mathematics

Page 12.1256.2sequences (stretches) of the same digit(s), say, 1, the overall sequence might be random though.Long sequences of the same digits, even though generated by a random process would reduce thelocal randomness of a sample. That is, a sample could only be globally random for sequences of,say, 100,000 digits while it might not appear at all random when a sequence of less than 500digits is considered. Usually in a statistical environment, the numeric sequence need to be a large one (30 or moreentries) before we could talk about whether the sequence is random or not. For example, in atossing of a coin denoting a head by 1 and a tail by 0, if we get 15 0’s successively, can we saythat the coin is biased statistically? The answer is no

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Denny Davis, Washington State University; Steven Beyerlein, University of Idaho; Olakunle Harrison, Tuskegee University; Phillip Thompson, Seattle University; Michael Trevisan, Washington State University

, and testing assessments was funded by theDivision of Undergraduate Education of the National Science Foundation under grant NSF/DUE0404924.Bibliography1. The National Academies (2006). Rising above the gathering storm. Washington, DC: National Academies Press.2. Anonymous (2006). The national engineering education research colloquies. Journal of Engineering Education, 95(4), 257.3. National Academy of Engineering (2004). The engineer of 2020: Visions of engineering in the new century. Washington, DC.: The National Academies Press.4. Davis, D., Beyerlein, S., and Davis, I. (2006). Deriving design course learning outcomes from a professional profile. International Journal of Engineering Education, 22(3

Conference Session

Engineering Without Borders: Programs Involving Students

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Wei Lin, North Dakota State University; Frank Peloubet, North Dakota State University; Huizhen Wang, Beijing Institute of Civil Engineering and Architecture; Yajun Zhang, Beijing Institute of Civil Engineering and Architecture

Tagged Divisions

International

. Steffen, G.D., and Hack, I., (2005) “Preliminary Investigation into Providing International Experience through Study Abroad for Engineering Technology Students,” Proceedings of the 2005 ASCE Annual Conference & Exposition, Portland, OR.4. Apple-Smith, J., Miner, S., and Riha, A., (2006) “Preparing Engineers for the Global Workplace: Iowa State University,” Proceedings of the 2006 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition, Chicago, IL.5. Gerhardt, L.A. Blumenthal, P., and Spodek, S. (2002) “Educating the Global Engineer: A Program to Promote Study Abroad, International Exchanges and Diversity in Undergraduate Engineering,” Proceedings of the 2002 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition, Montreal, Quebec.6. Melsa, J.L

Conference Session

Design of Lab Experiments I

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Lanny Griffin, California Polytechnic State University

Tagged Divisions

Division Experimentation & Lab-Oriented Studies

that the process of adhesionof cells from a liquid suspension onto solid substrates may be related to the free energy ofthe adhesion [2] (∆Gadh). ∆Gadh = γ cs − γ cl − γ sl (2)In Equation 2, the symbol γ represents the surface interfacial free energy and thesubscripts, c, s, and l refer to cell, solid, and liquid, respectively. Compare Equations 2and 1 – how are they similar? For net negative free energies (high γs), the conditions arefavorable for cellular adhesion, whereas, for a net positive free energy (low γs), theconditions are unfavorable (Figure 3).The cell-solid interfacial energy is dependent on the cell type and solid substrate, but itcan be calculated as [2] 2

Conference Session

Technical Issues in Architectural Engineering II

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Frank Yeboah, North Carolina A&T State University; Harmohindar Singh, North Carolina A&T State University; Shamsuddin Ilias, North Carolina A&T State University

Tagged Divisions

Architectural

) models.Suggested Course TextbooksThe authors are of the opinion that this course is better delivered in a team-taught manner, due tothe fact that most of the issues related to bioterrorism in buildings involve several topics orsubjects – HVAC controls, filtrations, chemical and biological agents and their dissemination,building design considerations, decontamination, risk management, economics etc.Consequently, recommending any particular course textbook(s) will be an arduous task just forthe very reasons that the course involves too many issues/topics which are sometimes unrelated,and hence make selecting any particular textbook(s) difficult. That notwithstanding, thefollowing course textbooks (not an exhausted list) can serve as a way forward: 1

Conference Session

International Distance & Service Learning for Engineers- Discussion on Best Practices

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Keshav Varde, University of Michigan-Dearborn

Tagged Divisions

International

students than the campus students.This was particularly crucial when dealing with technical and math based discussion because oftechnical limitations.References1. Chapman, D. D. (2005), Building an Evaluation Plan for Fully Online Degree Programs.2. Indiana University Report (2004), Technology as a Lever – Developing Guidelines for Good Practice in Education.3. Johnson, S. D., Aragon, S. R., Shaik, N. and Palma-Rivas, N. (2000), Comparative Analysis of Learner Satisfaction and Learning Outcomes in Online and Face-to-Face Learning Environments, J of Interactive Learning Research, 11(1), 29-49.4. Varde, N. and Fogler, H. S. (2002), Asynchronous Learning of Chemical Reaction Engineering, e-Technologies in Engineering Education, ECI Symposium

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

John Lee, San Jose State University; Stacy Gleixner, San Jose State University; Tai-Ran Hsu, San Jose State University; David Parent, San Jose State University

Mourtos. The class is alsograteful to Dolf van der Heide and Jiahe (Jan) Wang from COMSOL Multiphysics, Mary AnnMaher from SoftMEMS, and Busbee Hardy from MEMSCAP, who each provided a seminarintroduction to their respective services and products. Page 12.831.10Bibliography[1] S. J. Lee, S. Gleixner, D. Parent, and T. R. Hsu, "A Development Framework for Hands-On Laboratory Modules in Microelectromechanical Systems (MEMS) " in Proceedings of the ASEE Annual Meeting 2006, Chicago, IL.[2] N. J. Mourtos, "From learning to talk to learning engineering: Drawing connections across the disciplines," World Transactions on

Conference Session

Assessing Design Coursework II

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Martin Grimheden, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH)

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

further advantages of these courses a setup iscreated where synergy between the capstone and cornerstone courses are utilized. It might be assimple as having students share a coffee machine, but also by having capstone students coachingand mentoring cornerstone students or having cornerstone projects as a subproject of a largercapstone project. All these mechanisms creates an exchange of experiences and knowledgebetween the junior and the more senior students which has proved advantageous for the juniorstudents to better understand their future professional roles.References1. Hagman, L., Norell, M., and Ritzén, S. “Teaching in Integrated Product Development – experiences from project-based learning”. In Proceedings of the International

Conference Session

Computer Tools for Education

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jianyu Dong, California State University-Los Angeles; Nancy Warter-Perez, California State University-Los Angeles

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

, 2005 0.4 Fall, 2006 0.2 0 ho m e wo rk pro je c t pre s e nt a t io n o v e ra ll Figure 6. Student performance comparison in multiple course tasks in EE442.Nevertheless, we did face some challenges when implementing the CPBL model in the pilotcourses. As with any course re-design, it usually takes several iterations to “work out the kinks.”The biggest challenge is how to balance the instruction time and the time to do in-class projects.It is important that the in-class projects should not take too much instructional time. However

Conference Session

Design for the Environment

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

David McStravick, Rice University

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

AC 2007-1688: AC-POWERED BACKPACK PROJECTDavid McStravick, Rice University DAVID MCSTRAVICK received his B. S. and Ph. D. degrees in mechanical engineering from Rice University. He worked in industry for many years in various engineering research positions. He joined Rice University in 1996 and is currently a Professor in the Practice of Mechanical Engineering in the MEMS Department. He teaches in the area of engineering design and his current research interests are in medical product design and in engineering education. Page 12.159.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2007

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Patrick Tebbe, Minnesota State University-Mankato; Stewart Ross, Minnesota State University-Mankato; Sharon Kvamme, Minnesota State University-Mankato; Brian Weninger, Minnesota State University-Mankato; Jess Boardman, Minnesota State University-Mankato

,” Journal of Engineering Education, Vol. 89, No. 4 (2000).4. Felder, R.M., Woods, D.R., Stice, J.E., and Rugarcia, A., “The Future of Engineering Education II. Teaching Methods That Work,” Chem. Engr. Education, Vol. 34, No. 1 (2000).5. Anderson, E.E., Sharma, M.P., and Taraban, R., “Application of Active Learning Techniques to Computer- Based Instruction of Introductory Thermodynamics,” Proceedings of the 2002 American Society for Engineering Education Annual Conference (2002).6. Kellogg, R.S. and Vogel, J., “Engineering Design as a Learning Process,” Proceedings of the 2001 American Society for Engineering Education Annual Conference (2001).7. Shooter, S. and Shooter, C., “Enhancing Design Education by

Conference Session

Emerging Trends in Engineering Education Poster Session

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mireille Battikha, Consultant

project (e.g., column, footing, wall, slab) form the coreto which associations of digital entities are made. The associations include the intermediateproducts related to the assemblies, and the activities that shaped them. Figure 1 shows anexample of how images/videos about construction products are associated to some of theircorresponding images/videos about construction activities. Page 12.346.4 Footing Wall Column Slab F-0 W-0 C-0 S-0 F-1 W-1 C-1 S-1 cure finish strip finish

Conference Session

FPD8 -- Introductory Courses

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Robert Pieri, North Dakota State University; Ghodrat Karami, North Dakota State University

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

e om S le og nc ia H ad

Conference Session

Multidisciplinary Teams

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kelly Crittenden, Louisiana Tech University

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering

Education 2005, 21, (1), 139-150.2. Benedict, B.; Napper, S. A.; Guice, L. K., Restructuring for Strategic Outcomes. Journal of Engineering Education 2000, 89, (2), 237-246.3. Guice, L. K.; Napper, S. A.; Nelson, J. D., Interdisciplinary Administration Supports Interdisciplinary Education and Research. Proceedings of the International Conference on Engineering Education 2003, 2003-216.4. Nelson, J. D.; Napper, S. A.; Elmore, B.; Carpenter, J.; Deese, B., An Integrated Freshman Engineering Curriculum. Frontiers in Education Conference 1998.5. Nelson, J. D.; Napper, S. A., Ramping Up an Integrated Engineering Curriculum to Full Implementation. Proceedings of the Frontiers in Education Conference 1999.6

Conference Session

NAFP Panel Discussion

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mohan Aggarwal, Alabama A&M University; Benjamin Penn, NASA/Marshall Space Flight Center; Ravindra Lal, Alabama A&M University

Tagged Divisions

Minorities in Engineering

support staff should be provided to maintain teaching laboratories and researchinfrastructure and there should be a reduction in the requirement for the cumbersomesignature/approval process.For graduate students, at the present time, out-of-state tuition should not be charged to all out-of-state graduate students after one year of residence at the university. Tuition waivers should begiven to all graduate students on assistantship or fellowships. Tuition rules should be similar toother state-supported institutions so Alabama A&M University can recruit and support graduatestudents competitively.Need for more Ph.D.’s in PhysicsWe receive calls and visits from various agencies such as the Coast Guard Academy and otheruniversities such as

Conference Session

Innovations in ECE Education I

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Dick Blandford, University of Evansville; Deborah Hwang, University of Evansville

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

Engineering and Computer Science DepartmentAbstractIn the United States, more than 10% of traditional electrical engineering programs havecombined with computer science into a single department 1. Historically computer scienceprograms emerged from mathematics or electrical engineering departments in the mid to late1960's. Since mathematics is not typically in the engineering college many computer scienceprograms developed independently from engineering programs. In the 1970's and early 1980's,with the advent of the microprocessor and embedded computer systems, computer engineeringevolved mostly out of existing electrical engineering programs and has since become a separatediscipline distinct from electrical engineering with

Conference Session

Innovations for the Senior Year of the ME Curriculum

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Steven Trimble, Arizona State University; Ronald Bengelink, Arizona State University; Valana Wells, Arizona State University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

, she develops and oversees accreditation processes and assessment procedures. Dr. Wells teaches courses in Aerodynamics, Aircraft Design, Rotorcraft Performance, Flight Mechanics, Vibrations, and Acoustics. Page 12.82.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2007 A New Required Senior Course: The Engineering Profession S. Trimble, R. Bengelink, and V. Wells Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Ira A. Fulton School of Engineering Arizona State University

Conference Session

Assessment and Evaluation in Engineering Education II

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jenefer Husman, Arizona State University; Christa Lynch, Arizona State University; Jonathan Hilpert, Arizona State University; mary ann Duggan, Arizona State University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

sciencesreport doing so due to poor instruction [4]. Accordingly, this line of research has sparked aninterest in improving the quality of education engineering students receive by improvinginstruction through increased understanding of student learning and motivation [3]. From a motivation perspective, some of the most important steps students taketoward a career in science and engineering (S & E) are in choosing the right coursework,experiences, and mentors to get them there. Over the past few years, researchers haveamassed a substantial body of knowledge regarding how students think about their personalfutures. They argue if we want to understand why students choose one career path overanother, and why they choose to persevere or abandon

Conference Session

Contemporary Instrumentation Poster Session

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Scott Shepard, University of Central Florida

Tagged Divisions

Instrumentation

held in the 1960’s). The promises of nanotechnology are well known andthe potential impact of quantum computers and quantum communication is becoming moreapparent in the public domain. Apart from exposing undergraduates to an important emergingtechnology however – why should quantum communication experiments be integrated intoengineering technology laboratory components at this time?One reason is that it is now time for quantum encryption to be brought into actual/practicalimplementation. This goal is precisely the path a committee at the Los Alamos NationalLaboratory (LANL) has recommended for the primary focus of future funding in the area3. Asthe LANL 'Quantum Information Science and Technology Roadmap' puts it: "... will build on

Conference Session

Design Experiences in Energy Systems

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Peter Mark Jansson, Rowan University; Ryan Elwell, Rowan University

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

andinterconnection information, and calculations for incentive (rebate) request. Two examples ofthese summary designs can be seen in Figures 4 and 5. The estimated size of the system isimportant for many reasons which are related to subsequent feasibility issues: 1) Choosing the Page 12.460.6Figure 4: Initial design for New Public Works Building Figure 5: Initial design for Civic Center Page 12.460.7matching inverter(s) and wiring strategy, 2) application process for the New Jersey Clean EnergyProgram (NJCEP), and 3) calculation of long-term economic benefits.Wiring designThe transmission path

Conference Session

Emerging Technologies in Manufacturing Education - I

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Zbigniew Czajkiewicz, Robert Morris University; Arif Sirinterlikci, Robert Morris University; Ozden Uslu, Robert Morris University

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

Capacities Materials System prices* FDM Stratasys16 8"x8"x12" to ABS, PC, PPSF / $25,000 to 16"x14"x12" PPSU $400,000 SLA 3D Systems, 10"x10"x10" to Photopolymers - $200,000 to F&S17 59"x29.5"x19.7" Epoxy, acrylic $900,000 SLS 3D Systems, 10"x10"x8.5" to Steel, Aluminum, $200,000 to EOS18, F&S 28"x15.2"x22.9" Titanium, $1,000,000

Conference Session

Professional Graduate Education & Industry

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Donald Keating, University of South Carolina; Thomas Stanford, University of South Carolina; John Bardo, Western Carolina University; Duane Dunlap, Western Carolina University; Stephen Tricamo, New Jersey Institute of Technology; Eugene DeLoatch, Morgan State University; Dennis Depew, Purdue University; Mark Schuver, Purdue University; Gary Bertoline, Purdue University; Albert McHenry, Arizona State University; Timothy Lindquist, Arizona State University; Joseph Tidwell, Boeing Co.; Mark Smith, Rochester Institute of Technology; Raymond Morrison, Lockheed Martin Aeronautics Co.; Harvey Palmer, Rochester Institute of Technology; Norman Egbert; David Quick, Rolls-Royce Corporation; Roger Olson, Rolls-Royce Corporation; Mohammad Noori, California State Polytechnic University; Samuel Truesdale, Rolls-Royce Corporation; Edward Sullivan, California Polytechnic State University; Joseph Rencis, University of Arkansas; Carla Purdy, University of Cincinnati

Tagged Divisions

Graduate Studies

critical element in sustaining competitiveness”… However … “The United States could lose its preeminence in technology unless a new national innovation agenda is developed.” 1 Finding # 2: U.S. engineering progress is essential to U.S. economic competitiveness and national security. Whereas the U.S. Scientific Workforce and the U.S. Engineering Workforce are both vital national resources for the nation’s S&T progress, they serve two distinct purposes. Continuous advancements in basic research [performed primarily at the nation’s research universities] are essential in sustaining U.S. preeminence for the nation’s scientific progress, and continuous