Collection

2000 Annual Conference

Authors

Migri M. Prucz

forcapturing the highlights of the educational programs offered by the college, with respect to boththeir contents and methods of instruction.I. IntroductionThe proliferation of advanced technologies throughout the global economy demands changes inall aspects of life, including industrial and academic activities. New market opportunities,competitive pressures, and government regulations have triggered a widespread wave of changesacross the industry, in regard with both its technical and business practices. The dynamics ofthese changes propagates, obviously, also to the area of engineering education, since the industryis the "ultimate customer" of universities, where their graduates are to be employed and expectedto pursue professional careers [1

Conference Session

High School Engineering Education

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Douglas Oppliger, Michigan Technological University; Jean Kampe, Michigan Technological University; Valorie Troesch, Michigan Technological Univeristy

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

from grades 9-12engage in authentic, inquiry-based STEM learning. Students participate on teams organized asvirtual companies that develop products or services. Team projects are STEM-based andcontinue for one or more academic years. Teams are coached by specially-trained high schoolteachers who are paid similarly to athletic coaches. At the conclusion of their HSE experiences,we expect that HSE team members will demonstrate proficiency in applied workforce skills; willbe more disposed to enter STEM related careers; and will be better prepared to successfullyundertake the training needed for these careers. An HSE implementation is a partnership amongthe team, its home institution, a university partner, and industry and community sponsors

Conference Session

Graduate Student Experiences

Collection

2002 Annual Conference

Authors

Kristine Csavina

Session 2455 The Preparing Future Faculty Program at Arizona State University and Its Role in Preparing Graduate Engineering Students for the Professoriate Kristine R. Csavina Bioengineering Department, Arizona State University“Doctoral students preparing for faculty careers should begin to learn about the entire range offaculty roles – teaching, research, and service – while in graduate school. Further, they ought tohave direct personal experience with faculty life in various kinds of colleges and universities todetermine a good fit between

Collection

2022 CIEC

Authors

Joseph Parlier

program to deliver a lab-based automotive lab to students remotely during the 2019-present school years while the COVID19 pandemic restricted student access to the lab.• Motlow State Community College in Tennessee uses zSpace to provide students seeking certification in advanced manufacturing, welding, and nursing with lab-based learning experiences.• High school students at the Metropolitan Regional Career and Technical Center in Rhode Island use zSpace to explore career pathways in advanced manufacturing, health science, automotive technology, engineering, welding, and other pathways before selecting a program of study. Proceedings of the 2022 Conference for Industry and Education Collaboration

Collection

2024 ASEE North East Section

Authors

Susan Freudzon, Fairfield University

. The Engineering Code of Ethics offers aframework and guidelines for ethical conduct and teaches engineers to adhere to the highestprofessional standards. Adhering to this code is a matter of professional responsibility, and it is anecessary commitment to the well-being of society. Ethical case studies serve as a valuableeducational tool, offering students exposure to real-world situations and providing them with anopportunity to carefully consider the associated risks and challenges. Case studies provide aplatform for students to navigate the complexities of decision-making. As students prepare tobegin their future careers, some will choose to work in large, established companies, while othersmay choose to work for new startups. With high

Collection

2024 ASEE-GSW

Authors

Mia K. Markey, The University of Texas at Austin; Huiliang Wang, University of Texas at Austin; Ju-Chun Hsieh, University of Texas at Austin; Xiangping Liu, University of Texas at Austin

from ourparticipants, we are confident that we can enhance this program to better serve both ourinternational doctoral students and domestic students. Introduction and MotivationTo first-year international doctoral students, there are many challenges to face when they land inthe US and pursue their academic dreams, such as cultural differences, language barriers, andmore. A peer with more local living experience would boost the fit-in process for these first-yearinternational doctoral students.1 Concurrently, Biomedical Engineering (BME) undergraduatesmight be overwhelmed by postgraduate choices and career path selection. A peer with moreresearch and academic experience would be constructive for the

Conference Session

K-12 Engineering Resources: Best Practices in Curriculum Design, Part 2 of 2

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kristin M Brevik, The University of North Dakota; Bradley Bowen, North Dakota State University; Frank M. Bowman, University of North Dakota; Kristi Jean, North Dakota State College of Science

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

c American Society for Engineering Education, 2014 You’re Hired! Changing Students’ Attitudes Towards Engineering (Research to Practice) Strand: K-12 Engineering Resources: Best Practices in Curriculum DesignAbstract With the growing need for qualified employees in STEM-based careers, it is critical to developactivities for middle and high school students to increase their awareness of opportunities inthese areas. With proper design, increasing awareness of STEM-based careers in conjunctionwith overcoming current stereotypes can lead to a change in attitudes towards these variouscareers. Researchers at North Dakota State College of Science, along with

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Rebekah J Hammack, Montana State University, Bozeman; Nicholas Lux Lux, Montana State University, Bozeman; Paul Gannon, Montana State University, Bozeman; Douglas J Hacker; Brock J. Lameres, Montana State University, Bozeman; Tugba Boz, University of Georgia

Tagged Topics

Diversity, NSF Grantees Poster Session

Engineering Education, 2023 1 Connecting Classroom Curriculum to Local Contexts to Enhance Engineering Awareness in Elementary YouthProject OverviewThis paper reports on the year three findings of a National Science Foundation Research in theFormation of Engineers project focused on increasing rural and indigenous youth’s awareness ofengineering and engineering related careers. To reach this goal, we worked with elementaryteachers to connect the engineering activities taught in the classroom with local funds ofknowledge and local engineering opportunities (Hammack et al., 2022; Hammack et al., 2021).Each of the four participating

Conference Session

Principal Skinner's Secrets: Cultivating STEM in Remote Locations, Steamed Hams!

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Taryn Melkus Bayles, University of Pittsburgh; Claudia J. Morrell, STEM Equity Initiative, LLC; Sandra Staklis, RTI International; Kevin A Jordan, RTI International

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Pre-College Engineering Education Division (PCEE)

Paper ID #42431Professional Development for STEM Teachers in Rural Counties to BroadenParticipation in EngineeringDr. Taryn Melkus Bayles, University of Pittsburgh Taryn Melkus Bayles is a Professor, Teaching Track, in the Chemical & Petroleum Engineering Department at the University of Pittsburgh, and serves as the Undergraduate Program Director. She has spent part of her career working in industry with Exxon, Westinghouse, Phillips Petroleum and Pittsburgh Energy Technology Center (now NETL). Her industrial experience has included process engineering, computer modeling and control, process design and testing, and

Collection

2010 Fall ASEE Middle Atlantic Section Conference

Authors

Leslie Guadron; Alen M. Sajan; Olivia Plante; Stanley George; Yuying Gosser

necessaryprerequisites. One of the goals of the course is to provide its students with a basic understandingof the fundamentals of genomics. The course also provides students with an opportunity tocomplete an original research project.It has become clear that undergraduate research is important for students majoring in the sciencesand engineering. Participating in research provides engineering students with many benefits. Ithelps students develop new skills and can clarify their career path. Most importantly, taking partin research teaches students to think in new and different ways. It is known that research benefitsundergraduates, but many students never get the chance to complete or take part in a researchproject. Normally, a student will work in a lab over

Collection

2010 Fall ASEE Middle Atlantic Section Conference

Authors

Edward F. Glynn; Frank E. Falcone

, laboratory skills andprofessional practice issues. The CEE faculty reviewed the list and, in some instances, suggestedadditional items. The final list was circulated to the CEE faculty and each individual was askedto prioritize every item on the list as to whether that item, relative to the new course, was (1)appropriate and important, (2) appropriate, but not essential, or (3) inappropriate. The results ofthe survey provided much of the rationale for developing the course syllabus.Professional practice issues constituted one set of items on the list that were deemed appropriateand important by virtually all members of the CEE faculty. The issues included such diversetopics as engineering ethics, career development, group dynamics, leadership issues

Collection

2016 Spring ASEE Middle Atlantic Section Conference

Authors

AB Shafaye; Rafic Bachnak

% [1]. In the case of engineering, the overall four-year graduation rateis 22% in public schools and 45% in private schools [2].Internships have been used at many institutions of higher education to improve student retention[3], enhance student learning [4], or offer hands-on practical experiences [5-8]. This paperprovides details about an internship program in the School of Science, Engineering, andTechnology (SSET) at Penn State Harrisburg that has been in place for several years. Surveyresults show that the program has contributed to student retention and success and has influencedtheir future career goals.II. Background InformationThe mission of SSET is to provide excellence in undergraduate, graduate and professionaleducational programs

Conference Session

Attracting Young MINDS in Engineering - Part I

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Juan Castilleja, The Boeing Company; Rachel Jackson, Rice University; Natalia Salies, Rice University; Brent Houchens, Rice University

Tagged Divisions

Minorities in Engineering

pursue higher education and careers in theSTEM (science, technology, engineering, and mathematics) fields. Rice Universityundergraduate and graduate engineering students (mentors) volunteer weekly withunderrepresented high school students (mentees) at three Houston public schools to solve aspecified engineering design problem. The design project mechanism allows mentor/menteerelationships to form naturally, and thus opens up communication regarding college, financialaid, and futures in engineering. Perception and Environment Surveys (P.E.S.) are administered tothe mentees at the beginning and end of the DREAM program, each semester, in order to gaugementee knowledge of college admissions, financial aid, careers, and long-term earning

Conference Session

Student Success and Interactions

Collection

2022 ASEE Zone IV Conference

Authors

Shahab Boumi, University of Central Florida; Adan Ernesto Vela

Tagged Topics

Conference Submission

in the field of education analytics have identified student grade point averages (GPA)as an important indicator and predictor of students’ final academic outcomes (graduate or halt).And while semester-to-semester fluctuations in GPA are considered normal, significant changes inacademic performance may warrant more thorough investigation and consideration, particularlywith regards to final academic outcomes. However, such an approach is challenging due to thedifficulties of representing complex academic trajectories over an academic career. In this study,we apply a Hidden Markov Model (HMM) to provide a standard and intuitive classification overstudents’ academic-performance levels, which leads to a compact representation ofacademic-performance

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Arash Jamshidi, University of California, Berkeley; Elisa Stone, University of California, Berkeley

. Additionally, as a faculty member at UC Berkeley, Arash instructs and supports pre-service teachers as they transition towards a career in the classroom. Alongside his work with SRI, Arash is also part of the OpenSciEd initiative, a multi-state collaboration to create research-based, open-source science instructional materials aligned to the Framework for K-12 Science Education and the NGSS. With OpenSciEd, Arash helps develop high-quality, NGSS-designed curriculum and delivers professional development for teachers, as well as state and district leaders around the United States. Previously, Arash worked at the Stanford Center for Assessment, Learning, and Equity (SCALE) focusing on NGSS-aligned curriculum and assessments, while

Conference Session

LEAD Tech Session #2: Assessing and Evaluating Engineering Leadership Development.

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Edward Latorre, University of Florida; Elizabeth Meier, University of Florida

; Guest Lectures; Student EngagementAbstractWhile industry, faculty, and students alike recognize the need for leadership education inundergraduate courses, there is still a gap between the students’ experience in applying theseskills and industry expectations. In academia, these skills are typically measured during team-based senior design courses. Courses may invite guest speakers to provide a wide perspective ofsuccessful leadership. The assumption is that students will appreciate this diversity, thus helpingthem remember, understand and apply the lessons. This study provides an analysis of how agroup of students valued these types of trainings with respect to three categories: the courseobjectives, their upcoming professional careers, and

Conference Session

First-Year Programs Division Technical Session 12: Work-in-Progress Postcard Session #1

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Miguel Andrés Guerra, Universidad San Francisco de Quito; Jacoba Ubidia; MariaEmilia Mariño; Francisco Jativa Valverde

ofqualified professionals entering the workforce [1]–[4]. In some Latin American countrieswithdrawal from STEM careers almost represents a 70% of the entire dropout population [5].Although, this multi-dimensional phenomenon can take on different definitions, in this researchpaper we refer to dropout as a voluntary and permanent abandonment of academic studies beforegraduating [6].Over the past decades, dropout rates have increased around the world. Many attribute thisincrement to the low minimum requirements to enter higher education as opposed to in the past.However, student dropout is a multi-dimensional phenomenon which cannot only be attributed tostudents lacking the specific knowledge. Current research signals towards two main categories

Conference Session

Civil Engineering Division - Huh? What Did You Say? What Does That Mean?

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Lynn Mayo, RePIcture; Katie Wheaton

Paper ID #36501Writing and Engineering – Perfect TogetherLynn Mayo (CEO) Lynn Mayo, PE is Co-Founder of RePicture. After working for over 30 years as an engineer, Lynn dreamed of a better way to help students and professionals discover careers shaping the future. So, she co-founded RePicture. RePicture is a public benefit corporation with a mission to increase interest and diversity in STEM. RePicture helps college and high school students make better career choices by helping them explore careers in science, technology, engineering and math (STEM), develop critical professional skills such as networking, and

Conference Session

Minorities in Engineering Division Technical Session 6

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Joe Muskin, University of Illinois at Urbana - Champaign; Dee Dixon; Henry Griffith, San Antonio College; Andrew Alleyne, University of Illinois at Urbana - Champaign; Alfred Alaniz, San Antonio College; Jessica Perez, University of Illinois at Urbana - Champaign

Illinois, Urbana-Champaign where he was the inaugural Director for the NSF Engineering Research Center (ERC) on Power Optimization for Electro-Thermal Systems which is a multi-million dollar center enabling electrified mobility. © American Society for Engineering Education, 2022 Powered by www.slayte.com Minority-serving Institution Partnerships StrengthenUnderrepresented Minority Recruitment for a REU Site (Experience)Introduction The underrepresentation of females, African Americans, Hispanics, and Native Americans inScience, Technology, Engineering and Math (STEM) careers is a widely acknowledged and long-standing problem in the United States [1

Conference Session

Biological and Agricultural Engineering Division Technical Session 2

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jennifer Mullin; Gail Bornhorst

Natural Resources Engineering, Biotechnical Engineering, Food Engineering andGeneral Biological Systems Engineering) offered by the department along with student motivations andplans to continue in the EBS major. This paper may be of interest to teaching faculty and departmentleadership in agricultural and biological engineering programs.Keywords: undergraduate, recruitment, retention, agricultural and biological engineering majorIntroductionThe selection process for choosing an engineering major by undergraduate students has received muchattention from the engineering education community. Studies of first-year student’s selection of anengineering major [1, 2] have utilized social cognitive career theory (SCCT) [3, 4] to frame three

Conference Session

DEED Technical Session 5 Design Teams

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Scott Eaton, University of Southern Maine; Asheesh Lanba, University of Southern Maine; Jeremy Qualls; Warren Ziegler, University of Southern Maine; Daniel Fransiscus, University of Southern Maine; Tyler Werner, University of Southern Maine

learning and consider future careers within the space industry. 2) Increase student confidence in STEM through problem solving within a real space mission experience. 3) Allow students to develop and practice soft career skills, such as teamwork, leadership and project management 4) Bolster the CubeSat research and development work being undertaken within the Maine space industry.Competition (challenge) learning is an effective tool for motivating students for STEM learning[14-17]. In addition, the authors hope a by-product of the competition format will be strongerconnections between educators and learners from peer institutions across the State.The competition requires teams to develop a space-based technology or

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Indira Chatterjee, University of Nevada, Reno; Kelsey Scalaro, University of Nevada, Reno; Ann-Marie Vollstedt, University of Nevada, Reno; Jeffrey C. LaCombe, University of Nevada, Reno; Julia M. Williams, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology; Adam Kirn, University of Nevada, Reno

Tagged Topics

Diversity, NSF Grantees Poster Session

Paper ID #32843S-STEM: Creating Retention and Engagement for Academically TalentedEngineersDr. Indira Chatterjee, University of Nevada, Reno Indira Chatterjee received her M.S. in Physics from Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio in 1977 and Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from the University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah in 1981. Indira is Associate Dean of Engineering and Professor of Electrical and Biomedical Engineering at the University of Nevada, Reno. As Associate Dean she oversees undergraduate and graduate education in the college including recruitment, retention, advising, and career placement. She

Conference Session

Diversity and Two-year Colleges part 2

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

A. Fort Gwinn, Lipscomb University; Todd Gary

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Two-Year College

barriers to the success of CC students and CC transfers; changes infaculty and staff perceptions regarding CC transfers; and the effects of the program on CCstudent matriculation and completion of Lipscomb’s engineering program are presented.IntroductionThe National Science Foundation (NSF) created the Scholarships in Science, Technology,Engineering, and Mathematics (S-STEM) program to enable low-income, talented domesticstudents to pursue successful careers in STEM fields and contribute to the American innovationeconomy with their knowledge [1]. The NSF provides support to institutes of higher educationin a competitive grant process to develop S-STEM programs and encourages four yearinstitutions to collaborate and encourage students to complete 4

Conference Session

First-Year Programs: Focus on Student Success I

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Brian Scott Robinson, University of Louisville; Tom Tretter, University of Louisville; James E. Lewis, University of Louisville; Nicholas Hawkins, University of Louisville

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

(for engineering context) 8-item, validated instrument focused on longer-term,maintained interest. The methods that follow were developed to explore a multi-subfactordepiction(s) (from literature) of maintained interest, including conceptualizing and analyzingstudent responses. Two associated research questions thusly addressed in this study are: 1) whatis the strongest factor structure for measuring the construct of first-year engineering students’long-term, stable maintained interest in the choice of pursuing an engineering career?; and 2)how strong is the fit of theoretically-grounded structural models of the construct of first-yearengineering students’ maintained interest in engineering careers? Results show significantempirical support in

Conference Session

Faculty Development 3: Research, Practice, and Lessons Learned

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Eleazar Marquez, Rice University; Samuel Garcia Jr., NASA EPDC

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Faculty Development Division

forms of knowledge and information regardinginternship/employment resources, departmental and research opportunities, curriculumalternatives, exposure to graduate school, and professional experiences that may result favorablein future career aspirations. A fundamental component to facilitating successful student careerpaths is correlated to an authentic form of mentorship, which exposes students to a plethora ofcareer opportunities and prepares them to navigate postgraduate experiences. The proposed model,which was implemented over a span of four years with a total of sixteen engineering studentsconducting undergraduate research, identifies four key elements in the transformative process: 1)develop student-faculty relationship; 2) faculty

Conference Session

Design Mental Frameworks

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Tugba Karabiyik, Purdue University at West Lafayette; Ying Ying Seah, Purdue University at West Lafayette; Alejandra J. Magana, Purdue University at West Lafayette; Xudong Huang, Concord Consortium; Shannon Hsianghan-huang Sung, Institute for Future Intelligence; Charles Xie, Institute for Future Intelligence

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

betweenstudents' interest and performance in engineering design. Moreover, students with high interestalso have a high performance and high self-recognition in engineering design and vice versa.Keywords: Engineering Identity, Interest, Performance, Self-recognitionIntroductionThe Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS 2018) projects employment growth for engineers over the2016 - 2026 decade [1]. However, some new studies show declining interest among students inthe U.S. to pursue careers in science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) related field[2]. Therefore, it is vital to encourage students' engineering identity development from an earlyage to explore their interest in engineering to guide them to pursue careers in engineering. Oneway to increase

Conference Session

Minorities in Engineering Division Technical Session 6

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Denise M. Driscoll, Purdue University at West Lafayette (PPI); Maeve Drummond Oakes, CISTAR, Purdue University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Minorities in Engineering

. The program was designed to enable participants to build a supportive, professional network, creating cohorts that would continue well after the summer.3. The program was designed to build and assess participant gains not only in research experience but also in their professional development, mentor/cohort relationships, and plans for their career.4. The program was designed to have broad reach in who was impacted, with cascading impact because of the participants selected.The CISTAR REM program speaks to how we should be designing summer programs and isconsistent with the growing body of evidence, captured well in the following quote: “Empiricaldata suggest that, although students from underrepresented racial minority backgrounds

Conference Session

The Challenges that Two-year College Students Face when Transferring to a Four-year College for Engineering and Engineering Technology Program

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Montana Epps, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo ; Jamie Bettencourt, Cuesta Community College; Daniel Almeida, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo; John Y. Oliver, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo; Lizabeth L Thompson , California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo; Chance Hoellwarth, California Polytechnic State University - San Luis Obispo; Jane L. Lehr, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Two-Year College

the Professoriate (AGEP) Alliance for Diversity and Strengths of STEM Faculty: A Culturally-Informed Strengths-Based Approach to Advance Early-Career Faculty Success. Dr. Almeida is also Co-Principal Investigator for the NSF Scholarships in Science, Technology, Engineering & Mathematics (S-STEM) grant, Engineering Neighbors: Gaining Access Growing Engineers (ENGAGE). Dr. Almeida’s graduate training is in Urban Education Policy – Higher Education from the University of Southern California.Dr. John Y. Oliver, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo Dr. Oliver is a professor of Electrical Engineering and Computer Engineering at Cal Poly, San Luis Obispo. His field of expertise is in computer

Conference Session

Student Division Technical Session 2

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Vanessa Elizabeth Santana, Purdue University; Scott R. Bartholomew, Brigham Young University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Student

ComputationalThinking and related STEM skills and careers before, and after, a thirteen-week project-basedintervention. More specifically, we followed the experience of students as they engaged inapplying acquired knowledge to design, build, and automate a model clubhouse. This work inprogress emphasizes the qualitative and quantitative findings of one student’s perceptions beforeand after the thirteen-week project-based program.MethodsThe project-based intervention, referred to as The SMART Clubhouse Unit, was implementedwithin a multi-age 4 and 5 grade classroom of a public elementary school (grades K-5; ages 5- th th12) located in the XXXX, USA. The class consisted of 24 students (14 males and 10 females),ages 9-11. The research team

Conference Session

High-impact Learning Practices

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Hwangbo Bae, University of Florida; Madeline Polmear, University of Florida; Denise Rutledge Simmons P.E., University of Florida

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

emphasis on understanding hazard recog- nition, competencies, satisfaction, personal resilience, organizational culture, training, informal learning and social considerations. The broader impact of this work lies in achieving and sustaining safe, produc- tive, and inclusive project organizations composed of engaged, competent and diverse people. The SRL is supported by multiple research grants, including a CAREER award, funded by the National Science Foundation (NSF). Dr. Simmons is a former project director of the Summer Transportation Institute (STI) at South Carolina State University and Savannah River Environmental Sciences Field Station (SRESFS). Both programs were aimed at recruiting, retaining and training