Conference Session

Spatial Ability & Visualization Training II

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Yingjie Victor Chen, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Zhenyu Cheryl Qian, Purdue University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Design Graphics

creative genius. CUP Archive, 1990.[10] C. Kamii, “Teaching for thinking and creativity: a Piagetian point of view,” Lawson AE Ed, pp. 29–58, 1980.[11] G.-A. Amoussou, E. Cashman, and S. Steinberg, “Ways to Learn and Teach Creativity and Design in Computing Science,” in Proceedings of the 2007 Symposium on Science of Design, New York, NY, USA, 2007, pp. 12–13.[12] Z. C. Qian, S. Visser, and Y. V. Chen, “Integrating user experience research into industrial design education: interaction design program in Purdue,” in Open Catalyzing Innovation, Washington, D.C., 2011.[13] C. Lorenz and T. J. Peters, The Design Dimension: the new competitive weapon for product strategy and global marketing. Blackwell, 1990.[14] M

Conference Session

The Nature of Innovation and Entrepreneurship Session 4

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sarah E. Zappe, Pennsylvania State University, University Park

Tagged Divisions

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation

between having a family member who is an entrepreneur and intent tominor in entrepreneurship [X2(1, n=694)=6.77, p=0.009].An independent t-test was conducted to examine the second part of this hypothesis, which wasexamining the differences on the Entrepreneurship as Career variable for those with a familymember as an entrepreneur versus those without. The average score for students with a familymember as an entrepreneur was M=11.28 with a standard deviation of s=4.15. The averagescore for students without a family member as an entrepreneur was M=9.64 with a standarddeviation of s=3.73. Students with a family member as an entrepreneur score had significantlyhigher scores on the Entrepreneurship as Career [t(692)=4.672, p<0.000].Table 5: Cross

Conference Session

Engineering Leadership Development Constituent Committee Division Technical Session 2

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Anton E. Bowden, Brigham Young University; Gregg Morris Warnick, Brigham Young University; Spencer P. Magleby, Brigham Young University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Leadership Development Division

, annually. Junior and senior level experiences have proven to be most effective whenthey are tailored to the needs of the respective departments. Inclusion of a regularly scheduled,premiere engineering leadership seminar series has proven to be invaluable in maintainingstudent and faculty excitement regarding the inclusion of leadership topics in the curriculum. Page 24.874.9Bibliography1 Hawks, V., Harb, J., Parkinson, A., & Magleby, S. A college-wide program for teaching leadership: Framework,model, and outcomes. Proceedings of 2009 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition. AC 2009-1287, Austin, TX:ASEE.2 R. J. Bennet and E. R. Millam

Conference Session

Data Analytics in Education

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Conrad Tucker, Pennsylvania State University, University Park; Barton K. Pursel, The Pennsylvania State University; Anna Divinsky

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

/IT.NET.USER.P2. Accessed December 12, 2013.2. MIT OpenCourseWare | Free Online Course Materials. Available at: http://ocw.mit.edu/index.htm. Accessed December 12, 2013.3. Online Schools, Classes, Degree Programs - University of Phoenix. Available at: http://www.phoenix.edu/. Accessed December 12, 2013.4. Clow D. MOOCs and the funnel of participation. In: Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Learning Analytics and Knowledge. LAK ’13. New York, NY, USA: ACM; 2013:185–189. doi:10.1145/2460296.2460332.5. Green K. Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs) and Other Digital Initiatives. J Collect Bargain Acad. 2013;(8). Available at: http://thekeep.eiu.edu/jcba/vol0/iss8/10.6. Yuan L, Powell S. MOOCs and Open Education

Collection

2014 Fall ASEE Middle Atlantic Section Conference

Authors

F.T. Fisher; R.S. Besser; K. Sheppard; C.H. Choi; E.H. Yang

1 An Approach for Introducing Concepts of Nanotechnology within the Undergraduate Curriculum F.T. Fisher, R. S. Besser, K. Sheppard, C.-H. Choi, and E.H. Yang Stevens Institute of Technology Hoboken, NJ 07030 Abstract - While developing countries such as India and China than 20% from 1983 to 1999, and according to the Scienceare producing unprecedented numbers of engineers and and Engineering Indicators this

Collection

2014 ASEE Zone 1 Conference

Authors

Samuel Erskine; Hassan Bajwa

congestion control, end-to- including non-time sensitive V I REFERENCES [35] N. Tezcan and W. Wang, “ART: an asymmetric and reliable transport [1] Y. G. Iyer, S. Gandham, and S. Venkatesan, “STCP: A generic transport mechanism for wireless sensor network,” International Journal of Sensorlayer protocol for wireless sensor networks,” in Proceedings of IEEEICCCN Network, 2007.2005, Oct. 17-19, San Diego, California, USA. [36] A Fairness-Aware Congestion Control Scheme in Wireless Sensor[2] Reliability in WSN for Security: Mathematical Approach. George S. Networks Xiaoyan Yin, Student Member

Collection

2014 ASEE Zone 1 Conference

Authors

Joseph Betthauser; Daniel Benavides; Jeff Schornick; Neal O'Hara; Jimit Patel; Jeremy Cole; Edgar Lobaton

MarXBot ARM11, 533 MHz, Camera, WiFi, Bluetooth Up to 2048x1536 N/A 128MB RAM Accelerometer, pixel s @ 12 FPS Gyroscope, RFID, 2D Force, Microphone Khepera III XScale, 600MHz, IR, Ambient Light, WiFi, Bluetooth 640x480 pixels @ 15 >$2000 128MB RAM Ultrasonic, Camera FPS CITRIC XScale, 624 MHz, Camera, Microphone Zigbee 1280x1024 pixels @ $600 64MB RAM

Collection

2014 ASEE Zone 1 Conference

Authors

Arafat Abu Malluh; Khaled M. Elleithy; Zakariya Qawaqneh; Ramadhan J. Mstafa; Adwan Alanazi

that every node can be a cluster head with aprobability of popt. In every round there is a new cluster headinstead of the one in the previous round. The set G contains Fig. 1. Radio Energy Dissipation Model [7]the rest of the nodes that are non-head nodes to keep thecluster head constant for each round. Every round r, a newhead is selected when every node s G selects a number Where Eelec is the energy consumed per bit to transmit datarandomly in [0,1] . The node is considered as a head for the between sender and receiver, _fs and _mp depend on thecluster if that number is less than the threshold T(s). transmitter amplifier model we use, and d represents the

Collection

2014 ASEE Zone 1 Conference

Authors

Sukainah Al Hajji; Christian Bach

367.embryonic, adult, and induced pluripoint stem cells (iPS) have [17]. Cao, Z., et al., Tumor cell-mediated neovascularization andthe extraordinary properties to treat variety of diseases. Stem lymphangiogenesis contrive tumor progression and cancer metastasis.cell therapy is a brilliant path that can build a strong bridge for Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Reviews on Cancer, 2013. 1836(2): p. 273-286.the human healthcare and a sophisticated method to enhance [18]. Zhou, W., G. Wang, and S. Guo, Regulation of angiogenesis via Notchthe quality of people life

Conference Session

Projects in ECE

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ying Yu, University of Hartford

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

recommendation P.800. Agreat reading material for students to understand the procedures and requirements of the mostimportant subjective and objective speech quality measurements is the paper “speech qualityassessment” by Loizou [17].Speech intelligibility is best measured subjectively by a panel of listeners, who will try toidentify words, phrases or sentences. One of the traditional tests is the modified rhyme test(MRT). It is designed by linguistic specialists in 1960’s and still used by audio and speechresearchers today [18]. MRT asks listeners to listen and select one of six words, half of whichdiffering by the initial consonants, and another half differing by the final initial consonants. Theoverall averaged recognition rate, the total number of

Conference Session

NSF Grantees’ Poster Session

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ravi P. Ramachandran, Rowan University; Kevin D. Dahm, Rowan University; Richard J. Kozick, Bucknell University; Robert M Nickel, Bucknell University; Sachin Shetty, Tennessee State University; Robi Polikar, Rowan University; Ying Tang, Rowan University; Steven H. Chin, Rowan University

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Tagged Divisions

Division Experimentation & Lab-Oriented Studies

. Figure 2 – Non-inverting Amplifier CircuitStudents accomplish a simple design and do the following: 1. Derive the input-output relation: Vo = f(Vg,Rs,Rf,Rg). 2. Use VCC = 15 V, Vg = 1 V and Rg = 1 kΩ. Design a non-inverting amplifier (choose values of R s and Rf) with an output voltage of V o = 3 V such that the power dissipated in R s and Rf is less than or equal to 0.003 W. Measure Vo and verify that the input-output relation is satisfied. Show all your calculations.DIFFERENTIATORFigure 3 shows a differentiator circuit. Students derive the input-output relation using Page 24.132.6Laplace transforms and explain why input noise is

Conference Session

Program and Curriculum Design Initiatives

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jaby Mohammed, The Petroleum Institute

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

. Mosst of the studdents go throough afounddation prograam before thhey are enrollled as a fresshmen student in PI. Thee foundationnprogrram is designned to help students s develop knowleedge, study sskills, techniical,analy ytical, and co ommunicatio on skills whiich are necesssary to meeet the PI’s enntrancerequiirements andd assist them m in their futu ure studies att the Petroleeum Institutee. Thefounddation prograam at the PI is called as the Advanceed Universitty Placementt program.Courrse framewo orkOncee the student reaches the freshmen leevel there aree core coursees that have to completeirresp

Conference Session

Innovative Teaching Techniques in the Classroom

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Goli Nossoni, Manhattan College

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

years. Although some of the students focused on thecreative aspect of the project more than the civil engineering aspects, they nevertheless createdsomething new, understood the concept of concrete design better through hands-on activities,experimented with new materials, and found the experience interesting.References1. Crofton, F. S. “Educating for Sustainability: Opportunities in Undergraduate Engineering.” Journal of Cleaner Production, 2000: 397-405.2. Woodruff, P. H. “Educating Engineers to Create a Sustainable Future.” Journal of Environmental Engineering, April 2006: 434-444.3. Davidson, C. I., Matthews, H. S, Hendrickson, C. T, Bridges, M. W., Allenby, B. R., Crittenden, J. C., Chen, Y., Williams, E., Allen, D. T., Murphy, C

Conference Session

Use of Technology for Education

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sheng-Jen Hsieh, Texas A&M University

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

draw after about 28 minutes. Figure 3 shows hisdrawing. It is intended to be a carousel-type layout, but he had difficulty drawing a circle, so hedrew a rectangle instead, with blocks indicating the stations. The design is intended to includenine stations arranged in a circle, with the 1st station adjacent to the 9th station. He used the pinkstar to point to which part(s) would be assembled at each station as he talked. The designincludes five robot stations (3, 4, 5, 6, and 9) and four manual stations (1, 2, 7, 8).Figure 4 shows his typed cost estimates (the text overlap on the first line is due to a videosynching issue). He also listed items that would normally be included in a proposal, such as aschedule

Conference Session

Innovations in Electrical Engineering Courses

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Nicole P. Pitterson, Purdue University; Ruth A. Streveler, Purdue University

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

Education, 55(1), 16-21. 3. Metioui, A., Brassard, C., LeVasseur, J., & Lavoie, M. (1996). The persistence of students' unfounded beliefs about electrical circuits: The case of ohm's law. International Journal of Science Education, 18(2), 193-212. 4. Bernhard, J., & Carstensen, A.-K. (2002). Learning and teaching electrical circuit theory. Paper presented at the Phyics Teaching in Engineering Education, Leuven. 5. Ainsworth, S. (2008). The educational value of multiple-representations when learning complex scientific concepts. In J. K. Gilbert, M. Reiner & M. Nakhleh (Eds.), Visualization: Theory and Practice in Science Education (pp. 191 - 208). Surrey, UK: Springer. 6. Holton, D., Verma, A., &

Conference Session

Models of community engagement practices

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Bill B. Elmore, Mississippi State University

Tagged Divisions

Community Engagement Division

using LEGO® NXT Robotics, Chemical Engineering Education, Spring 2011, 45:2, pp. 86-92 12. Johnson, S. H., Luyben, W. L. and Talhelm, D.L., “Undergraduate Interdisciplinary Controls Laboratory”, Journal of Engineering Education, 84, (2), pp.133-136, (April 1995). 13. Hmelo, C. E.; Problem-based Learning: Development of knowledge and reasoning strategies, in Proceedings of the 17th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society; Pittsburgh, PA; 1995; pp. 404-408. Page 24.769.1014. Yu, Chung Y. and David T. Shaw; Fostering Creativity and Innovation in Engineering Students; 2006 International

Conference Session

Impact of Community Engagement on Communities

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Gerardo J. Pinzon PE, Texas A&M International University; Jaime Rene Huerta

Tagged Divisions

Community Engagement Division

spent anentire weekend learning about STEM fields and participating in prepared exercises whilebonding in the experience of post-secondary life as they stayed in the university dormitories. This program was funded by the Gaining Early Awareness and Readiness for UndergraduatePrograms (GEAR UP), a federal discretionary grant awarded by the U. S. Department ofEducation. It was designed to increase the enrollment of low-income students — simultaneouslypreparing them for success in post-secondary education — through a partnership grant betweenTexas A&M International University (TAMIU) and 19 school districts throughout the southernpart of Texas, covering approximately 14,972 square miles. To enhance skills, motivation, and preparation, the

Conference Session

Track 2 - Session 2

Collection

2014 ASEE International Forum

Authors

Robert W Fuessle, Bradley University; Amir W Al-Khafaji, Bradley University

Tagged Topics

Curriculum and Lab Development

Page 20.26.1 c American Society for Engineering Education, 2014 Internationalization and Civil Engineering Program InnovationAbstractIn the early 1990’s, the Department of Civil Engineering and Construction (CEC) at BradleyUniversity developed strategic objectives to introduce internationalization to our students andcurriculum. Initially, four objectives for the CEC Global Explorer Program were outlined: 1) tosend students abroad for study either for a short mini-semester or full semester; 2) persuadeinternational students to come to Bradley; 3) embark on a faculty exchange; and 4) to fosterinternational research exchange between the CEC department and

Conference Session

Design in Engineering Education Division Poster Session

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sara T. Scharf, University of Toronto; Jason A. Foster P.Eng., University of Toronto; Kamran Behdinan, University of Toronto

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

improvement in student experience, but also to cultural enrichment at this criticalpoint in students’ lives [9].Making friends with and developing trust in students fromother cultures is important for students who plan on spending the rest of theirundergraduate years in Canada – being able to bridge cultural divides will help studentscope with culture shock and get them accustomed to dealing with people different fromthemselves, both in terms of their experiences at university and, we hope, in their lives asautonomous adults [10].MethodsAn online language proficiency survey developed by S. Scharf for this study (seeAppendix) was administered to the 259 students in the Fall term prerequisite course to theWinter term engineering design course being

Conference Session

NSF Grantees’ Poster Session

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Nikunja Swain P.E., South Carolina State University

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Tagged Divisions

Division Experimentation & Lab-Oriented Studies

and research training opportunities – Provideopportunities for students to participate in periodical seminars (once a month) to enhance theirpresentation, thinking, and research skills; introduce the students to Simulation-Based Engineering andScience (SBE&S) concepts; and time management skills. These activities will enhance students’knowledge and competiveness in the market place.(4) Enhance the educational experience of students through workshops/seminars, K-12 and communityoutreach opportunities – Encourage the students to participate in STEM student chapter activities (ACM,IEEE, UPE, STARS, NSBE, and others); guest seminars (Medical Physics and Computer Science);travel to local and regional conferences; workshops; graduate schools

Conference Session

Civil Engineering Division Poster Session

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Moses Kwame Tefe, Norwich University; Edwin R. Schmeckpeper, Norwich University

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

classrooms for the sake of research so as to have classes with balancedstrengths, without unduly inconveniencing students. It is also recommended that there should beresearch into finding ways of factoring student native abilities into the results of researchfindings that use class comparisons.References:1. Felder, R.M. & Silverman, L.K., Learning and Teaching Styles in Engineering Education, Journal of Engineering Education, Vol. 78, No. 7, pp. 674-681, (1988).2. Michel, N., Cater III, J.J.& Varela, O. (2009). Active Versus Passive TeachingStyles: An Empirical Study of Student Learning Outcomes. Human Resource Development Quarterly, 20(4).3. Stewart-Wingfield, S., & Black, G. S. (2005). Active versus passive course designs

Conference Session

Topics Enhancing ET Education

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Michael Johnson, Texas A&M University; Jorge L Alvarado, Texas A&M University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

energy conservation and use of renewable energy in buildings. He received his BS degree in mechanical engi- neering (1991) from the University of Puerto Rico at Mayag¨uez; MS (2000) and PhD (2004) degrees in mechanical engineering from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. He has worked and collaborated with the U. S. Army Corps of Engineers and the University of Wis- consin at Madison, among others. Recent work involves characterization of microencapsulated phase change material slurry and nanoparticles in heat transfer fluids, as well as the study of spray cooling using nanostructured surfaces. Dr. Alvarado has done substantial work in the area of biofuel characterization in the last few years. He has

Collection

2014 ASEE Zone 1 Conference

Authors

Sultan Alghamdi; Christian Bach

platform with free useful information in the formof e-bulletins and e-newsletters [17]. These are added to web-based technologies to add to the pull strategy of the websites. [3]. Leek, S., P. Naudé, and P.W. Turnbull, Interactions, relationships and REFERENCES networks in a changing world. Industrial Marketing Management, 2003. 32(2): p. 87-90.[1]. Avramović, M., Information Communication Technology in The [4]. Naudé, P. and C.P. Holland

Collection

2014 ASEE Zone 1 Conference

Authors

Fernanda Gobbi de Boer; Carla ten Caten; Istefani Carisio de Paula

[2] F. O. LEMOS, M. J. ANZANELLO, F. S. FOGLIATTO and J. L. D. RIBEIRO, Metodologia para levantamento de percepções da qualidade Production system Pull Push de ensino-aprendizagem em cursos de graduação em Engenharia de Produção. XV Simpósio de Engenharia de Produção. Bauru, SP, 2008.2. Factors and levels studied [3] O. A. BATALHA, Introdução à Engenharia de Produção. Campus: Rio de

Collection

2014 ASEE Zone 4 Conference

Authors

Thomas Korman; Hal Johnston; Kay Gore

instructor’smodule for use in four-year universities and community colleges. This module will preparefaculty to successfully implement COINS in order to enhance student learning, attract minorityand non-traditional students to engineering, increase retention, and stimulate interest byproviding real-world examples that better prepare students for upper division curriculum and forthe challenges that they will face on the job.The ultimate goal of this proposal is aimed at enhancing civil and construction engineeringcurricula, using an innovative learning approach that combines simulation and project-basedlearning in order to better prepare students to meet the ABET 2000 requirements.Bibliography1. Aaron, S., Crocket, J., Morrish, D., Basualdo, C

Collection

2014 ASEE Zone 4 Conference

Authors

Ding Yuan; Nebojsa Jaksic; Jude DePalma

memory and a new programming environment15-17. Moreover, it offers a microSD card slot which can add up to 32GB extra storage space. A USB host port and a Linuxoperating system bring allow greater flexibility in expanding the robot‟s capabilities. Forexample, a wireless connection can be achieved through a Wi-Fi dongle instead of a Bluetoothconnection. Consequently, the new LEGO Mindstorms EV3 became a possible choice forupgrading the current lab to a new platform. Currently, most of the online evaluations on the newEV3s come from either technical reviewers18-22 or customers (e.g. parents23). How collegestudents perceive this new device is still unknown. According to the well-known ABETCriterion 3, Student Outcomes k, engineering graduates

Conference Session

Teaching Communication I

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Brad Jerald Henderson, University of California, Davis

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education/Engineering & Society

engineering student learns how language code translates into math code, the studentcan further develop his or her sentence-level skill set, learning how to combine, invert,manipulate basic sentence units into advanced sentences.The following is an illustration of sentence algebra being taught using engineeringcontent/context: Consider the sentence-algebra equation for a basic sentence (B2) … B2 = (Ns * Mn) + (Vt) + (No * Mn) where: Ns = subject noun word(s) Vt = transfer action verb word(s) No = object noun word(s) Mn = noun modifier word(s) Now, as complement to

Conference Session

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation Division Opening General Session 2

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Qu Jin, Stanford University; Shannon Katherine Gilmartin, Stanford University; Sheri D. Sheppard, Stanford University; Helen L. Chen, Stanford University

Tagged Divisions

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation

was measured on a five-point Likert scale with responses rangingfrom 1 (not at all important) to 5 (extremely important). On the survey instrument, participants self-reported their “sex” (female and male), whichiidenotes biological and physical differences between the two groups. However, we refer to“gender” (women and men) in our discussion of results, as we propose that the characteristics Page 24.295.5measured in this study are more related to the social roles of the two groups 9 Scutt, H. I.,Gilmartin, S. K., Sheppard, S. & Brunhaver, S. in ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition..Career ValuesCareer values are defined as the

Conference Session

Liberal Education/Engineering & Society Division Poster Session

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jay Patrick McCormack, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology; Steven W. Beyerlein, University of Idaho, Moscow; Ashley Ater Kranov, Washington State University; Patrick D. Pedrow P.E., Washington State University; Edwin R. Schmeckpeper, Norwich University

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education/Engineering & Society

current by referencing something recentlyin the news, and (3) add novelty to the prompt through unexpected information or an ethicaldilemma. These principles lie at the heart of EPSA scenario construction. EPSA scenario designis further scaffolded by the EPSA discussion instructions given in Table 2. The instructions inTable 2 are given to student groups along with a scenario in preparation for an EPSA discussion.From the discussion instructions, questions 1, 2, and 3 relate to ABET 3f, question 4 relates toABET 3h, and questions 5 and 6 relate to both ABET 3i and 3j.Table 2. EPSA discussion instructionsImagine that you are a team of engineers working together for a company or organization on theproblem/s raised in the scenario. 1. Identify the

Conference Session

NSF Grantees’ Poster Session

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ning Gong, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Temple University ; Brian P. Butz, Temple University; Li Bai, Temple University; Saroj Biswas, Temple University

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Tagged Divisions

Division Experimentation & Lab-Oriented Studies

inSection 3. The paper is concluded in Section 4 with discussions on plans for extending thedeveloped prototype to a complete intelligent tutoring system for electrical machines.2. Virtual Education Environment Computer-aided instruction (CAI) systems [5] were introduced as early as 1960's as a meansof assisting students outside the classroom. The first CAI programs were either computerizedversions of textbooks, or drill and practice monitors [6] that presented a student with problems andcompared the student’s responses to the pre-scored answers, and if necessary, provided the student withcanned remedial responses. Improvements were continuously made until computer-aidedinstruction systems evolved into intelligent tutoring systems (ITS) [7, 8