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Displaying results 3421 - 3450 of 8955 in total
Conference Session
Integrating Hands-On Technology and Project-Based Learning in Engineering Education
Collection
2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
David Burnett, Portland State University
Tagged Divisions
Electrical and Computer Engineering Division (ECE)
Framework Development with Successive Capstone Projects1. IntroductionThe undergraduate program at the Portland State University Department of Electrical andComputer Engineering (PSU ECE) includes a three-quarter capstone design sequence typicallytaken during the student's senior year. For the last three years, and a fourth currently ongoing attime of writing, a capstone project has been sponsored by the author's Wireless EnvironmentalSensing Technology (WEST) Lab. The purpose of these sponsored capstones are as follows: 1. In the short term, design a wireless sensor to solve a specific problem. 2. In the long term, converge at a more general-purpose hardware and software solution set with which to design future wireless
Collection
1997 Annual Conference
Authors
Ann D. Christy; Marybeth Lima
Page 2.437.1biological engineering are presented, and recommendations for improvement are discussed.IntroductionOverview. While student portfolios have long been used to document student learning andmastery in subjects such as art, writing, and architecture, their use in engineering education hasbeen a relatively recent phenomenon. A literature search yielded nothing pertaining to studentportfolios in biological engineering instruction, and little concerning portfolios in otherengineering disciplines1. We used several references (detailed below) to aid the development ofstudent portfolios as an instrument for learning and assessment for AE 625 and BE 1252.Because these two courses are still being taught at this time, partial results are
Conference Session
Capstone Design Pedagogy I
Collection
2010 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Andrew Trivett, University of Prince Edward Island
Tagged Divisions
Design in Engineering Education
as a bulk raw material and our structure of courses as the manufacturingprocess neglects the reality of their peer-to-peer learning, and their various interconnectedcommunities as having a role in their eventual graduation as junior engineers.figure 1: The linear system model of engineering education. The student is likened to a materialflow through a process leading to the desired "engineer" graduate.The model of an education based on this approach is represented in Figure 1. The student, aftercompleting high school, enters the University system and follows through taking discrete coursesas represented by the blocks. Each block follows the preceding one in a succession until thecomplete diagram is filled. We, the faculty determine what
Conference Session
Minorities in Engineering/Technology
Collection
2004 Annual Conference
Authors
Amy Monte; Gretchen Hein
Society for Engineering Educationundergraduate students during their critical first two years of college. The program's goal is forthese high-risk students to perform well early in their college career so their strong earlyperformance will enable them to obtain alternate educational funding sources (e.g.,co-op andinternship positions) during their latter two years of study. In addition to financial assistance,GUIDE provides each new student with two peer mentors, an engineering community, andengineering and career opportunity information. Each aspect of the GUIDE program is describedin the following paper.Mentor Teams: Many universities have upper-class students mentoring new students. Studiesshow that these mentors provide a support community
Conference Session
Women in Engineering Poster Session
Collection
2005 Annual Conference
Authors
Ji Yeon Hong; Charla Triplett; Jenefer Husman
would likeideally to possess, that is, their ultimate goals for their life. Participants responded to the itemsusing it 7-point Likert scale ranging from 1 to 7 (1= does not describe you at all, 4 = sort ofdescribes you, and 7 = describe you extremely well). A self-discrepancy score for individualswas obtained by subtracting the rating of each adjective for ideal self from the rating of theadjective for actual self and used the absolute difference.Priming activity. In order to make participant’s career choice more salient, immediately prior toobtaining the “career self” scale, participants were asked to write down their chosen career, andthen imagine about themselves in that career. Participants were then asked to describethemselves: 1) Getting
Conference Session
Computer Hardware
Collection
2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Wayne W. Walter, Rochester Institute of Technology (COE); Timothy G. Southerton, RIT Mechanical Engineering
Tagged Divisions
Computers in Education
,the course gets started with three one hour lectures, with examples, on the basics ofArduino programming. These three lectures can be broken down as follows:1.) Getting Started with Arduino - Outlines basics of Arduino hardware, software, and robotics programming2.) Arduino Programming Language - Details sketch structure, programming syntax notes, and pin functionality3.) Starting Arduino Examples - Demonstrates integrated analog and digital writing and reading examplesTeams of two are formed, which stay together for both the lab exercises and the project.These can be self-formed by the students or assigned as they would be in industry.Beginning week 2, each week of classes for the next 8 weeks consists of two one
Conference Session
Computers in Education General Technical Session 2
Collection
2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Huiru Shih P.E., Jackson State University; Jacqueline M Jackson, Jackson State University ; Cassandra L Hawkins Wilson, Jackson State University; Pao-Chiang Yuan, Jackson State University
Tagged Divisions
Computers in Education
Engineering) from Ok- lahoma State University in 1986. He has published 60+ abstracts and articles in journals and contributed chapters to four books. Dr. Yuan continues to serve as peer reviewer for state, private grant programs and different professional journals and magazines. He is the board member of USEPA Monitoring Group, Gulf of Mexico Program. He is also council member of Mississippi Citizen Crops, Mississippi Office of Homeland Security. Dr. Yuan is the recipient, 2002 Outstanding Mentor of the Year, The Alliance for Graduate Education in Mississippi. 2004 recipient of Recycler of the year, presented by Mississippi Recycling Coalition. Professor Yuan is the JSU/Hinds County/MDEQ Computer Recycling Program di
Conference Session
Women in Engineering Division (WIED) Technical Session 7
Collection
2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Karen Watkins-Lewis, Morgan State University; Heather Dillon, University of Washington; Rebecca N. Sliger, Tacoma Community College; Bonnie J. Becker; Erica Cline; Cheryl Greengrove; Petronella A. James, Morgan State University; Angela Edes Kitali; Adrienne Scarcella
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Women in Engineering Division (WIED)
Research-Course Design,” CBE—Life Sci. Educ., vol. 14, no. 4, p. ar37, Dec. 2015, doi: 10.1187/cbe.15-03-0073.[32] A. B. Inoue, Labor-Based Grading Contracts: Building Equity and Inclusion in the Compassionate Writing Classroom. The WAC Clearinghouse; University Press of Colorado, 2019. doi: 10.37514/PER-B.2019.0216.0.Appendix[after peer review we plan to include the syllabus developed for the M-CURE course, but it is full ofauthor identity information so has been removed for now]
Conference Session
The BEST InDEED
Collection
2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Chris Gewirtz, Virginia Tech; Daria A. Kotys-Schwartz, University of Colorado, Boulder; Daniel Knight, University of Colorado, Boulder; Marie C. Paretti, Virginia Tech; Sidharth Arunkumar; Julie Dyke Ford, New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology; Susannah Howe, Smith College; Laura Mae Rosenbauer, Smith College; Nicholas Emory Alvarez, New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology; Jessica Deters, Virginia Tech ; Cristian Hernandez
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Design in Engineering Education
teaches graduate-level engineering communication courses. Her research involves engineering commu- nication, technical communication pedagogy, and knowledge transfer. She has published and presented widely including work in the Journal of Engineering Education, the Journal of STEM Education: Innova- tions and Research, IEEE Transactions on Professional Communication, the Journal of Technical Writing and Communication, Technical Communication and Technical Communication Quarterly. Julie has a PhD in Rhetoric and Professional Communication from New Mexico State University, an MA in English with Technical Writing Emphasis from the University of North Carolina at Charlotte, and a BA in English from Elon University.Dr
Conference Session
Best of NEE
Collection
2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Thomas Shepard, University of St. Thomas; Alison B. Hoxie, University of Minnesota Duluth; Matt Anderson, Milwaukee School of Engineering
Tagged Divisions
New Engineering Educators
assignment where students write problems and use some in future semestersObscure the source of the exercise and/or solution by:  taking problems from other textbooks Page 24.681.5  rewording questions making them harder to find with a text search  changing the names of people/organizations in problems  never distributing solutions with problem statements and not including the semester/year on problem/answer sheetsUse newer pedagogies which promote learning through an avenue other than homework  Problem-Based Learning (PBL)  Team-Based Learning (TBL)  Process-Oriented Guided-Inquiry Learning (POGIL)  Peer-Led Team
Conference Session
Design in Freshman and Sophomore Courses
Collection
2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Kevin D. Dahm, Rowan University; William Riddell, Rowan University
Tagged Divisions
Design in Engineering Education
on the needs of the particular project. Most projects are externally sponsored, eitherby local industry or government agencies. Students also have the opportunity to propose theirown entrepreneurial clinic projects, and have them funded by the college, through the RowanVenture Capital Fund, which was created with the support of National Collegiate Innovators andInventors Alliance (NCIIA) grants and private donors.This paper focuses upon the Sophomore Engineering Clinic.Sophomore Engineering Clinic I and IIThe goals of the Sophomore Engineering Clinic consist of teaching engineering design principlesand technical communication (technical writing in the fall, public speaking in the spring). TheSophomore Engineering Clinics are integrated
Conference Session
Mechanical Engineering: Student Growth
Collection
2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Daniel Jensen, United States Air Force Academy; Luke Jensen; William Allison; Adam Goodworth; Douglas Fontes
of Colorado in Denver and a Fellow at the International Design Center which is the largest design research center in the world. This center is located at both the Singapore University of Technology and Design and at MIT. He also runs an engineering consulting company (Creo Consulting) which specializes in training in innovation enhancements for engineering design. Dr Jensen regularly teaches courses in “Innovation in Product/Systems Design”. He has trained hundreds of design teams in “Innovation in Design of Products, Processes and Services” and has overseen the creation of dozens of patents. He has written over 135 peer-reviewed publications and has secured foundation, research and consulting grants for approximately
Conference Session
Assessing Hard-to-Measure Constructs in Engineering Education: Assessment Design and Validation Studies
Collection
2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access
Authors
Madison E. Andrews, University of Texas at Austin; Priyadarshan N. Patil, University of Texas at Austin
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Educational Research and Methods
Electromagnetic Induction Problems. International Journal of Science and Mathematics Education, 13(1), 215.Borrego, M., Foster, M. J., & Froyd, J. E. (2014). Systematic Literature Reviews in Engineering Education and Other Developing Interdisciplinary Fields. Journal of Engineering Education, 103(1), 45-76. doi:10.1002/jee.20038Ferretti, R. P., MacArthur, C. A., & Dowdy, N. S. (2000). The effects of an elaborated goal on the persuasive writing of students with learning disabilities and their normally achieving peers. Journal of Educational Psychology, 92(4), 694.Gainsburg, J., Fox, J., & Solan, L. M. (2016). Argumentation and decision making in professional practice. Theory Into Practice, 55(4
Conference Session
Labs and Experiential Learning
Collection
2021 Illinois-Indiana Regional Conference
Authors
Gurcan Comert; Zulfikar Berk, University of South Carolina; Robert Petrulis; Balaji Iyangar; Esmail M Abuhdima, Benedict college; Negash Begashaw, Benedict College
Tagged Topics
Diversity, Labs and experiential learning
designed problems and activities. However, in the summer of 2020, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the program had to be transitioned into a virtual research experience. In this study, we reflecton our experiences as supervising faculty, and the results of pre- and post-experience surveys completedby four groups of undergraduate researchers. In contrast to previous years’ REUs, team interactions werenot possible in the virtual environment, and activities were mainly training programs. Students were ableto work with previously collected real data and write code. The participants’ final presentations weretechnically better than those in the previous two years. Regarding the development of so-called soft skills,student engagement, team working skills
Conference Session
Multidisciplinary Design Constituents
Collection
2009 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Phillip Wankat, Purdue University; Kamyar Haghighi, Purdue University
Tagged Divisions
Multidisciplinary Engineering
. Because of the large number of concentrations withinMDE, it is difficult and perhaps impossible to write a single performance objective for the MDEprogram. Thus, objective II is phrased as meeting “one or more of the following milestones.”For objectives II.2 and II.5 we will count degrees, certificates, and so forth. For objectives II.1,II.3 and II.4 we have carefully defined terms and will use them to determine if the objectiveshave been satisfied. The performance target is that 75% of graduates will satisfy Objective II. Aplan was developed to determine if graduates are meeting the program objectives listed in Table4. Because MDE had only one graduate at the time of the ABET visit and will not have a largenumber of graduates before the next
Conference Session
Research Experiences at Two-year Colleges
Collection
2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Amelito G Enriquez, Canada College; Nicholas Patrick Langhoff, Skyline College; Wenshen Pong P.E., San Francisco State University; Hamid Mahmoodi, San Francisco State University; Xiaorong Zhang, San Francisco State University; Cheng Chen, San Francisco State University; Kwok Siong Teh, San Francisco State University; Zhaoshuo Jiang P.E., San Francisco State University
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Two Year College Division
college3.Improving post-secondary student retention and success has been the subject of many studies.For example, Kuh’s multi-phased study identified high-impact practices including first-yearseminars and experiences, common intellectual experiences, learning communities, writing-intensive courses, collaborative assignments and projects, undergraduate research,diversity/global learning, service learning/community-based learning, internships, and capstonecourses and projects.4 Another study published by the California State University Chancellor'sOffice shows that "Participation in high-impact practices has been shown to improve bothlearning and persistence for all students, but especially for the historically underserved."5 Thisstudy also
Conference Session
Making an Impact: Building Support with Data and Design
Collection
2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Rachel Figueiredo, University of Waterloo; Angela Henshilwood, University of Toronto; Michelle Spence, University of Toronto; Mindy Thuna, University of Toronto; Siu Hong Yu, University of Waterloo
Tagged Divisions
Engineering Libraries
the civiland environmental engineering (CEE) project, and were the only Canadian universities to do so.Nine institutions from the United States also participated. Librarians from each institutionattended training provided by Ithaka S+R at the University of Delaware in Newark, Delaware inOctober 2017. As all institutions would be following the same protocol, the training included anintroduction to the project methodology, a lecture and hands-on exercises on interviewtechniques, tips on recruitment strategies, instructions and practice for coding interviewtranscripts, and guidance on writing the final report that each institution was expected to do. TheAmerican Society for Civil Engineering (ASCE) was also a project sponsor, as they have
Conference Session
Pre-College Engineering Education Division Poster Session
Collection
2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Ryan Bobby Tang Dan, Vaughn College of Aeronautics & Technology; Shouling He, Vaughn College of Aeronautics & Technology
Tagged Divisions
Pre-College Engineering Education
membersafter-school and weekends during the school year. The veteran team members were individualswho have experience competing on VEX high school and college teams and were able to act ascoaches and mentors. The participating students were divided into teams of 10 members for thehigh school division and 12 members for the middle school division. During summer and winterbreak, students were given intensive training three days per week, which provided the necessaryknowledge and skills to increase their capability in both VEX Robotics and robotics engineering.The training course incorporated the working principles of mobile robots, engineering design,computer aided design (CAD) software, mathematics, physics, computer programming, andtechnical writing
Conference Session
ChE: Innovations in the Classroom
Collection
2007 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Lisa Bullard, North Carolina State University; Richard Felder, North Carolina State University
Tagged Divisions
Chemical Engineering
AC 2007-139: A STUDENT-CENTERED APPROACH TO THE STOICHIOMETRYCOURSELisa Bullard, North Carolina State University Dr. Lisa G. Bullard received her BS in ChE from NC State and her Ph.D. in ChE from Carnegie Mellon. She served in engineering and management positions within Eastman Chemical Company from 1991-2000. At N.C. State, she is currently the Director of Undergraduate Studies in Chemical Engineering. Her research interests include curriculum development, information literacy, and the integration of teaming, writing, and speaking into the undergraduate curriculum.Richard Felder, North Carolina State University Dr. Richard M. Felder is the Hoechst Celanese Professor Emeritus of Chemical
Conference Session
Interactive Technology in the Classroom
Collection
2005 Annual Conference
Authors
Jennifer Amrine; Caroline Kayser; James Swanson
of the experience.A new trend in education is to implement a peer-to-peer learning network wherein informationand lecture materials are distributed in real-time to each participant during the lecture. Mostoften, this format is tailored to the use of presentations created in PowerPoint or similarpackages. The primary difference between this technology and those mentioned previously isthat there is no need for the students to transcribe the information being presented as it isautomatically saved on their PCs. One of these packages is Silicon Chalk.3. Silicon Chalk:Silicon Chalk is a software package that allows real-time streaming of lecture materials from theinstructor’s PC to students’ computers. Although it was obviously created with
Conference Session
Crossing the Discipline Divide!
Collection
2005 Annual Conference
Authors
Steven Krumholz; Robert Martello; Jonathan Stolk
, andContemporary Materials Technologies, an intermediate level arts, humanities and social scienceselective course, and (iii) Foundation Project III, a hands-on project course intended to integratetechnical and non-technical content. Although Professor Stolk nominally taught the first andthird portions of the course and Professor Martello officially ran the second part, in reality bothprofessors sat in on each others’ courses and collaborated on the writing and assessment of allassignments. Twenty-two enrolled students earned 10 credits in the course block (120 requiredfor graduation) and were expected to spend approximately 30 hours per week on course-relatedactivities, including in-class time.Although Paul Revere’s metallurgical work served as a
Conference Session
Design in Freshman and Sophomore Courses
Collection
2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Michael J. Reese Jr., Johns Hopkins University; Peter H. Froehlich, Johns Hopkins University; Joan Freedman, Johns Hopkins University
Tagged Divisions
Design in Engineering Education
course presentations were scheduled every 3-4weeks in which the teams received feedback on the current development of their game from theirfellow students, instructors, and mentors. All final projects were presented in a final session heldat the Digital Media Center (DMC), the campus student multimedia lab, in which the class andinvited guests had the opportunity to play the games.The Course Project: Student Peer EvaluationStudents completed a peer evaluation form for each of their teammates at the end of thesemester. The faculty considered these when converting the team grade to an individual grade –assigning a higher or lower grade as needed. Students wrote a self-assessment to communicate
Conference Session
Aerospace Division (AERO) Poster Session
Collection
2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
E. Tyler Young, The Ohio State University
Tagged Divisions
Aerospace Division (AERO)
walk. During this activity, students walk around the classroom and read their classmates’project results. For each assignment, they leave a comment – either an affirmation or asuggestion for improvement – on a sticky note. After this gallery walk concludes, students thentake turns presenting their homework results to the class. The instructional period shouldconclude with enough time left for students to write a brief reflection on how they mightincorporate feedback from their peers to improve their presentations. These reflections will beturned in as the final exit ticket of this mini-unit.ConclusionThe “Cool It!” mini-unit described above has been conceptualized following theories ofculturally-responsive and sustaining pedagogies, community
Conference Session
Experiential Learning and Globalization in BME
Collection
2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Eric M. Brey, Illinois Institute of Technology; David W. Gatchell, Illinois Institute of Technology
Tagged Divisions
Biomedical
hypothesis, design experiments, and analyze data and 2) knowledge on the broader healthimplications of diabetes and its relevance to basic research. Students also prepare and submit anabstract on their work to the Biomedical Engineering Society (BMES) annual meeting. This, and Page 22.251.5publication in peer-reviewed journals serves as an outside source of feedback. Beginning in 2009 we developed and implemented an extensive prospective survey onundergraduate research experiences designed to identify the qualities of a research experiencethat leads to success. The survey was given to students on the first day of the program (prior tobeginning
Collection
2014 ASEE Zone 1 Conference
Authors
Teresa Piliouras; Pui Lam Yu; Kristin Villanueva; Holly Robillard; Yingxin Chen; Michael Berson; Jeanne R. Lauer; Garret Sampel; Daniel Lapinski; Maigh Attre
, • Basic skills – reading, writing, arithmetic andteachers, mentors, and peers, and by enabling personalizeddelivery of educational content. Other types of technology based mathematical skills, listening ability, and speaking skills.learning experiences – such as robotics clubs – are used to engage Beyond these skills, the following five (5) attributes arestudents in STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering and identified as essential competencies:Mathematics) disciplines and to encourage exploration of • Resource Utilization – identifies, organizes, plans, andchallenging subject matter while developing critical workforce allocates time, money
Conference Session
Holy Cow! We’re Going Online When? 
Collection
2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access
Authors
Monica Palomo P.E., California State Polytechnic University, Pomona; Bettina Jeanine Casad, University of Missouri - St. Louis
Tagged Divisions
Civil Engineering
taken in March of 2020, there was no time forsuch course development and planning.On the other hand, synchronous online learning or instruction takes place at a fixed schedule andin real-time where the instructor and learners interact in diverse and planned ways. Classengagement can happen via discussion (e.g., written chat, verbal communication, etc.), and withimmediate feedback (e.g., via polls, verbal comments, etc.) from instructors or peers. It allowsspontaneity and flexibility of the questions, answers, or content presented; and it promotesimmediacy or community development. The rigidity of the schedule and potential technicaldifficulties are drawbacks of synchronous online learning environments. The time and resourcesrequired to design
Conference Session
Retention
Collection
2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Niranjan Hemant Desai, Purdue University Northwest; George Stefanek, Purdue University Northwest
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Educational Research and Methods
programs such as developing an active learning environment, increasing the use of technology in the classroom, and the use of peer mentors to better relate the challenges freshman students face in understanding classroom material.4) Strategies focused on retaining student interest in their chosen discipline. These strategies include incorporating modules into freshman courses that involve the solving of practical engineering problems, and demonstrating the application of classroom concepts to real-world problems.5) Strategies focused on incorporating more hands-on components into the classroom.Table 1 presents all the retention techniques that have been summarized in this paper. The tablecomprises the reference number corresponding to
Collection
AEE Journal
Authors
Ryan Solnosky P.E.; Joshua Fairchild
Challenging designs within the disciplines • Formulation of assignments to promote collaboration by means of: SS Topic background and code provisions research SS Alternative studies portion4 FALL 2017ADVANCES IN ENGINEERING EDUCATIONSurvey Tools for Faculty to Quickly Assess Multidisciplinary Team Dynamicsin Capstone Courses SS Narrowing and refinement of designs SS Communication designs to peers SS Technical writing Because the classroom organization and team formulation resulted in a small sample size, thisarticle reports findings based primarily upon qualitative inquiry (although quantitative data wascollected). As
Conference Session
Mechanical Engineering Division (MECH) Technical Session 10: Capstone and Design Education
Collection
2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Alex C. Szatmary, King's College, England
Tagged Divisions
Mechanical Engineering Division (MECH)
poster session to promote formativefeedback from peers and project advisors [7]. The consortium is unfortunately no longer active.The Comprehensive Assessment of Team Member Effectiveness (CATME) project developshigh-quality assessment tools for teamwork, and eases data collection and analysis through aweb-based interface [8]. It would be beneficial if a consortium similar to TIDEE could be formedto develop ways to assess each ABET student outcome; by involving experts in educationalmeasurement, and by automating the data collection process, such a consortium could makeassessment more valid and less arduous.In this paper, we refer to the Engineering Accreditation Commission of ABET simply as ABET.We work from the premise that the seven ABET
Conference Session
Professional Skills Development
Collection
2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Ashlee Nicole Ford Versypt, Oklahoma State University
Tagged Divisions
Chemical Engineering
, we discuss the adoption of a rubric for non-technical skillsassessment called the self-evaluation rubric6 in an undergraduate junior-level chemical reactionengineering course at a large, public state university through a series of essays called the self-reflection assignments. The assignments are designed to promote self-awareness of studentsthrough evaluation of their current non-technical skill levels and goal setting for futuredevelopment followed by instructor feedback and periodic updates on progress foraccountability.Reflection through writing has been used as a learning and assessment tool for setting goals,defining strategies to reach the goals, and detailing progress toward goals7. Some have usedreflection as a way to have students