Collection

2010 ASEE Zone 1 Conference

Authors

Anne E. Mohan; Enrique Sola; James Patrick Abulencia

industrial partnership affects the student’senthusiasm and participation. It is therefore the responsibility of engineering professors toremain active and involved in the industrial partnerships of their college in order to ensure theirsuccess. References1. Reynolds, Terry S. The Engineer in America: a Historical Anthology from Technology and Culture. Chicago U.a.: Univ. of Chicago, 1991. Print.2. Grayson, Lawrence. The Making of an Engineer - An Illustrated History of Engineering Education in the United States and Canada. John Wiley and Sons, 1993. Print.3. Lamancusa, John S., Jose L. Zayas, Allen L. Soyster, Lueny Morell, and Jens Jorgensen. "THE LEARNING FACTORY: Industry-Partnered

Collection

2010 ASEE Zone 1 Conference

Authors

Daniel Ruscansky; David Vecchione; Ryan Foley; Shankar Krishnan; Mansour Zenouzi

ahumidifier in the housing. A low noise fan is generally less than 16dB, with a volumetric flowrate of 0.017m3/s [10]. Not only are these fans able to deliver a high enough flow rate withoutbeing too loud, but they can be purchased inexpensively. The velocity of these airs should be lessthan 0.35m/s, to the baby is not uncomfortable. There is also a small hole in the center of thebottom panel; this hole is used for wires, and the tubing for oxygen. There is also a ventilationoutlet, so that the air has somewhere to go when there is new air being pumped in.Sensors:Sensors are an extremely important aspect of any piece of medical equipment. Thermistors arebeing used to monitor the temperature, because of their range and accuracy. Infants need a

Collection

2010 ASEE Zone 1 Conference

Authors

Linfeng Zhang; Nicolae Gari; Xingguo Xiong; Junling Hu; Lawrence V. Hmurcik P.E.

of the MG components areimplemented as threads in the simulation. The energy generator, energy storage, and loadsperiodically update the manager about their status. Fig. 1. The structure of a smart grid with four micro- grids For the economic return on the investment of an individual MG, a performance metric foreach MG is proposed. An overall performance index of each MG can be calculated as: 4 Q = w1 F + w2 E + w3 S (1) F is a cost index of electricity, E is an environmental effect index due to atmosphericemissions, and S is a satisfaction index of the power

Collection

2010 ASEE Zone 1 Conference

Authors

R. Radharamanan; Jeng-Nan Juang

between the channel height, fan velocity, and air speed was needed.By using analysis of variance, residuals, and regression an equation for predicting the air velocitywas found with a 95% confidence interval. The data were found to be normally distributed withthe exception of one outlier. The accuracy of the model increased when both the channel heightand fan speed were used as regressor variables.IntroductionThe first working fuel cell was developed in 1839 and the 1960’s fuel cells aided in the Apollomissions. With the advances made in electrochemical processes, a broad range of applications isexpected in the future. As a potential candidate for an environmentally benign and an efficientelectric power generation technology, proton exchange

Collection

2010 ASEE Zone 4 Conference

Authors

Jim Fischer; Claude Kansaku

“crawl” phase in a “crawl-walk-run-fly”strategy of sending a student designed and built satellite to Mars. Since 2002-03, in affiliation withthe Oregon Space Grant Consortium (OSGC), the LaunchOIT student balloon program at OregonInstitute of Technology (OIT) has provided a channel for undergraduate research in the “E”, “T”, and“S” facets of STEM (science, technology, engineering, and mathematics) education. This projectintentionally incorporates the “M” facet as a major component in a software engineering project.Software Engineering ComponentIn addition to an individual-based senior project, the Software Engineering Technology (SET)program at OIT requires a yearlong, team-based, junior project sequence (JP) that teaches andreinforces a

Collection

2010 ASEE Zone 4 Conference

Authors

Jack Sun; Youssef Chedid; Kaveh Hajimohammadreza; Efrain Mendoza; Silvestre Sanchez; Kinal Vachhani; James Flynn; Sharlene Katz

General Public License. The project software and related items are hostedon SourceForge, a website dedicated to source code repository and open source softwareprojects.Although five modulation schemes were mentioned in Section III, digital modulation wasultimately scrapped due to time constraints. The team decided it was best to have four completemodes rather than several incomplete modes at the end.AM pioneered the architecture used throughout the rest of the project for implementing thevarious modulation modes. It was also the first mode implemented into the GUI with therequired applications, such as power meter and S-meter. Because the design of the AM sectionwas very thorough, this implementation process was utilized in all subsequent modes.A

Collection

2010 ASEE Zone 4 Conference

Authors

Oenardi Lawanto

College Students,” College Quarterly, Vol. 10, No. 1, pp. 1-9.3. Ames, C., 1992, “Classrooms: Goals, Structures, and Student Motivation,” Journal of Educational Psychology, Vol. 84, No. 3, pp. 261-271.4. Wolters, C. A., Yu, S, Pintrich, P. R., 1996, “The Relation between Goal Orientation and Students’ Motivational Beliefs and Self-Regulated Learning,” Learning and Individual Differences, Vol. 8, pp. 211–238.5. Dweck, C., Leggett, E., 1988, “A Social Cognitive Approach to Motivation and Personality,” Psychological Review, Vol. 95, pp. 256-273.6. Elliot, A. J., 1999, “Approach and Avoidance Motivation and Achievement Goals,” Educational Psychologist, Vol. 34, pp. 169-189.7. Yang, C., Tsai, I, Kim, B, Cho, M

Conference Session

Clearing up Student Misconceptions in Materials

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Stephen Krause, Arizona State University; Jacquelyn Kelly, Arizona State University; Dale Baker, Arizona State University; Sharon Kurpius-Robinson, Arizona State University

Tagged Divisions

Materials

. Page 15.439.11 10Bibliography1. S. Krause, J. Decker, J. Niska, & T. Alford, (2002). A Materials Concept Inventory for introductory materials engineering courses, National Educators Workshop Update 2002, 17, 1-8.2. C. J. Boulter, & B. C. Buckley, (2000). Constructing a typology of models in science education, in Gilbert, J. K., & Boulter, C. J. (Eds.), Developing models in science education. Dordrecht, Netherlands, Kluwer Academic Publishers.3. Ben-Zvi, R., Eylon, B., & Silverstein, J. (1986). Is an atom of copper malleable? Journal of Chemical Education, 63, 64–66.4. D. Hestenes, M. Wells, & G. Swackhamer (1992). Force concept inventory

Conference Session

ERM Potpourri

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Pao-Chi Chen, Lunghwa University Science and Technology; Kwannin Kuo, Lunghwa University of Science and Technology; Meei-Ruey Hsu, Ming-Chuan University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

data. In this manner, five subjects were obtained by open coding on one hand, while twoconvergent subjects were observed by axial coding on the other hand. The outcomes of opencoding and axial coding are tabulated in Table 1. Table 1 Open coding and axial coding list Open coding Axial coding 1. Promoting the basic chemistry competence of 1.Basic chemistry students competence in occupation 2. Occupation domain domain 3. Basic Chemistry Competence in work place and performance of student 4. The viewpoint about attaining certificate(s) or 2.Curriculum of Chemistry certificate in vocational education system 5

Conference Session

Trends in Mechanical Engineering II

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kuntinee Maneeratana, Chulalongkorn University; Angkee Sripakagorn, Chulalongkorn University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

. Chulalongkorn University Curriculum Quality Assurance (CU-CQA) Manual. Quality Assurance Section, Office of Academic Affairs, 2005.[4] Chamillard, A. T., Using student performance predictions in a computer science curriculum, Proceedings of the 11th Annual SIGCSE Conference on Innovation and Technology in Computer Science Education. Bologna, 26–28 June 2006.[5] Alphen, D. K. van and Katz, S. A study of predictive factors for success in electrical engineering, Proceedings of the 2001 American Society for Engineering Education Annual Conference & Exposition. Albuquerque, 24- 27 June 2001.[6] Zhang, G. Thorndyke, B., Ohland, M. W. and Anderson T. J., How science course performance influences student retention - A statistical

Conference Session

Retention Strategies in Action Part I

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mary Anderson-Rowland, Arizona State University; Armando Rodriguez, Arizona State University; Anita Grierson, Arizona State University

Tagged Divisions

Two Year College Division

. He's the PI on two NSF S-STEM grants providing academic and career guidance to students in CSEM fields. He's a Professor of Electrical Engineering within the Ira A. Fulton School of Engineering at ASU. Prior to joining ASU, he worked at MIT, IBM, AT&T Bell Laboratories and Raytheon Missile Systems. He has consulted for Eglin Air Force Base, Boeing Defense and Space Systems, Honeywell and NASA. He has authored over 190 technical papers and three engineering texts. He has given more than 60 invited presentations - including 13 plenaries. Since 1994, he has directed an extensive engineering mentoring-research program that has served over 300 students. He's an AT&T Bell Labs Fellow, Boeing A.D

Conference Session

Innovations in Civil Engineering Education I

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Angela Bielefeldt, University of Colorado, Boulder

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

-2010Accreditation Cycle. ABET Engineering Accreditation Commission. www.abet.org2. National Academy of Engineering. 2004. The Engineer of 2020: Visions of Engineering in the New Century.National Academies Press.3. Davidson, C.I., H.S. Matthews, C.T. Hendrickson, M.W. Bridges, B.R. Allenby, J.C. Crittenden, Y. Chen, E.Williams, D.T. Allen, C.F. Murphy, and S. Austin. 2007. Adding sustainability to the engineer’s toolbox: achallenge for engineering educators. Environmental Science & Technology. July 15. 4847-4850.4. Allen, D., B. Allenby, M. Bridges, J. Crittenden, C. Davidson, C. Hendrickson, S. Matthews, C. Murphy, andD. Pijawka. 2008. Benchmarking Sustainable Engineering Educaiton: Final Report. US EPA Grant X3-83235101-0.5. ASCE (American Society of

Conference Session

New Learning Paradigms I

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Waddah Akili, Iowa State University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

instruction, and iv) PBL promotes deep learning and problem–solving skills.A. Essentials of PBL: Problem–based learning is a philosophy that has to be adapted to thespecific conditions and situation of an institution, and the nature of the specific field in which itis to be implemented. This is apparent in the different models of PBL implementation throughout the world. Therefore, there is no one –size-fits-all approach to PBL that can simply beimplemented from one institution to another 20. There are essential and required steps that have tobe mobilized at the start of PBL. At the start of learning in PBL is the selection of realproblem(s). This is, in fact, the major driving force for learning. Effort and time dedicated to theselection of problem(s

Conference Session

Project-based Learning and Other Pedagogical Innovations

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Horacio Vasquez, University of Texas, Pan American; Arturo Fuentes, University of Texas, Pan American; Javier Macossay, The University of Texas-Pan American; Martin Knecht, South Texas College; Robert Freeman, University of Texas, Pan American

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering

Conference Session

Technological Literacy for K-12 and for Community College Students: Concepts, Assessment, and Courses

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Steve Macho, Buffalo State College

Tagged Divisions

Technological Literacy Constituent Committee

, knowledge- intensive jobs and the innovative enterprises that lead to discovery and new technology, our economy will suffer and our people will face a lower standard of living. Economic studies conducted even before the information-technology revolution have shown that as much as 85% of measured growth in US income per capita was due to technological change. (p. 1) Keeping pace with this pressing need, the white house has taken upon the Educateto Innovate (WhiteHouse Press release(s) (2009 & 2010) initiative): The AP (1/7) reports that on Wednesday, President Obama launched his $250 million "Educate to Innovate" campaign "to train math and science teachers and help meet his

Conference Session

Enhancing K-12 STEM Education with Engineering

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Steve Macho, Buffalo State College

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

, knowledge- intensive jobs and the innovative enterprises that lead to discovery and new technology, our economy will suffer and our people will face a lower standard of living. Economic studies conducted even before the information-technology revolution have shown that as much as 85% of measured growth in US income per capita was due to technological change. (p. 1) Keeping pace with this pressing need, the white house has taken upon the Educateto Innovate (WhiteHouse Press release(s) (2009 & 2010) initiative): The AP (1/7) reports that on Wednesday, President Obama launched his $250 million "Educate to Innovate" campaign "to train math and science teachers and help meet his

Conference Session

Understanding and Measuring the Impact of Multidisciplinarity

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mysore Narayanan, Miami University

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering

MEDIAN MODE AVG. TOTAL xx STUDENTS # A B C D E F G H I J K . . . . X Y Z RUBRIC COURTESY OF W. S. U. WASHINGTON STATE UNIVERSITY PULLMAN, WA. 99164. LIKERT SCALE WEIGHT DISTRIBUTION (1: Strongly Disagree; 5: Strongly Agree)1 Visual 4 4 3 4 3 3 4 3 2 4 2 2

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Noe Vargas Hernandez, The University of Texas at El Paso; Gul Kremer, Pennsylvania State University; Julie Linsey, Texas A&M University; Linda Schmidt, University of Maryland

actually analyzing the ideas. The ideasgenerated can be analyzed based on the functions the problem requires it to fulfill. The evaluatorpredefines each function at different levels (e.g. high, medium and low) based on the type of theideas expected. The ideas falling in the corresponding level for each function receives a noveltyscore (e.g., High-10, Medium-5, Low-1). A novelty score for each idea can be calculated byassigning weights for each function and aggregating for an overall value. Novelty a posteriorican be calculated by counting the number of occurrences for the same idea for each function.The novelty score (S) for each function’s idea can be calculated using the formula: ܶ െ‫ܥ‬

Conference Session

Build Diversity in Engineering Graduate Programs

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Tiffany Simon, Columbia University

Tagged Divisions

Minorities in Engineering

Conference Session

Teaching Mechanical Systems: What's New

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Raghu Echempati, Kettering University; Richard Dippery, Kettering University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

tothe CLOs and the Program Outcomes (POs). For this course, the CLOs and their mapping to thePOs has already been identified. Overall, the course syllabus and the course objectives are met toa great extent. As mentioned before, several assessment tools have been identified such as classwork/homework, quizzes/exams and projects. Sincere attempt is made to refer to the CLOs whiledesigning the contents of the assessment tools used. For example, many class work andhomework problems, and each exam question clearly stated the concept being tested in thatquestion, and to what extent that question addresses the CLO(s) and how it maps the PO(s).Students were informed where this information will be used. The stated CLO(s) is/are assumedto be satisfied

Conference Session

Retention Strategies in Action Part I

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Frankie Santos Laanan, Iowa State University; Dimitra Jackson, Iowa State University; Mary Darrow, Iowa State University

Tagged Divisions

Two Year College Division

; Laanan, F. S. (2001). Making the transition to the senior institution. New Directions for Community Colleges, 2001(114), 87-97.9- Laanan, F. S. (2007). Studying transfer students: Part 2: Dimensions of transfer students’ adjustment. Community College Journal of Research and Practice, 31, 37-5910- Laanan, F. S. (1998). Beyond transfer shock: A study of students’ college experiences and adjustment Page 15.553.12 processes at UCLA (Doctoral Dissertation). Available from Proquest Dissertations and Theses database. (UMI No. 9905522) Table 1: Background DemographicsAge

Conference Session

Enhancing K-12 STEM Education with Engineering

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

John Fitzpatrick, Drexel University; Adam Fontecchio, Drexel University; Eli Fromm, Drexel University

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

. Page 15.1316.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2010 Using a Mousetrap-Powered Vehicle Design Activity to Convey Engineering ConceptsAbstractAs part of a NSF-sponsored project within GK-12, a curricular unit was introduced to students inan urban middle school elective course. The module sought to immerse students in a designproject, during which they would be introduced to theories and concepts relevant to theconstruction of a mousetrap-powered vehicle.The unit was designed to fit within the timeframe of the middle school‟s elective period, a 1.5-hour session per week for 10 weeks. After introducing the course goals and demonstrating theend “product,” students were encouraged to build upon a

Conference Session

Sustainability in Engineering Curricula

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mary McCormick, Tufts University; Kristina Lawyer, Michigan Technological University; Meredith Berlin, University of Colorado - Boulder; Chris Swan, Tufts University; Kurt Paterson, Michigan Technological University; Angela Bielefeldt, University of Colorado, Boulder; Jonathan Wiggins, University of Colorado, Boulder

Tagged Divisions

Environmental Engineering

serve as a basis for the development, execution, and refinement of the model(s).Lastly, we will produce a final report to summarize our findings as well as create an internet sitefor interested parties to contribute to, view, or edit.Bibliography 1. National Academy of Engineering. (2005). Educating the engineer of 2020: Adapting engineering education to the new century. Washington, DC: National Academy Press. 2. Pappas, E. & R. Kander. (2008). “Sustainable Societies: The Sustainable Engineering Design Curriculum at James Madison University,” Proceedings of the 2008 ASEE Annual Conference, Pittsburgh, PA. 3. Splitt, Frank G. (2002). Engineering Education Reform: A Trilogy. Published by the International

Conference Session

Computers in Education Poster Session

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

J. Wey Chen, Southern Taiwan University

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

suggested system by incorporating other programming languages suchas C++ and MS Visual Basic.AcknowledgementThis work is funded by the National Science Council in Taiwan, under the “Science Education”Program, Project No. NSC 97-2511-S-218-005-MY2.Bibliography1. Allen Tucker. (2003). A Model Curriculum for K-12 Computer Science. Final Report of the ACM K-12 Education Task Force Curriculum Committee. ACM.2. Bransford, J.D., Brown, A.L., and Cocking, R.R.(2000). How People Learn: Brain, Mind, Experience, and School. Washington, D.C.:National Academy Press.3. Resnick, M. (1995). New paradigms for computing, new paradigms for thinking. In A. diSessa, Hoyles, C., & Noss, R. (Eds.), Computers and Exploratory Learning (pp. 31-43). New York

Conference Session

Enhancing Recruitment and Retention in Engineering

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Quamrul Mazumder, University of Michigan - Flint; Olanrewaju Aluko, University of Michigan-Flint

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

education, during his keynote speech Charles M. Vest,President of National Academy of Engineering presented data that were not only disappointing,but perhaps shocking, and urged immediate attention by all stakeholders, such as educators,parents, government and businesses1 . Vest‟s data in Table 1 clearly demonstrates our declining Page 15.76.3number of graduates compared to other three leading nations. In 2003, the fraction of collegegraduates with an engineering degree was 20% in Asia, 12% in Europe and 4% in USA. Table 1: Engineering Graduates in Four Different Nations1 Country Engineering Engineering

Conference Session

DELOS Best Paper Nominations

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kelly Crittenden, Louisiana Tech University; David Hall, Louisiana Tech University; Patricia Brackin, Southeast Missouri State University

Tagged Divisions

Division Experimentation & Lab-Oriented Studies

AC 2010-1268: LIVING WITH THE LAB: SUSTAINABLE LAB EXPERIENCESFOR FRESHMAN ENGINEERING STUDENTSKelly Crittenden, Louisiana Tech UniversityDavid Hall, Louisiana Tech UniversityPatricia Brackin, Southeast Missouri State University Page 15.846.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2010 Living With the Lab: Sustainable Lab Experiences for Freshman Engineering StudentsAbstractIn the United States, a movement toward project-based freshman engineering curricula began inthe 1990’s due in large part to the National Science Foundation’s Engineering EducationCoalitions. This movement continues at Universities across the country. At Louisiana

Conference Session

Contemporary Issues in Engineering Ethics

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Alejandra J. Magana, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Donna Riley, Smith College

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Ethics

willinclude the development of instruction as proposed above and assessments will be conductedbefore and after the intervention. The ultimate goal is to prepare engineering students toencounter nanotechnology education across science, technology, social sciences and humanitiesto be better equipped to participate in debates about how societies ought to be transformed.References: 1. Roco, M. C., & Bainbridge, W. S. (2001). Societal implications of nanoscience and nanotechnology: Kluwer Academic Publishers. 2. National Science and Technology Council. (2000). 2000 Annual Report. Washington D.C. 3. Roco, M. C. (2003). Broader societal issues of nanotechnology. Journal of Nanoparticle Research, 5(3), 181--189. 4. Roco, M

Conference Session

Methods, Techniques and New Programs in Graduate Education

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Michael Dyrenfurth, Purdue University; Mike Murphy, Dublin Institute of Technology; Gary Bertoline, Purdue University; Robert Herrick, Purdue University; Gareth O'Donnell, Dublin Institute of Technology; Kathryne Newton, Purdue University; Nuria Castell, Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya; Miquel Barcelo, Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya; Didac Balas, Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya; Maria Ribera Sancho, Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya; Donal McHale, Dublin Institute of Technology; Jordi Garcia, Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya

Tagged Divisions

Graduate Studies

15 cr/30 ECTS Politècnica de Cataluña Figure 2. Program Credit Allocation ModelWe envision program mobility to be largely determined by language capability. This means thatwe will structure mobility to maximize preparatory study of the Spanish or English language(whichever is the second language) so that when students actually go for their semester (s)abroad in their second language that they will have already studied that language for at least twosemesters. The semester program model as depicted in Table 1 presents a typical study programenvisioned for Purdue University student entrants. DIT entrants would study semester 1 at DITfollowed by Semesters 2

Conference Session

IT-based Instructional Technologies

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Yi-Cheng Chen, Meiho Institute of Technology; Yi-Chien Lin, Meiho Institute of Technology; Ron Chuen Yeh, Meiho Institute of Technology, Taiwan; Kuo-Hung Tseng, Meiho Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Information Systems

computing (Wu& Hisa, 2004). These principal ICT directly enabling modern E-commerce include Web-basedcomputing, mobile computing, and ubiquitous computing (Banavar & Bernstenin, 2002; Kannanet al., 2001; Samaras, 2002).The Web-based computing was implemented based on a wirednetwork using the Internet until the ability to connect started approaching physical limit-mobility.The mobile computing based on wireless infrastructure gave rise to a new S curve, with the newphysical limits being a higher level of ubiquity and embeddedness (Lyytinen & Yoo, 2002).Over the past decade, we have witnessed the rapid developments in ICT which have substantiallychanged the landscape of E-commerce. The Internet has introduced a significant wave of

Conference Session

Sustainable Energy Education

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Christopher Simon, University of Nevada, Reno; Ted Batchman, University of Nevada-Reno; Christine Taylor, Lewis and Clark University

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

rising energy prices create a renewed opportunityto move U.S. public policy and engineering education in a mutually beneficial direction. Callsfor change in the way energy education occurs are certainly not new, and earlier expressions ofconcern are a good source for our current reflection. Writing in 1973, the highly respectedRepublican legislator Howard Baker pondered the then-current oil supply shortage.4 Heconcluded that well-developed education programs linking environmental attitudes with energyuse could have a strong and lasting impact on energy consumption behaviors in the country. Inthe 1970‘s, President Jimmy Carter advocated the development of energy education programs tochange students‘ perceptions of energy and alter patterns of