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Displaying results 3811 - 3840 of 23302 in total
Conference Session
Recruitment and Retention
Collection
2007 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
James Northern, Prairie View A&M University
Tagged Divisions
Minorities in Engineering
students after one year of engineering studies by providing them withacademic and peer support to facilitate their transition into the College of Engineering. FYIincludes workshops, design competitions and gatherings with industry mentors. The Year Two(Y2) program is designed to increase the retention rate of electrical and computer engineeringstudents through two years of undergraduate engineering studies. The Y2 program providesacademic and career support for second year electrical and computer engineering students andoffers mentoring and exploration opportunities designed to connect students to their area ofinterest and career options.Assessment: Number of work study positions taken and meetings attended.Evaluation: The First Year Initiative
Conference Session
Improving ME Education: Trends in Mechanical Engineering II
Collection
2007 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Laila Guessous, Oakland University; Qian Zou, Oakland University; Brian Sangeorzan, Oakland University; Xia Wang, Oakland University; Chris Kobus, Oakland University; Gary Barber, Oakland University; Alex Alkidas, Oakland University; Michael Latcha, Oakland University
Tagged Divisions
Mechanical Engineering
on automotive research. The Automotive Research and IndustrialMentorship (ARIM) REU program at Oakland University 1 aims to engage participants inrewarding automotive research experiences that excite and motivate them to pursue careers inscientific and engineering research, and seeks to address the nationwide problem of the under-representation of women and minorities in the sciences, technology, engineering andmath (STEM).The automotive focus of this program was a natural choice given OU’s close ties to and locationnear the world headquarters and engineering centers of the Big-Three automakers, as well asover one hundred automotive suppliers in southeast Michigan. So, in the summer of 2006, tenundergraduate engineering students from across
Conference Session
Curriculum Development in Civil and Architectural Engineering Technology
Collection
2007 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Vernon Lewis, Old Dominion University; Carol Considine, Old Dominion University
Tagged Divisions
Engineering Technology
career path and that minors that are morerelevant to the construction industry business practices would probably serve them better. Basedon this student feedback, the CET faculty reviewed available minors and found that additionalexpertise was available in other academic units such as the College of Health Sciences and theCollege of Business and Public Administration.The College of Business and Public Administration offers the relevant minors in the areas ofmanagement, business administration and real estate. The College of Health Sciences offers anoccupational safety minor. Descriptions of these minors are provided below: • Management Minor - designed to develop the students understanding of management both as an art and a science
Conference Session
Educating Graduates in Engineering For A Flat World
Collection
2007 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Stephen Williams, Milwaukee School of Engineering; Owe Petersen, Milwaukee School of Engineering
Tagged Divisions
International
for a Flat World”Co-Moderators: Stephen Williams and Owe Petersen Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Milwaukee School of Engineering Milwaukee, WisconsinAbstractCompetency in your technical field of knowledge is not sufficient for success in professional lifein engineering. Graduates need more than what the normal degree/curriculum provides. ThomasL. Friedman – “The World is Flat - A Brief History of the Twenty-First Century” – providessignificant documentation of the forces driving the rebalancing of relationships between nationsand industries. Professionals, including, engineers will have their careers shaped by those sameforces.From an engineering standpoint technology has provided the mobility that flattens
Conference Session
Educating Graduates in Engineering For A Flat World
Collection
2007 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Stephen Williams, Milwaukee School of Engineering; Owe Petersen, Milwaukee School of Engineering
Tagged Divisions
International
for a Flat World”Co-Moderators: Stephen Williams and Owe Petersen Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Milwaukee School of Engineering Milwaukee, WisconsinAbstractCompetency in your technical field of knowledge is not sufficient for success in professional lifein engineering. Graduates need more than what the normal degree/curriculum provides. ThomasL. Friedman – “The World is Flat - A Brief History of the Twenty-First Century” – providessignificant documentation of the forces driving the rebalancing of relationships between nationsand industries. Professionals, including, engineers will have their careers shaped by those sameforces.From an engineering standpoint technology has provided the mobility that flattens
Conference Session
Educating Graduates in Engineering For A Flat World
Collection
2007 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Stephen Williams, Milwaukee School of Engineering; Owe Petersen, Milwaukee School of Engineering
Tagged Divisions
International
for a Flat World”Co-Moderators: Stephen Williams and Owe Petersen Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Milwaukee School of Engineering Milwaukee, WisconsinAbstractCompetency in your technical field of knowledge is not sufficient for success in professional lifein engineering. Graduates need more than what the normal degree/curriculum provides. ThomasL. Friedman – “The World is Flat - A Brief History of the Twenty-First Century” – providessignificant documentation of the forces driving the rebalancing of relationships between nationsand industries. Professionals, including, engineers will have their careers shaped by those sameforces.From an engineering standpoint technology has provided the mobility that flattens
Conference Session
Assessment of K-12 Engineering Programs and Issues
Collection
2007 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Valerie Galarza, University of Puerto Rico-Mayaguez; Mariela Figueroa, UPRMUniversity of Puerto Rico-Mayaguez; Cristina Lugo, University of Puerto Rico-Mayaguez; Ricardo Rodriguez, University of Puerto Rico-Mayaguez; Francisco Rivera, University of Puerto Rico-Mayaguez; Alexandra Medina-Borja, University of Puerto Rico-Mayaguez
Tagged Divisions
K-12 & Pre-College Engineering
Page 12.818.2experience to look for improvement opportunities, and to take corrective action. The overall goalis to increase the retention and college success of students into engineering careers. We present the results of a series of focus groups undertook to elicit the high schooldeficiencies and other problems faced by pre-college students that are evident once they areadmitted into engineering, in the opinion of current industrial engineering students at theUniversity of Puerto Rico at Mayagüez, UPRM. Attraction into engineering careers is not aproblem at all at the UPRM. At the UPRM we want to create a stronger network betweengovernment and the Department of Education of Puerto Rico to improve the educational systemin the areas
Conference Session
Learning Needs and Educational Success
Collection
2008 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Carol Gattis, University of Arkansas; Thomas Carter, University of Arkansas
Tagged Divisions
Minorities in Engineering
, especially when transitioning from a diverse highschool to a predominantly Caucasian institution. At the University of Arkansas, the College ofEngineering has created a summer bridge program to help minority students successfullytransition from high school seniors to successful engineering freshmen.The Engineering Summer Bridge Program was a three week, all expenses paid, in-residenceprogram held on the University of Arkansas campus. During this program, students experiencedcampus life while also learning more about engineering. Through “engineering in action” fieldtrips, fun and challenging engineering design problems, team competitions and experiencingresearch labs, students became significantly more excited about their career possibilities
Collection
2003 GSW
Authors
Akanni Lawal; James M. Gregory; Lloyd Heinze
20 0 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Year Figure 1. Growth in number of students and course offerings over time.Another development that has helped the course occurred in 2000. James Gregory, working withcomputer science students in a software engineering class, produced a website that allowedpeople to quickly analyze their career interests and learning styles (www.coe.ttu.edu). Thepurpose of the tool was to help students to assess their personal interest and associate it withmajors in college. The process developed by Gregory is closely related to the Myers BriggsType
Conference Session
Engineering in Middle Schools
Collection
2008 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Juanita Jo Matkins, College of William and Mary; John A. McLaughlin, McLauglin Associates; Eugene Brown, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Gail Hardinge, College of William and Mary; Nancy West, College of William and Mary; Robert Stiegler, Naval Surface Warfare Center, Dahlgren Division; Kirk Jenne, Office of Naval Research
Tagged Divisions
K-12 & Pre-College Engineering
college and college-level teaching of geology and science instructional methods. She has served as coordinator of mathematics and science curriculum for a school district. Her interests and experience focus on field studies and problem-based learning.Robert Stiegler, Naval Surface Warfare Center, Dahlgren Division Robert Stiegler is currently supporting the USMC Targeting and Engagement Systems and the Office of Naval Research, N-STAR initiative. His recent career experience has included service as a program manager for USMC science and technology programs, Science Advisor to the Commanding General, Fleet Marine Forces Atlantic, and Head, NAVSEA Combat Systems Safety and Engineering
Conference Session
Metrology Laboratories
Collection
2008 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Helga Alexander, Keithley Instruments Inc
Tagged Divisions
Division Experimentation & Lab-Oriented Studies
manufacturing companies whose end products aredesigned to measure some physical quantity, whether it is chemical, electrical, or mechanical innature. The graduates’ college engineering training prepares them for careers in all kinds ofengineering areas, whether it be manufacturing processes, new product design, or testing. As partof their undergraduate or graduate work, they are taught sound engineering principles andreceive a thorough foundation in their chosen fields to become the designers of tomorrow’sproducts. However, although many end up designing measuring and test equipment, their collegetraining never introduced them to metrology, the science of measurement. They are unaware ofthe importance of traceability to the international system of
Conference Session
Programmatic Issues in Physics or Engineering Physics
Collection
2009 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Robert Ross, University of Detroit, Mercy; Eswara Venugopal, University of Detroit, Mercy; Daniel Maggio, University of Detroit, Mercy; Meghann Mouyianis, University of Detroit, Mercy
Tagged Divisions
Engineering Physics & Physics
whichyield immediate feedback through discussion with peers and/or instructors,…” 4 Innovativepedagogy such as collaborative learning, peer instruction, tutorials, and computer basedinstruction are now commonly used to increase student achievement (a comprehensive review ofthe literature can be found in reference 2). Students bring their personal histories with them toclass, and it has been shown that their expectations play a critical role in the outcome of aphysics course. 5 Similarly, it has been shown (for example, see Reference 5 and referencestherein) that student attitudes towards a Physics course they have completed influence theirfuture engagement with science and engineering disciplines and subsequent career choices
Conference Session
Emerging Information Technologies
Collection
2009 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Michael Bailey, Brigham Young University; Joseph Ekstrom, Brigham Young University
Tagged Divisions
Information Systems
MySQL providing dynamic HTML capabilities.This has had many benefits to student learning, forcing students to become familiar with remoteaccess to hardware via command-line, file transfer, and other similar concepts that are commonto commercial web development.Since the virtualization system used allows good performance with over 200 lightly loadedvirtual servers on a single hardware server, we have allowed students to retain their virtualservers throughout their academic careers, and to use them to serve their own non-commercialweb pages. This has promoted additional independent and service learning opportunities forstudents. Students have hosted web sites for nonprofit or church organizations, family groups,and have developed portfolio
Conference Session
Attitudes, Self-Confidence, and Self-Efficacy of Women Engineering Students
Collection
2009 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Moshe Hartman, Retired; Harriet Hartman, Rowan University
Tagged Divisions
Women in Engineering
posed in this paper is how persistent are gender differences in engineeringorientation and achievement, once we control for engineering discipline, cohort, and year in theprogram. More specifically, we ask: 1. Do gender differences persist in grades, engineering self-confidence, satisfaction with engineering major, satisfaction with peers, and commitment to engineering as a career, even when major, year, and cohort are controlled? 2. Is there an interaction between gender and major, so that women and men in the same major have different reactions/achievements in engineering? 3. How much variation in these variables is there between majors (women or men)? 4. Is there a clear pattern of variation in any of these
Collection
1996 Annual Conference
Authors
III, Thomas K. Miller; Catherine E. Brawner
engineering design to students early in their academic careers. Theprimary purpose of this evaluation is to determine how well the Entrepreneurs Program is meeting its objectivesand other SUCCEED deliverables. The approach to engineering education undertaken by the Entrepreneurs Program is relatively unusual inthat it includes students at all academic levels participating on design teams. A few others have had success witha similar approach. Lil describes team oriented design projects at the University of Wisconsin-PlatteviUe whichnot only includes students at all academic levels, but is also interdisciplinary in nature by including students fromboth the Electrical Engineering and Chemistry departments. His course integrates product desig
Collection
1996 Annual Conference
Authors
Mohamed I. Dessouky; Murali Krishnamurthi
its growth, reap its benefits, and minimize its hazards, regardless ofone’s career interests. A basic understanding of science and technology is crucial not only for applying thefi-uits of technology effectively, but also for making decisions on related issues that impact human existence inthe present and in the future. Traditionally, engineering schools have been the source of new graduates competent in the newtechnologies who can meet the needs of the industry and society. However, educators are often faced with morethan the mere challenge of conveying technical information to their students. Students, on the other hand, findthe information conveyed uninteresting, unrnotivating, and fail to recognize its value and career
Collection
1996 Annual Conference
Authors
Steve Moser; Michael Bluhm; Allan Goodman; Sarah Lynn Garrett
designedas a two-semester sequence of weekly activities, presentations, and outside-of-class experiences. The objectiveis to provide the freshman student with an experience-based, conceptual understanding of how buildings workwhat architectural engineers do, how architectural engineers think, and what architectural engineers need toknow. Throughout the first year, students are introduced to our entire faculty, listen to overview presentationsof major career options in architectural engineering take field trips to construction sites and building sciencelaboratories on campus, and hear from practicing professionals from across the country. This lays a foundationfor understanding what the profession is about and provides a context f?om which entering
Collection
1996 Annual Conference
Authors
Rick L. Homkes; Kevin D. Taylor
teacher knowledge of technical careers andassisting teachers in preparing their students for technical education and careers. For Purdue and IndianaUniversities, the goal of participation in the project is to attract higher quality students into the areas of math,science, engineering and technology through increased teacher awareness. Future goals include findingadditional funding sources and expansion of the program beyond Howard County.Background The pilot VISION project, championed by Glenn Grundmann of Delco Electronics, was held in thesummer of 1994 [1,3,4]. It was a very intense three week experience. After a day of orientation and a day oftechnical instruction from Purdue University faculty, the local school teachers were placed in
Collection
1997 Annual Conference
Authors
James S. Tulenko; Edward T. Dugan; David E. Hintenlang
education professionals is to re-engineer the nuclear and radiological curriculum toensure that we present the curriculum that meets the educational needs and opportunities in thenuclear field. Preparing our students to succeed in today’s nuclear and radiological field is a Page 2.52.2challenge and an opportunity. We must re-think our curriculum to determine which skills areappropriate for our students to learn to be successful in their careers. The ABET EngineeringCriteria 2000 could not have been better designed for nuclear engineering education at this timein its life cycle. The criteria forces us to ensure that we get the feedback from our
Conference Session
Contemporary Practices in Engineering Management Programs
Collection
2009 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Raymond Price, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign; Rose Mary Cordova-Wentling, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign
Tagged Divisions
Engineering Management
more effective in the workplace and happier in life. Orsted (2000) stressed theimportance of human behavior skills, which govern behavior at meetings, towards colleagues, on thephone, and the way problems and conflict are approached are needed by engineers in the daily interactionwith others. In addition, Hissey (2000) pointed out human behavior skills, such as teamwork,communication, leadership, and interpersonal skills that have a career enhancing value and may saveengineers from downsizing. In addition, Moon et al (2007) pointed out human behavior skills andattributes such as communication, social, presentation, interpersonal, leadership, management, and team-working skills that engineers need to confront new challenges in the ever-changing
Conference Session
Interactive Approaches to Ethics
Collection
2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Alison J. Kerr, University of Tulsa; Bradley J. Brummel, University of Tulsa; Jeremy S. Daily P.E., University of Tulsa
Tagged Divisions
Engineering Ethics
program is being conducted, additional assessments may involve determining what typeof instruction is used, how frequently it is conducted, or at what point the trainee must completethe program in their career. Evaluations beyond this may focus on how well the program actuallyworks or if it is effective in eliciting behavior change2. A common evaluation of effectiveness isto determine how trainees react to the training experience, the content of the program, or theinstructor delivery1,3,5. It is difficult and rare to evaluate how well ethics training actuallydevelops a trainee’s ethical reasoning or behavior change1. However, evaluating trainingprograms can help provide useful information which can be used to help make decisions aboutthe training
Conference Session
Pre-College: Evaluation
Collection
2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Reagan Curtis, West Virginia University; Johnna Bolyard, West Virginia University; Darran Cairns, West Virginia University; David Luke Loomis, West Virginia University; Sera Mathew; Kelly Leigh Watts, Regional Educaion Service Agency 3
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Pre-College Engineering Education Division
successfully recruited a group of mathematics, science, and special educators,and engaged them in professional development they find valuable. The Teacher Efficacy andAttitudes toward STEM (T-STEM) survey revealed that professional development successfullyincreased participating teachers’ confidence to teach engineering design, their confidence thatthey can influence their students’ STEM performance, and their knowledge of STEM careers, aswell as the amount they expect to utilize technology and instructional approaches aligned withSTEM best educational practices.Diagnostic Teacher Assessments in Mathematics and Science (DTAMS) for middle schoolshowed that participating teachers initially did poorly outside of their content area focus. Closerinspection
Conference Session
Action on Diversity - Disability Experiences & Empathy
Collection
2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Henriette D Burns, Washington State University, Vancouver; Kristin Lesseig, Washington State University Vancouver
Tagged Topics
ASEE Diversity Committee, Diversity
learning experiences to support teachers’ ability to promote mathematical reasoning in middle and high school classrooms. Dr. Lesseig served as principal investigator on an NSF MSP grant designed to support middle grades teachers in implementing STEM Design Challenges. WIP: Infusing Empathy into Engineering Design: Supporting Under- Represented Student Interest and Sense of BelongingnessIntroduction to the Work-in-Progress StudyHow can we utilize our research knowledge to impact our methodology as educators and changethe perceptions of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) and who belongsin STEM careers? Some states have adopted the New Generation Science Standards (NGSS) fork-12 public schools
Conference Session
First-Year Programs: Monday Cornucopia (Classroom Innovations)
Collection
2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Michael Joseph Reese Jr., Johns Hopkins University; Michael L. Falk, Johns Hopkins University; Joanne F. Selinski, Johns Hopkins University; Sara Miner More, Johns Hopkins University; Ali Darvish, Johns Hopkins University; Ivan Sekyonda, Johns Hopkins University; Amy Brusini, Johns Hopkins University; Alejandra J. Magana, Purdue University-Main Campus, West Lafayette (College of Engineering); Ahmed Ibrahim, Johns Hopkins University; Nathan Graham, Johns Hopkins University; Paul Huckett, Johns Hopkins University
Tagged Divisions
First-Year Programs
for the later integration of computing into advanced coursework. It also helpsstudents’ careers [2], [3]. This shift has led to a diversification of the coursework by whichengineering students are introduced to computing. These courses are taught in a variety ofprogramming languages, chosen often due to their degree of application and perceived utility inthe host discipline.A major research university in North America undertook a redesign of its freshmen-yearcomputing curriculum after seeing a proliferation of computing courses across engineeringdisciplines. The primary goal was to better align the learning outcomes across computingcourses offered by various engineering disciplines. This curriculum redesign also provided anopportunity to
Conference Session
NSF Grantees: S-STEM 1
Collection
2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access
Authors
Heather Shipley, University of Texas at San Antonio; Krystel K. Castillo-Villar, University of Texas at San Antonio; Timothy Yuen, The University of Texas at San Antonio
Tagged Topics
Diversity, NSF Grantees Poster Session
Department of Education rules for federal financial aid • fill out an application that includes, but is not limited to, the following: name, contact information, classification, major, unofficial transcript (with GPA information), one faculty recommendation letter, and three essays written by the applicant addressing: how the SPURS scholarship will benefit his/her academic career, why the applicant should be considered for this program, and what is his/her 5 year plan including academic studies and professional career.Applications are reviewed using a review matrix by a committee in the College of Engineering.Students who accept the SPURS scholarship must graduate from their respective degree programwithin 3
Conference Session
Research in Faculty Development
Collection
2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access
Authors
Tareq Daher, University of Nebraska, Lincoln; Markeya S. Peteranetz, University of Nebraska-Lincoln
Tagged Divisions
Faculty Development Division
Lessons Learned summary, we discuss development of theprogram and the results of our formative assessment of the program’s second year. Ourpreference is to present in a lightning talk.Need for the ProgramAround 30% of graduate students in the College of Engineering at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln pursue a career in academia. This particular group of graduate students are futureengineering faculty and many are currently serving as Teaching Assistants (TAs). In the TA role,some students are primary instructors of courses and others support the primary instructor. Thesestudents have little to no training on evidence-based instructional strategies. The Engineering andComputing Education Core recognized the need to better prepare this group of
Conference Session
Integration of Current Issues into Manufacturing
Collection
2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access
Authors
Arif Sirinterlikci, Robert Morris University
Tagged Divisions
Manufacturing
technology and mobility,networked devices and embedded systems, the ecosystem of the IoT, andinformation securityand mobile devices. [6] Associate Degrees: Miami Dade College (MDC) started offering a 60 credit AS degree in IoT Applications in 2018 [8]. The college seeks to fill in the positions requiring IoT skills to develop, deploy and support connected devices. The program prepare graduates for career opportunities like: o IoT programmer, IoT developer, IoT consultant o Product application assistant, tapid prototyping assistant o Connected devices support specialist o Embedded software developer, embedded application programmer o The curriculum for the program is given below in Figure 5 and 6. 8
Conference Session
College Industry Partnerships Division Technical Session 1
Collection
2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Vladimir I. Prodanov, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo; John Greene, Maxim Integrated
Tagged Divisions
College Industry Partnerships
discussed are some aspects ofengineering education and relevant trends in alumni giving.Keywords: alumni, voluntarism, training, ABET, laboratory, collaboration, experiential learning 1. IntroductionCal Poly is a predominantly undergraduate institution widely recognized for its excellentengineering programs. With an enrollment of over 5,800 undergraduate students and 280graduate students, the College of Engineering is a major supplier of engineering talent inCalifornia. As most of our baccalaureate recipients begin their careers in industry and do notpursue graduate degrees, our programs strive to keep a curriculum aligned with industrialpractice.Both the structure and the content of the curriculum determine the alignment. Typically, acurriculum
Conference Session
Pre-college Engineering Education Division Poster Session
Collection
2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Jacqueline F. Handley, University of Michigan; Elizabeth Birr Moje, University of Michigan; Jerome Peter Lynch, University of Michigan; Katherine A. Flanigan, University of Michigan
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Pre-College Engineering Education Division
Stanford, Dr. Lynch received his B.E. in Civil and Environmental Engineering from the Cooper Union in New York City. His current research interests are in the areas of wireless cyber-physical systems, cyberinfrastructure tools for management of structural monitoring data, and nanoengineered thin film sensors for damage detection and structural health monitoring. Dr. Lynch has been awarded the 2005 ONR Young Investigator Award, 2009 NSF CAREER Award, 2009 Presidential Early Career Award for Scientists and Engineers (PECASE), 2012 ASCE EMI Leonardo da Vinci Award and 2014 ASCE Huber Award.Katherine A. Flanigan, University of Michigan c American Society for Engineering Education, 2017 Using
Conference Session
Women in Engineering Division Technical Session 5
Collection
2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Alandra Kahl, Pennsylvania State University, Greater Allegheny
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Women in Engineering
Mathematics. The campus is fortunate to be well represented with women in thesciences and engineering; professors from all disciplines serve as facilitators for the group.Background:There are initiatives on other campuses and with other groups to increase the involvement andretention of women in the sciences and engineering, including OXIDE (Open ChemistryCollaborative in Diversity Equity), a diversity equity initiative cofounded by the NationalScience Foundation, the National Institutes of Health, and the Department of Energy 3. Inaddition to OXIDE, other initiatives aimed at addressing the gender gap include the NSFADVANCE grants to increase the participation and advancement of women in academic scienceand engineering careers, and COACh, a