Asee peer logo
Displaying results 361 - 390 of 1477 in total
Conference Session
Learning styles affect on students in graphic and design courses
Collection
2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Marjan Eggermont, University of Calgary
Tagged Divisions
Engineering Design Graphics
Information Graphics and Engineering DesignAbstractDocumentation for engineering design requires succinct project descriptions, often withinformation and data visualizations. In an effort to expose students to these types ofvisualizations students were asked to summarize each individual chapter of a technology-basedbook of their choice using a different visualization method. This exercise exposed students to awide range of methods and gave them tools for future engineering project document design. ThePeriodic Table of Visualization Methods1 website was used as a starting point for the types ofvisualizations students could explore. This site is an e-learning site focusing on visual literacy:the ability to evaluate, apply, or create conceptual visual
Conference Session
Track 2 - Session I - Curriculum Development
Collection
2013 ASEE International Forum
Authors
J. P. Mohsen, University of Louisville; Michael Sanio, American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE)
Tagged Topics
Invited - Curriculum Development
evaluation of materials with a focus on concrete structures. He teaches courses and conducts research in the areas of design and con- struction of pavements. He is currently involved in conducting research in condition survey of bridge structures using remote sensing technology. He has also been actively involved the American Society of Civil Engineers, serving on the Educational Activities and Continuing Education committees as well as the Technical Council for Computing and Information Technology. He is active in the Transportation Research Board serving on Properties of Concrete and Design of Pavements committees. Dr. Mohsen was named Engineer of the Year in Education by the Kentucky Section of ASCE in1999
Conference Session
NSF Grantees' Poster Session
Collection
2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Russell Pimmel, University of Alabama (Emeritus); Ann F. McKenna, Arizona State University, Polytechnic campus; Norman L. Fortenberry, American Society for Engineering Education; Brian Yoder; Rocio C Chavela Guerra, American Society for Engineering Education
Tagged Topics
NSF Grantees Poster Session
. McKenna is chair and associate professor in the Department of Engineering in the College of Technology and Innovation at Arizona State University (ASU). Prior to joining ASU she served as a program officer at the National Science Foundation in the Division of Undergraduate Education and was on the faculty in the Department of Mechanical Engineering and Segal Design Institute at Northwestern University. Dr. McKenna received her B.S. and M.S. degrees in Mechanical Engineering from Drexel University and Ph.D. from the University of California at Berkeley. Dr. McKenna also serves as a senior associate editor for the Journal of Engineering Education.Dr. Norman L. Fortenberry, American Society for Engineering Education Dr
Collection
2013 ASEE Midwest Section Conference
Authors
David C. Paulus; Daniel M. Settlage
. The survey askedquestions relating to the following aspects of using Blackboard Collaborate: Technology,Accessibility, Participation, and Learning. All “questions” are actually statements written in theaffirmative toward Collaborate such that answers that strongly agree or agree with the statementProceedings of the 2013 Midwest Section Conference of the American Society for Engineering Education 3are a 1 or 2, respectively and answers that disagree or strongly disagree with the statement are 4or 5, respectively. An answer of 3 means the student feels neutral and neither agrees nordisagrees with the statement. Student
Collection
2013 Pacific Southwest Section Meeting
Authors
Paul M. Jones; J. Richard Phillips
continue torevise the curriculum to be more hands-on and industry focused.Members of the Strategic Corporate Alliance Initiative are asked to donate between$5,000 to $25,000 to support and enhance current programs, as well as to help launchnew and innovative programs that will help students succeed in the Engineering,Computer Science, and Technology professions upon graduation. Members will hold aseat on the Dean’s Advisory Board and become a stakeholder in the development of suchprograms.CSULA strives to be recognized as one of the leading universities for providing corporatepartners/investors with their highest return on investment for sponsored projects,research, student programs, and recruiting. In addition to becoming a strategic
Conference Session
Manufacturing Partnerships
Collection
2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Sheng-Jen Hsieh, Texas A&M University
Tagged Divisions
Manufacturing
Paper ID #8119Research Experiences for Undergraduate Engineering StudentsDr. Sheng-Jen ”Tony” Hsieh, Texas A&M University Sheng-Jen (”Tony”) Hsieh is a professor in the Dwight Look College of Engineering at Texas A&M University. He holds a joint appointment with the Department of Engineering Technology and the De- partment of Mechanical Engineering. His research interests include engineering education, cognitive task analysis, automation, robotics and control, intelligent manufacturing system design, and micro/nano man- ufacturing. He is also the Director of the Rockwell Automation Laboratory at Texas A&M
Conference Session
Research and Graduate Studies
Collection
2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Mary Katherine Watson, Georgia Institute of Technology; Alexandra Coso Strong, Georgia Institute of Technology
Tagged Divisions
Graduate Studies
Paper ID #5905Examining Graduate Students’ Philosophies of Education: An ExploratoryStudyMary Katherine Watson, Georgia Institute of Technology Mary Katherine Watson is a PhD candidate in Civil and Environmental Engineering (CEE) at Georgia Tech (GT). Through support from a National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship, she has been working to improve the quality of sustainability education in CEE at GT through development and application of a variety of assessment tools and educational interventions. In addition to research in the field of engineering education, Mary Katherine is the founding president of the
Conference Session
iSTEM
Collection
2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
M. David Burghardt, Hofstra University
Tagged Divisions
K-12 & Pre-College Engineering
other words,there is no “one correct solution.” Engineering design can be a very engaging pedagogicalstrategy, particularly with adolescents, because people can bring their values to their designsolution. Optimal solutions are also not stagnant and unchanging. For example, even if asolution were optimum at one moment in time for the specifications and constraints that wereimposed, new technologies, new opinions, and new perspectives might lead to redefined ordifferent solutions. This is a very empowering and unique feature of engineering that is insignificant contrast to scientific and mathematical understandings where hypotheses andtheorems may be refined but generally remain unalterable. Another defining feature of engineering design
Conference Session
Assessment of Student Learning 1
Collection
2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Nidal Al-Masoud, Central Connecticut State University; Viatcheslav Naoumov, Cental Connecticut State University; Steven Joseph Kirstukas, Central Connecticut State University
Tagged Divisions
Educational Research and Methods
in academia he worked as Assistant, Associate, Full Professor, and Departmental Head at Kazan Aviation Institute, and Visiting Full Professor at Mechanical, Aerospace and Biomedical Engineering De- partment at University of Tennessee, Knoxville. In 2007 he joined CCSU School of Engineering and Technology as an Associate Professor. He taught about 30 undergraduate and graduate courses; was sci- entific advisor of multiple Ph.D. and Dr. of Science Dissertations. Area of research and teaching interests - Propulsion, Aerothermodynamics, Combustion and Heat Transfer. Instrumentation. Performed research projects for Russian and French Aerospace Agencies, NASA, DOE, DOD, and Automotive Company SAAB. Author of 3
Conference Session
Track 4 - Session II - Student and Curriculum Development II
Collection
2013 ASEE International Forum
Authors
Brent K Jesiek, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Qin Zhu, Purdue University; Julia D Thompson, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Andrea Mazzurco, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Sang Eun Woo, Purdue University
Tagged Topics
Student and Curriculum Development
Paper ID #8236Global Engineering Competencies and CasesProf. Brent K Jesiek, Purdue University, West Lafayette Brent K. Jesiek is Assistant Professor in the Schools of Engineering Education and Electrical and Com- puter Engineering at Purdue University. He holds a B.S. in Electrical Engineering from Michigan Tech and M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in Science and Technology Studies (STS) from Virginia Tech. Dr. Jesiek draws on expertise from engineering, computing, and the social sciences to advance understanding of geographic, disciplinary, and historical variations in engineering education and professional practice.Qin Zhu, Purdue
Conference Session
Starting Them Early
Collection
2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Brianna L Dorie, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Monica E Cardella, Purdue University, West Lafayette
Tagged Divisions
K-12 & Pre-College Engineering
engineering.ResultsThough parents were invited to participate in the study if they taught engineering to theirchildren, a majority (88%) stated that they don’t do such explicitly. “We've made comments in passing or in conversation, but we haven't really had an explicit conversation yet about what it means to be an engineer.” “We didn't really make a conscious effort to do that [teach engineering].”Instead the parents mentioned that they wanted their children exposed to broaderconcepts such as science and technology. They didn’t necessarily want to limit theirchild’s learning to engineering concepts. “I wouldn't say [I've exposed him] engineering directly, but more via science and technology.” “I wasn't trying to
Conference Session
Aerospace Division Technical Session 4
Collection
2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Juan Pablo Afman Afman, Georgia Institute of Technology; Narayanan M. Komerath, Georgia Institute of Technology
Tagged Divisions
Aerospace
Paper ID #8130Learning to Innovate Across Disciplines: A Case Study on Three Team ProjectExperiencesMr. Juan Pablo Afman Afman, Georgia Institute of TechnologyDr. Narayanan M. Komerath, Georgia Institute of Technology Professor Dr. Narayanan Komerath is a professor of Aerospace Engineering at Georgia Institute of Tech- nology, and director of the Experimental Aerodynamics and Concepts Group and the Micro Renewable Energy Systems Laboratory. He has over 300 publications, over 120 of them peer-reviewed. He holds three U.S. patents, and has guided fifteen Ph.D.s, more than 50 M.S.s and more than 160 undergraduate research
Conference Session
FPD 3: Research on First-Year Courses
Collection
2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Xingyu Chen, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Catherine E. Brawner, Research Triangle Educational Consultants; Matthew W. Ohland, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Marisa K. Orr, Louisiana Tech University
Tagged Divisions
First-Year Programs
) database.Dr. Catherine E. Brawner, Research Triangle Educational Consultants Catherine E. Brawner is President of Research Triangle Educational Consultants. She received her Ph.D. in Educational Research and Policy Analysis from NC State University in 1996. She also has an MBA from Indiana University (Bloomington) and a bachelor’s degree from Duke University. She specializes in evaluation and research in engineering education, computer science education, teacher education, and technology education. Dr. Brawner is a founding member and former treasurer of Research Triangle Park Evaluators, an American Evaluation Association affiliate organization and is a member of the Amer- ican Educational Research Association and
Collection
2013 ASEE Midwest Section Conference
Authors
Charles E. Baukal; Lynna J. Ausburn; John E. Matsson; Geoffrey L. Price
Specifications,HayGroup (available at www.hayresourcesdirect.haygroup.com), 2005.11. D.A. Kolb, Experiential Learning, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1984.12. E. Rutz and V. Westheider, Learning Styles of Engineering & Engineering Technology Students –Similarities, Differences and Implications for Effective Pedagogy, paper 2006-419, Proceedings of the AmericanSociety for Engineering Education Annual Conference & Exhibition, Chicago, IL, June 18-21, 2006.13. N.E. Cagiltay, Using learning styles theory in engineering education, European Journal of EngineeringEducation, 33(4), 415-424, 2008.14. S.K. Hargrove, J.A. Wheatland, D. Ding, and C.M. Brown, The Effect of Individual Learning Styles onStudent GPA in Engineering
Conference Session
Retaining and Developing Women Faculty in STEM
Collection
2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Ziyu Long, Purdue University; Patrice Marie Buzzanell, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Klod Kokini, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Robyn F Wilson, Purdue University; Jennifer C Batra, Purdue University ; Lindsey B. Anderson, Purdue University
Tagged Divisions
Women in Engineering
, there is a growing body of research on undergraduate mentoring. However,few studies explore faculty mentoring processes in academic settings and none describe howfaculty mentoring networks are enacted in ways that advantage and disadvantage particulargroup members such as women in engineering.44 Our research expands the current literature by studying not only women faculty members’mentoring relationships but also women engineers’ developmental mentoring networkconfigurations. Furthermore, we explore an underresearched mentoring process known asepisodic or spontaneous mentoring and mentoring moments.1 As such, we contribute to much-needed empirical research on women in STEM disciplines (science, technology, engineering, and
Conference Session
Teaching - Best Practices
Collection
2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Ismail Fidan Ph.D., Tennessee Technological University; Julie C Baker Ph.D., Tennessee Technological University
Tagged Divisions
Manufacturing
Paper ID #6281Designing the Future: Integrating cutting-edge design and manufacturingtools into 9th and 10th grade STEM educationIsmail Fidan Ph.D., Tennessee Technological University Dr. Ismail Fidan is a faculty member at the College of Engineering of Tennessee Technological Uni- versity. His research and teaching interests are in additive manufacturing, electronics manufacturing, distance learning, and STEM education. Dr. Fidan is a member and active participant of SME, ASME, IEEE, and ASEE. He is also the Associate Editor of IEEE Transactions on Components, Packaging, and Manufacturing Technology.Julie C Baker Ph.D
Conference Session
Engineering Identity 2
Collection
2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
John C. Chen, California Polytechnic State University; Susan M Lord, University of San Diego; Karen J McGaughey, Cal Poly State University
Tagged Divisions
Educational Research and Methods
consistently self-reporting weaker scores on both subscales of“independence of learning” and “study habits”. Finally, male students held a higher self-belief inindependence of learning compared with female students.IntroductionIt is widely accepted that one goal of higher education is to instill in students the need for and thepractice of lifelong learning. All major stakeholders of higher education – graduates, employers,faculty and accrediting agencies – agree that this outcome is critically important given the rapidpace of change of society, especially in engineering and technology. Our graduates must adaptto this change to remain productive contributors. Indeed, it can be argued that much – or evenmost – of what an engineering graduate needs to
Conference Session
Mathematics Division Technical Session 2
Collection
2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Zohra Manseur, Oswego State University College
Tagged Divisions
Mathematics
Oswego. Her research interests are in applied mathematics, image processing with image algebra as well as mathematics education in general and mathematics for engineering in particular. Zohra Manseur is an active member of the scientific society Sigma Xi. Page 23.436.1 c American Society for Engineering Education, 2013 DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS IN MATHEMATICS FOR ENGINEERS Zohra Manseur Mathematics Department, State University of New York at OswegoAbstract:Engineering professionals apply mathematics in the
Conference Session
First-Year Programs (FPD) Poster Session
Collection
2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Gail D. Jefferson, University of South Alabama; Sally J. Steadman, University of South Alabama; Tom G Thomas, University of South Alabama; Kuang-Ting Hsiao, University of South Alabama
Tagged Divisions
First-Year Programs
Paper ID #6122Novel Program for Engineering Student RetentionDr. Gail D. Jefferson, University of South Alabama Dr. Jefferson earned a B.S. in Mathematics from Spelman College in 1997, a B.S. in Mechanical En- gineering from Georgia Institute of Technology in 1997, an M.S. in Biomedical Engineering from Ohio State University in 2003 and a Ph.D. in Mechanical Engineering from Florida A&M University in 2005. She served as a postdoctoral fellow at the National Institute of Aerospace, developing models and test methods to examine the behavior of advanced non-metallic, nanostructured material systems. Dr. Jeffer- son
Conference Session
Tricks of the Trade I
Collection
2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
John Marshall, University of Southern Maine
Tagged Divisions
New Engineering Educators
Paper ID #6353Pedagogy for the New Engineering FacultyDr. John Marshall, University of Southern Maine John Marshall received his Ph.D. from Texas A&M University and is the Departmental Internship Co- ordinator at the University of Southern Maine. His areas of specialization include Power and Energy Processing, Applied Process Control Engineering, Automation, Fluid Power, and Facility Planning. Page 23.960.1 c American Society for Engineering Education, 2013 Pedagogy for the
Conference Session
Capstone Design
Collection
2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Joseph Anders Wahlquist, US Air Force Academy; Daniel D. Jensen, U.S. Air Force Academy; Kristin L. Wood P.E., Singapore University of Technology and Design (SUTD); Kyle Fitle, U.S. Air Force Academy; David Carte, U.S. Air Force Academy
Tagged Divisions
Design in Engineering Education
Paper ID #6204Using Mini Design Competitions in CapstoneCapt. Joseph Anders Wahlquist, US Air Force Academy Joseph Wahlquist is an instructor in the department of engineering mechanics at the United States Air Force Academy. He teaches courses in Mechanical Behavior of Material and leads a Capstone Design team focusing on Small Unmanned Aerial Systems. He received his MS in Aeronautical engineering from the Air Force Institute of Technology in Dayton Ohio and a BS in Mechanical Engineering from Brigham Young University in Provo Utah. He has also worked as a structural engineer on the F-16 and a mechanical systems engineer
Conference Session
Minority Student Success
Collection
2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Annita Alting, Grove School of Engineering, The City College of the City University of New York; Feridun Delale, City College of the City University of New York; Joseph Barba, City College of the City University of New York
Tagged Divisions
Minorities in Engineering
at Pace University. She performed curriculum evaluation and academic and educational advising at Delft University of Technology and large scale educational research at Twente University. Before coming to City College, she was a research associate in IBM research, performing organizational and usability studies.Prof. Feridun Delale, City College of the City University of New YorkDr. Joseph Barba, City College of the City University of New York Professor of Electrical Engineering and Dean, Grove School of Engineering Page 23.249.1 c American Society for Engineering Education, 2013
Conference Session
Statics - They can move at constant velocity!
Collection
2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Sean Moseley, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology; Shannon M. Sipes, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology
Tagged Divisions
Mechanics
Paper ID #5988Initial Investigation into the Effect of Homework Solution Media on Funda-mental Statics ComprehensionDr. Sean Moseley, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology Sean Moseley is an Assistant Professor of Mechanical Engineering at Rose-Hulman Institute of Tech- nology. He received a B.S. from The Georgia Institute of Technology and an M.S. and Ph.D. from the University of California, Berkeley.Mrs. Shannon M. Sipes, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology Page 23.754.1 c American Society for
Conference Session
Computer Based Grading and Learning Styles
Collection
2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Dan Cernusca, Missouri University of Science & Technology; Clayton E Price, Missouri University of Science and Technology
Tagged Divisions
Computers in Education
Longitudinal Evaluation of a GIS Laboratory in a Transportation Engineering Course”, Journal of Professional Issues in Engineering Education & Practice, 137(4), 2011, pp. 258-266.6. Byrne, B.M. (2001).”Structural Equation Modeling with AMOS. Basic Concepts, Applications, and Programming”, Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers, 2008.7. Cho, M.H. “Online Student Orientation in Higher Education: A Developmental Study”, Educational Technology Research and Development, 60(6), 2012, pp. 1051-1066.8. Chyung, S.Y., Moll, A.J. and Berg, S.A. “The Role of Intrinsic Goal Orientation, Self-Efficacy, and E-Learning Practice in Engineering Education, The Journal of Effective Teaching, 10(1), 2010, pp. 22-37.9
Conference Session
Software and Web-based Learning in ECE
Collection
2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Brice Aaron Hirst, Missouri University of Science & Technology; Yahong Rosa Zheng, Missouri University of Science & Technology
Tagged Divisions
Electrical and Computer
Paper ID #5726Utilization of MATLAB Simulink Exercises for an Undergraduate Commu-nications CourseMr. Brice Aaron Hirst, Missouri University of Science & Technology Brice Aaron Hirst was born in the town of St. Louis, Missouri on the date of June 16, 1988. He graduated from Sacred Heart High School in Sedalia, Missouri in the year 2006, and received an Associate of Arts with Highest Honors from State Fair Community College in Sedalia in 2008. He graduated Summa Cum Laude with a bachelor’s degree in Electrical Engineering from the Missouri University of Science & Technology in the year 2011, and is a student
Conference Session
...by Design
Collection
2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Tanner J Huffman, Purdue University; Nathan Mentzer, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Kurt Henry Becker, Utah State University - Engineering Education
Tagged Divisions
K-12 & Pre-College Engineering
Paper ID #7052High School Students Modeling Behaviors During Engineering DesignMr. Tanner J Huffman, Purdue University Tanner Huffman is a research assistant and Ph.D. candidate in the Technology, Leadership and Innovation department at Purdue University. Additionally, he is an engineering and technology instructor at Richland Senior High School (7-12) in Johnstown, Pa. Tanner has experience writing integrated STEM curriculum and delivering professional development workshops on ITEEA’s Engineering by Design program. His research interests include modeling and design in STEM education, as well as STEM teacher professional
Conference Session
It's Elementary
Collection
2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Emily Ann Marasco, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary; Laleh Behjat P.Eng., University of Calgary
Tagged Divisions
K-12 & Pre-College Engineering
Calgary Page 23.385.1 c American Society for Engineering Education, 2013 Developing a cross-disciplinary curriculum for the integration of engineering and design in elementary educationAbstractSeveral studies show that students have lost interest in the domains of science, mathematics,engineering and technology (STEM) before reaching high school and believe that these areas arenot innovative or creative. Using the CDIO educational framework, cross-disciplinary moduleswere developed to teach engineering design concepts as part of regular curriculum activities,such as English, social
Conference Session
Mechatronics
Collection
2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Noah Salzman, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Peter H. Meckl, Purdue University School of Mechanical Engineering
Tagged Divisions
Mechanical Engineering
Paper ID #6559Microcontrollers for Mechanical Engineers: From Assembly Language toController ImplementationMr. Noah Salzman, Purdue University, West Lafayette Noah Salzman is a graduate student in engineering education at Purdue University. He received his B.S. in engineering from Swarthmore College, his M.Ed. in secondary science education from University of Massachusetts, Amherst, and his M.S. in Mechanical Engineering from Purdue University. He has worked as an engineer and has taught science, technology, engineering, and mathematics at the high school level. His research focuses on the intersection of pre-college and
Conference Session
Teaching - Best Practices
Collection
2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Masud Salimian, Morgan State University; Yaseen Mahmud, Morgan State University; Avis L. Ransom, Morgan State University School of Engineering
Tagged Divisions
Manufacturing
Paper ID #7529Theme-based Teaching /Learning: A New Approach in Teaching Manufac-turing ProcessesDr. Masud Salimian, Morgan State University Faculty at the department of industrial engineering, Morgan State UniversityMr. Yaseen Mahmud, Morgan State UniversityMs. Avis L. Ransom, Morgan State University School of Engineering Early career engagement as a systems and logistics engineer by Department of Defense contractors, Avis Ransom, applied a bachelor’s degree in chemistry and an M.B.A. in the management and development of technology and in the application of engineering to address DoD requirements. Following fifteen years
Conference Session
Topics in Biomass and Gasification Processes
Collection
2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Matthew J. Traum, Milwaukee School of Engineering; Kyle Pace; Jeremy R Anderson, EASENET
Tagged Divisions
Energy Conversion and Conservation
Paper ID #8080An Inexpensive Inverted Downdraft Biomass Gasifier for Experimental Energy-Thermal-Fluids DemonstrationsDr. Matthew J. Traum, Milwaukee School of Engineering Dr. Matthew J. Traum is an assistant professor of mechanical engineering at the Milwaukee School of Engineering (MSOE). He received a Ph.D. in mechanical engineering from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology [2007] where he held a research assistantship at MIT’s Institute for Soldier Nanotechnologies (ISN). At MIT he invented a new nano-enabled garment to provide simultaneous ballistic and thermal pro- tection to infantry soldiers. Dr. Traum