Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Anthony Weiss, University of Missouri, Kansas City; Darran Cairns, West Virginia University; Tiffani Riggers-Piehl, University of Missouri, Kansas City; Jacob Marszalek, University of Missouri, Kansas City; Michelle Maher, University of Missouri, Kansas City

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Paper ID #39159Board 365: Reaching Consensus: Using Group Concept Mapping in aMulti-Site STEM Hub Research TeamMr. Anthony Weiss, University of Missouri, Kansas City Anthony Weiss is a Ph.D. candidate in Mechanical Engineering with a co-discipline in Education, Lead- ership, Policy, and Foundations at UMKC. Prior to this he received his BS in Mechanical Engineering Technology from Pittsburg State University in 2016 where he also was a student-athlete participating in Cross Country and Track and Field. He went on to get his BS in Mechanical Engineering in 2019 from UMKC and then completed his Masters in Mechanical

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Eric Davishahl, Whatcom Community College; Kathryn Mary Rupe, Western Washington University; Lee Singleton, Whatcom Community College

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Paper ID #38511Board 290: Faculty Experiences with Hands-on Models for CalculusInstructionProf. Eric Davishahl, Whatcom Community College Eric Davishahl serves as professor and engineering program coordinator at Whatcom Community College in northwest Washington state. His teaching and research interests include developing, implementing and assessing active learning instructional strategies and auto-graded online homework. Eric has been an active member of ASEE since 2001. He was the recipient of the 2008 Pacific Northwest Section Outstanding Teaching Award and currently serves on the ASEE Board of Directors as Zone IV Chair.Dr

Collection

2022 ASEE Midwest Section Conference

Authors

Anish Leekkala; Ukash Nakarmi

Apnea, and Carpal Tunnel Syndrome (Mayo Clinic [3], NIDDK [4]). Utilizing © American Society for Engineering Education, 2022 2022 ASEE Midwest Section ConferenceDeep Learning will provide the solution to early detection by highlighting patterns and changesthat are too gradual for humans to notice until after long periods of time.My approach is to search for the most common Acromegaly features that can be tracked by aDeep Learning Model: Abnormally Large Hands and Feet, Pronounced Facial Features, and anEnlarged Tongue (Duan et al. [5]). I gathered data that focuses on these features fromparticipants by reaching out to Acromegaly Communities and hospitals to collect as much data aspossible

Conference Session

Building Success in the Online Classroom

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Reihaneh Jamshidi, University of Hartford; Eoin A. King, NUI Galway

Tagged Divisions

Mechanics

Paper ID #33786The Transition from In-Person to Online ClassesDr. Reihaneh Jamshidi, University of Hartford Reihaneh Jamshidi is an assistant professor of mechanical engineering at the University of Hartford. She received her Ph.D. in Mechanical Engineering from Iowa State University in 2018. Her teaching focuses on materials science and mechanical design. Reihaneh’s primary research interests are design, manufacturing, characterization, and mechanics of soft materials and structures.Dr. Eoin A. King, NUI Galway Dr. Eoin King is Lecturer of Mechanical Engineering at NUI Galway. He has extensive experience in the areas

Conference Session

Make It!

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jorge A. Piña, Baltimore City Community College; Sheng-Jen Hsieh, Texas A&M University

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

from Basic Arithmetic to Intermediate Algebra. In his free time, he enjoys fixing his old BMW M3 and driving it as fast as he can.Dr. Sheng-Jen ”Tony” Hsieh, Texas A&M University Dr. Sheng-Jen (”Tony”) Hsieh is a Professor in the Dwight Look College of Engineering at Texas A&M University. He holds a joint appointment with the Department of Engineering Technology and the De- partment of Mechanical Engineering. His research interests include engineering education, cognitive task analysis, automation, robotics and control, intelligent manufacturing system design, and micro/nano manufacturing. He is also the Director of the Rockwell Automation laboratory at Texas A&M University, a state-of-the-art facility

Conference Session

ERM Technical Session 9: Persistence and Retention

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Daniel Meeroff, Florida Atlantic University; Donna Chamely-Wiik, Florida Atlantic University; William R. Kwochka, Western Carolina University; Evelyn Marques Frazier, Florida Atlantic University; Jordan Merritt, Florida Atlantic University; Michael Aldarondo-Jeffries, University of Central Florida; Alison I. Morrison-Shetlar, Western Carolina University; Kimberly R. Schneider, University of Central Florida

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

and Student Success in STEM through Undergraduate Research (NSF LEARN® Consortium)This is a Work-In-Progress (WIP) paper describing the National Science Foundation (NSF)Learning Environment and Academic Research Network (LEARN®) Consortium partnership,involving three different universities. The goal of the program is to adapt a model that wasdeveloped at one institution to determine if it is transferable to other student populations andinstitutions. The LEARN® model seeks to improve retention and student success measures inscience, technology, engineering and math (STEM) students by successfully engaging them inthe high impact practice of undergraduate research experience. The first version was developedby NSF funding

Collection

1996 Annual Conference

Authors

Steven Wayde; Ph.D., Roger W. Webster

arcades and entertainment development, brought this technology to the public forefront.The third and current stage, which is still in its infancy, sights VR becoming used more and more inthe business arena and scientific community. The current and possible applications for scientificmodeling and virtual environments include: air traffic control simulations, architectural design,aircraft design, acoustical evaluation (sound proofing and room acoustics), computer aided design,education (virtual science laboratories, cost-effective access to sophisticated laboratoryenvironments, virtual planetariums), entertainment (wide range of immersive games), legal/police(re-enactment of accidents and crimes), medical applications (surgery, molecular docking

Conference Session

Curriculum for Green Materials

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Suzanne Keilson, Loyola College in Maryland; robert pond, Loyola College; william karasz, Loyola College; kyle bates, Loyola College; ryan christopher, Loyola College

Tagged Divisions

Materials

. Page 11.522.8Budget AnalysisThe budget for student senior design projects is set at $200 per student. The team ofthree students needed to complete this project within a budget of $600. Many of theproject components were donations such as the golf cart, plexi-glass, and tools donated orfrom the Technology Services group at the college. Shown in Table 1 is a list of theproducts and vendors from which they were purchased. The group slightly went overbudget because in the initial trial and error associated with development design andprototyping items were purchased that were subsequently not needed. This is animportant part of the learning experience for engineering students because that kind ofplanning for unintended, unforeseen but necessary

Conference Session

Mechanics Division Technical Session 1

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Yan Tang, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical Univ., Daytona Beach

Tagged Divisions

Mechanics

Mechanics: Dynamics. Pearson, 14th ed., 2016[2] Pytel, Andrew and Kiusalaas, Jaan. Engineering Mechanics: Dynamics. CengageLearning, 4th ed., 2015[3] Tongue, Benson. Engineering Mechanics: Dynamics. John Wiley & Sons, 2nd ed., 2010.[4] Beer, Ferdinand, Johnston, E.Russell, Mazurek, David, Cornwell, Phillip, and Self, Brian.Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Dynamics. McGraw-Hill, 10th ed., 2003.[5] Kraige, Glenn, “The Role of the Kinetic Diagram in the Teaching of Introductory Rigid-Body Dynamics – Past, Present, and Future”, 2002. ASEE Annual Conference and Exposition.[6] Sweller, John, Paul Ayres, and Slava Kalyuga. Cognitive Load Theory. Explorations in thelearning sciences, instructional systems and performance technologies: Vol

Conference Session

NSF Grantees’ Poster Session

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Katherine Goodman, University of Colorado, Boulder; Jean Hertzberg, University of Colorado, Boulder; Tim Curran, University of Colorado Boulder; Noah D Finkelstein, University of Colorado Boulder

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Paper ID #12169Expanding Perception: How Students ”See” FluidsMs. Katherine Goodman, University of Colorado, Boulder Katherine Goodman is currently a graduate student at the University of Colorado Boulder in the ATLAS Institute, working toward a Ph.D. in Technology, Media, and Society. Her research is in engineering education, with a focus on fluids and design courses. She holds a B.S. in mathematics and a masters of professional writing. She has previously worked as a technical writer and project coordinator, and as an instructor in composition at the University of Southern California and the Community College of

Collection

2019 ASEE Zone I Conference & Workshop

Authors

Evan Lundburg; Erik Bardy

electrode carryinga high voltage over a grounded plate creating a corona discharge [5]. The high voltage causescharged particles to disrupt the flow of air, creating a corona wind [2]. The corona wind results inan increase of heat and mass transfer while not affecting the properties of the food product [2].The effectiveness of EHD convection is dependent on the electric field strength, as the high voltageflowing through an electrode must cause a flow of charged particles though the high resistance air.In addition, the ionization region is limited by the electric field strength [6].In 2006, the Mechanical Engineering Department and the European Study Center (ESC) launcheda program in Nantes, France, to allow mechanical engineering students to study

Conference Session

Computers in Education Division Technical Session 2: Teaching and Learning

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Natalia Ozymko, University of Illinois at Urbana - Champaign; Matthew Allan McCarthy, University of Illinois at Urbana - Champaign; Wade Fagen-Ulmschneider, University of Illinois at Urbana - Champaign; Karin Jensen, University of Illinois at Urbana - Champaign; Karle Flanagan, University of Illinois at Urbana - Champaign

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

Paper ID #30351Work in Progress: Analysis of the impact of office hours on gradedcourse assessmentsNatalia Ozymko, University of Illinois at Urbana - Champaign Natalia Ozymko is a rising senior majoring in Computer Science with a minor in Spanish at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (UIUC). She is interested in helping students master advanced topics in Computer Science and building new technologies to improve people’s lives. She was awarded the Scott Fisher Outstanding Course Assistant award, and has worked under the direction of multiple faculty members assisting in teaching both Data Structures and

Conference Session

Modern Software Measurement Techniques

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Dale Litwhiler, Pennsylvania State University-Berks

Tagged Divisions

Instrumentation

the wind tunnel facility. The author alsothanks Mr. Jeff Wike, Electrical Laboratory Supervisor at Penn State Berks, for his help withconstructing the nosecone Pitot-static probes and the students of the Spring 2007 EMET330course who participated in the wind tunnel activity.Bibliography1. Litwhiler, D. H., “Using Rockets to Unify Topics in an Electro-Mechanical Engineering Technology Instrumentation Course,” Proceedings of the American Society for Engineering Education Annual Conference and Exposition, 2006.2. http://www.freescale.com/files/sensors/doc/data_sheet/MMA2201D.pdf.3. http://www.freescale.com/files/sensors/doc/data_sheet/MPX5100.pdf.4. Klopfenstein, R., “Air Velocity and Flow Measurements Using a Pitot Tube,” ISA

Conference Session

Lean Manufacturing and Six Sigma in Manufacturing Education 1

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Merwan Mehta, East Carolina University

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

AC 2008-767: DEVELOPING A MANUFACTURING PLANT LAYOUT UTILIZINGBEST-IN-CLASS CONCEPTS OF LEAN MANUFACTURING AND THEORY OFCONSTRAINTS OF OPTIMAL MACRO-FLOWMerwan Mehta, East Carolina University Page 13.386.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2008 Developing a Manufacturing Plant Layout Utilizing Best-in-class Concepts of Lean Manufacturing and Theory of Constraints of Optimal Macro-FlowAbstractDeveloping a plant layout for a manufacturing facility is a project that utilizes a combination ofart and science. Although creating plant layouts has been an activity that has been performed bymanufacturing and industrial engineers

Conference Session

Instrumentation and Laboratory Systems

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

John Bell, University of Illinois-Chicago

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

AC 2007-2085: DEVELOPING EDUCATIONAL SOFTWARE IN ANUNDERGRADUATE LAB ? SERVING EDUCATION ON TWO FRONTS ATVRUPLJohn Bell, University of Illinois-Chicago Page 12.494.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2007 Developing Educational Software in an Undergraduate Lab – Serving Education on Two Fronts at VRUPLABSTRACTEducational software can have a profound and widespread positive impact on the world,particularly if it is made freely available and widely distributed. At the same time, providing alaboratory where undergraduate students can work on large complex software projects beyondthe scope of ordinary homework assignments can provide immeasurable

Conference Session

Embedded Control and Instrumentation

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Dale H. Litwhiler, Pennsylvania State University, Berks

Tagged Divisions

Instrumentation

Education, 2012 New Life for Process Control Trainers in a Microcontroller CourseAbstractTo improve student enthusiasm and demonstrate the power of embedded control, laboratoryprocess control trainers were adapted and repurposed for use in an introductory microcontrollercourse. While some students are able to extrapolate the ideas conveyed by making an LED flashusing assembly code, other students need to see their code doing something more powerful andrealistic. Control system training rigs are common in engineering and technology laboratories.These trainers, from manufacturers such as Feedback®, typically have some type of “plant” thatis the controllable center of the system. The parameters of the plant are then measureable viaseveral types

Collection

2000 Annual Conference

Authors

Hans H. Kuehl

the students to use of Mallard in the teaching of electric circuits.3. Our approach in the development of problems with a structure that helps to guide the studentalong the path toward the correct solution.I. IntroductionEE 202 is a basic sophomore linear circuits course at the University of Southern California(USC) with a large enrollment consisting of both electrical and biomedical engineering students,which is well suited for Web-based enhancements and asynchronous learning networksteaching/learning techniques. Because of this, we have developed a new version of this coursethat incorporates an innovative Web-based learning technology that we find strengthens studentinterest in learning the course material. The principal thrust of this

Conference Session

Software and Web-based Learning in ECE

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Anahita Zarei, University of the Pacific; Jinzhu Gao, University of the Pacific; Jason Roy Ortiz; Alan Joe

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

validuniversity ID numbers. We are planning to make this resource available to the public uponadministrative approval.Bibliography[1] W. Swart and Bengu, “A computer-aided, total quality approach to manufacturing education inengineering,” IEEE Transactions on Education, vol. 39, no. 3, pp. 415–422.[2] “nsf08204.pdf.” [Online]. Available: http://www.nsf.gov/pubs/2008/nsf08204/nsf08204.pdf[3] C. A. Canesin, F. A. S. Goncalves, and L. P. Sampaio, “Simulation tools for power electronics coursesbased on java technologies,” IEEE Transactions on Education, vol. 53, no. 4, pp. 580–586, Nov. 2010.[4] Fraser, D.M., R. Pillay, R.L. Tjatindi, and J.M. Case. “Enhancing the learning of fluid mechanicsusing computer simulations”. Journal of Engineering Education 96 (4

Collection

1998 Annual Conference

Authors

Robert Allen; Richard Penson

he was employed in various industries concerned with aerospace controls andenvironmental control in both England and Scotland In 1976 he entered education first at Napier University in Scotlandand in 1984 at Southampton Institute where he has held the posts of Principal Lecturer, Deputy Head of Engineering,Assistant Director of the Technology School and Currently is Head of Manufacturing Engineering in the SystemsEngineering Faculty. His research interests include control systems, signal processing and their applications to medicalcondition monitoring.Robert AllenRobert Allen began his career in the machine tool industry in the 1960’s from where he moved to Leeds University toread Control Engineering and upon graduation in 1972 continued at

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Karl D. Schubert FIET, University of Arkansas; Carol S Gattis, University of Arkansas; Xochitl Delgado Solorzano, University of Arkansas; Jennie S Popp Ph.D.; Paul D Adams, University of Arkansas; Leslie Bartsch Massey, University of Arkansas; Thomas Carter III, University of Arkansas; Chunhua Cao, The University of Alabama

Tagged Topics

Diversity, NSF Grantees Poster Session

of Alabama ©American Society for Engineering Education, 2024 An Innovation-Themed National Science Foundation S-STEM Grant ProgramTo enhance the competitiveness of the United States on a global scale through the provision ofSTEM graduates equipped with innovative skills, students must be educated in innovationmethodologies. With the support of a grant from the National Science Foundation's Science,Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics Program (S-STEM), researchers at the University ofArkansas are focused on augmenting the number of STEM graduates who possess both trainingand experience in innovation. The program, Closing America’s Innovation Gap throughCollaboration

Conference Session

New Teaching Methods in Construction Eduction

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Thomas M. Korman Ph.D., P.E., California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo

Tagged Divisions

Construction

, Concrete Technology and Formwork, Heavy Civil Construction Methods, Residential Construction Methods, and Building Systems. Page 22.1388.1 c American Society for Engineering Education, 2011 Teaching Energy Efficiency Fundamentals in Construction Education: Project REDUCEAbstractIn recent years, energy efficiency has resurfaced as an important topic in construction education.Finding the appropriate location in the curriculum can be a challenge for construction educatorsas other topics prevail through requirements previously set forth by accreditations review

Conference Session

Investigating Alternative Energy Concepts

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mehmet Sozen, Grand Valley State University; David Faasse

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

., and Duffie, J.A., “Estimation of the Diffuse Radiation Fraction for Hourly, Daily, and Monthly-Average Global Radiation,” Solar Energy, Vol. 28, 19826. http://digitizer.softforge.net7. Kasten, F., and Young, A. T., "Revised optical air mass tables and approximation formula", Applied Optics, vol. 28, issue 22, no. 22: OSA, pp. 4735–4738, 11/1989.8. Sözen, M., “From a Traditional Combustion Course to an Alternative and Renewable Energy Course”, Proceedings of the 2009 ASME International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition, Lake Buena Vista FL, November 20099. Sözen, M., “Use of Solar, Wind and Hydrogen Technology Trainers in an Alternative and Renewable Energy Course”, Proceedings of the 2009 ASEE North Central Section

Conference Session

ECE Division Poster Session

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Christopher S. Greene, University of Saint Thomas; Paul Ian Nyombi, University of Saint Thomas

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

well as the Senior Design class.PAUL IAN NYOMBI, UNIVERSITY OF STTHOMAS Paul Nyombi, is originally from Uganda, East Africa. He is currently senior at the University of St. Thomas persuing a double major in Electrical Engineering and Computer Science. Through his education at St. Thomas, he’s been able to explore the various engineering fields through the different courses he has taken. He has a developed a high interest in high power systems (distribution and transmission) especially as regards the incorporation of renewable technology on the power grid. Over 10 months ago, he joined Xcel Energy (internship) from where he has enjoyed being challenged and stretched intellectually by experienced engineers. He intends

Conference Session

Methods, Techniques, and New Programs in Graduate Education

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Justin P. Micomonaco, Michigan State University

Tagged Divisions

Graduate Studies

AC 2011-2275: CIRTL: IMPACTING STEM EDUCATION THROUGH GRAD-UATE STUDENT PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENTJustin P. Micomonaco, Michigan State University Page 22.325.1 c American Society for Engineering Education, 2011 Center for the Integration of Research, Teaching and Learning: Impacting STEM Education through Graduate Student Professional DevelopmentAbstract This paper summarizes findings of a national, multi-institutional effort to reform STEMundergraduate education through the implementation of graduate student professionaldevelopment programs focused on improving teaching practice

Collection

1999 Annual Conference

Authors

John Naber; Jerry Branson; Glenn Edelen; Don Ruoff

Session 2532 An Unsophisticated Printed Circuit Board Fabrication Process Requiring Only a Laser Printer and Copper Etchant Jerry Branson, Glenn Edelen, Don Ruoff and John Naber Electrical Engineering Department University of Louisville Louisville Kentucky 40292 Email: jfnabe01@starbase.spd.louisville.edu Phone: 502-852-7910AbstractA low-cost method of fabricating a Printed Circuit Board (PCB) is presented. The process isfavorable over conventional PCB fabrication due to fewer processing steps and lower

Collection

1999 Annual Conference

Authors

Tom Mase

. IntroductionIn academics, there is a need for drawing the best students into engineering as well as retainingthem. One approach to doing this is to have engineering projects as part of the curriculum topique their interest in the field. Using sports related projects is a good way to accomplish thissince most of the students have some experience by either participating or as a spectator. Inaddition to delivering material that the students can relate to, multi-disciplinary projects areuseful for demonstrating how several distinct course topics are needed to solve technicalproblems.In this paper, a class project in which the students design a golf ball using LS-DYNA isdescribed. In addition to describing the way this has been done at Kettering University

Conference Session

Design Based Energy Education

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Syed Mohammed Tahmid, Naval Air Systems Command; Bilal Saleh Gill; Kee M Park, Queensborough Community College; Yeong Ryu, State University of New York, Farmingdale; SangHoon Lee, Polytechnic Institute of New York University

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

acquisition/analysis.With growing environmental concern and the cost of energy rising, many cost effective andenergy efficient technologies are developed. Such an example is heating water usingconventional gas/electric water heaters or renewable energy such as solar power or geothermalpower. Currently, most widely used method to heat water is by burning fossil fuels. This is oftena large factor in determining the pollution caused by heating water for commercial or residentialuse. Despite the availability of renewable energy resources, the innovations that rely upon thesealternative sources are not viable due to their uncontrollable nature and economic factors. In thispaper, the cavitation heat pump serves as a promising beacon to engineers as it may

Collection

2010 Spring ASEE Middle Atlantic Section Conference

Authors

M. Minnucci; J. Ni; A. Nikolova; L. Theodore

Energy Conservation: Heat Transfer Design Considerations Using Thermodynamic Principles M. Minnucci, J. Ni, A. Nikolova, L. Theodore Department of Chemical Engineering Manhattan CollegeAbstract Environmental concerns involving conservation of energy issues gained increasing prominence during andimmediately after the OPEC oil embargo of 1973. In addition, global population growth has led to an increasingdemand for energy. Although the use of energy has resulted in great benefits, the environmental and human healthimpact of this energy use has become a concern. One of the keys to reducing

Collection

2013 Spring ASEE Middle Atlantic Section Conference

Authors

Fritzpatrick Roque; Aidan Murphy; Bijan Bayat Mokhtari; Joseph Kim; Alex Barbaran; Andy S. Zhang; Farrukh Zia

@citytech.cuny.edu New York City College of Technology 186 Jay Street, Brooklyn NY 11201 Abstract: When a doctor performs an endoscopic procedure, it is possible that a loop may be formed by the endoscopic tubing inside the patient’s body. This condition may potentially harm the patient seriously if the doctor who performs the procedure is unaware of the situation. This paper presents a technique on how to detect the formation of an endoscopic loop using stretch sensors. A custom-made loop detecting device using the stretch sensors was developed. Upon bending, sections of the endoscope will elongate while other sections will be compressed. The changes in dimension of the stretch sensor result in

Collection

2010 Northeast Section Meeting

Authors

M. Minnucci; J. Ni; A. Nikolova; L. Theodore

Energy Conservation: Heat Transfer Design Considerations Using Thermodynamic Principles M. Minnucci, J. Ni, A. Nikolova, L. Theodore Department of Chemical Engineering Manhattan CollegeAbstract Environmental concerns involving conservation of energy issues gained increasing prominence during andimmediately after the OPEC oil embargo of 1973. In addition, global population growth has led to an increasingdemand for energy. Although the use of energy has resulted in great benefits, the environmental and human healthimpact of this energy use has become a concern. One of the keys to reducing