Conference Session

Minorities in Engineering Division Technical Session 6

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Renetta G. Tull, University of Maryland, Baltimore County; Autumn Marie Reed, University of Maryland, Baltimore County; Pamela Petrease Felder, University of Maryland, Eastern Shore; Shawnisha Hester LGSW, University of Maryland, Baltimore County; Denise Nicole Williams, University of Maryland, Baltimore County; Yarazeth Medina, University of Maryland, Baltimore County; Amanda Lo, University of Maryland, Baltimore County; Erika T. Aparaka, University of Maryland College Park; Patricia Ordonez, University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Minorities in Engineering

disciplinary identities of doctoral degree holders as they begin to engage in their professions.Ms. Shawnisha Hester LGSW, University of Maryland, Baltimore County Shawnisha S. Hester is an Evaluation and Assessment Coordinator. She earned both her BA in Psychol- ogy and MA in Applied Sociology from the University of Maryland, Baltimore County. She went on to complete her MSW from the University of Maryland School of Social Work. Her research interests focus on using qualitative research methods that measure various phenomena and making connections via an interdisciplinary approach, qualitative evaluation and assessment measurements, increasing the number of minorities in STEM fields, and program development at the graduate

Conference Session

Embedded Systems & Cybersecurity for ECE

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Aaron Carpenter, Wentworth Institute of Technology; Raymond A. Hansen, Wentworth Institute of Technology

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

solution set for each deliverable is fully-vetted prior to beingissued to the students to ensure the proper desired outcomes are possible. These laboratoryprojects are not guided tutorials, forcing students to use the information that was presented duringlectures and in the project description to identify and implement the project solution(s). This isdesigned specifically to reinforce the theory and practice described in the lecture component ofthe course.For the semester project, each student is expected to undertake an investigation of a topic that haspiqued their interest. Occasionally, students are allowed to work in pairs if they have a compellingcase for doing so. It is not the intent that students are identifying new

Conference Session

Multidisciplinary Engineering Design II

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sara Gusmao Brissi, Purdue University; Luciana Debs, Purdue University; Mariana Watanabe, Purdue University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering

construction, BIM, sustainable construction and collaboration in construction.Luciana Debs, Purdue University Luciana Debs, is an Assistant Professor of Construction Management in the School Construction Manage- ment Technology at Purdue University. She received her PhD from Purdue University Main Campus. Her previous degrees include a MS from the Technical Research Institute of Sao Paulo (IPT-SP), and BArch from the University of S˜ao Paulo (USP), in Sao Paulo, Brazil. Prior to her current position she worked in design coordination in construction and real estate development companies in Brazil. Her research in- terests include team work and collaboration in construction, effective communication in spatial problem solving

Conference Session

Growing and Maintaining Graduate Enrollment

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Fantasi Nicole, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Jennifer Deboer, Purdue University, West Lafayette

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Graduate Studies

Conference Session

Reimagining Engineering Ethics

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Luan Minh Nguyen, Iowa State University ; Cristina Poleacovschi, Iowa State University; Kasey M. Faust, University of Texas at Austin; Kate Padgett Walsh, Iowa State University; Scott Grant Feinstein; Cassandra Rutherford, Iowa State University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Ethics

Conference Session

Professional Skills Development

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Abigail Jane Kulhanek; Cheryl A Bodnar, Rowan University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Chemical Engineering

communication piece, length of the piece and its impact on the ability to convey the correct information Presentation Clarity of the final piece of communication, level of professionalismFor example, the following homework responses were coded as such: Table 2: Example response from the ROYGBIV game-based activityGame-based Text Entry Theme(s)ActivityROYGBIV Oral communication skills are just as 1. {Difficulties – stepping difficult as written skills to work on. I think out of comfort zone} it was a lot harder than it originally seemed. I 2

Conference Session

Imagining and Reimagining Engineering Education as a Dynamic System

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Atsushi Akera, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute; Donna M. Riley, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Alan Cheville, Bucknell University; Jennifer Karlin, Minnesota State University, Mankato; Thomas A. De Pree, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education/Engineering & Society

engineeringeducation compelled them to rely on quantitative standards for accreditation. Although ABET’sEngineering Criteria 2000 (EC 2000) reforms during the mid-1990s specifically worked to moveaccreditation beyond quantitative standards, namely the old “bean counting” approach, the actualimplementation of EC 2000’s “a-k” learning outcomes at some institutions still wind up in theend affirming Seron and Silbey’s findings: the new learning outcomes were often interpreted as alist of requirements to be met, rather than the starting point for a set of institutionally-specificcriteria that would require greater use of professional judgment on the part of both programevaluators and the faculty from programs undergoing evaluation (ABET 2016; also Pool 2016).This

Conference Session

Ocean and Marine Division Technical Session 1

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Yoonjeong Lee, Texas A&M University, Galveston; Baukje Bee Kothuis, Delft University of Technology; Antonia Sebastian, Texas A&M University, Galveston; Sam Brody

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Ocean and Marine

presentation: The final presentation is the last official schedule of the Program in the Netherlands.Students are supposed to present for twelve minutes. The presentation includes a problem statement,research question(s), methodology, and analysis if they have done any, research activities and progressmade while they were in the Netherlands, and the plan for research completion for three months beforesubmission. As mentioned earlier, students are required to finish their research work and submit areport and poster by the end of summer, August 31st (the research travel is completed at the end ofMay). In this sense, the final presentation is not for presenting their final results but it can be consideredas a follow-up of the second research progress

Conference Session

Pre-College Engineering Education Focused on Female Students

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jennifer M. Bastiaan, Kettering University; Roger Bastiaan, ENWIN Utilities

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Pre-College Engineering Education

Education, August 2, 2012, [Online], Available: https://www.jbhe.com/2012/08/black-degree-attainments-in-engineering/, Accessed Mar. 17, 2019. [4] L. Su, “Promoting diversity in engineering,” Mechanical Engineering, vol. 123, no. 5, p. 32, 2001. [5] J. G. Stout, V. A. Grunberg, and T. A. Ito, “Gender roles and stereotypes about science careers help explain women and men’s science pursuits,” Sex Roles, vol. 75, no. 9-10, pp. 490–499, 2016. [6] R. A. Atadero, C. H. Paguyo, K. Rambo-Hernandez, and H. L. Henderson, “Building inclusive engineering identities: Implications for changing engineering culture,” European Journal of Engineering Education, vol. 43, no. 3, pp. 378–398, 2018. [7] M. Ismail, N. Zulkifli, and S. R

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ronald F. DeMara P.E., University of Central Florida; Laurie O. Campbell, University of Central Florida; Richard Hartshorne, University of Central Florida; Melissa A. Dagley, University of Central Florida; Sam Spiegel, Colorado School of Mines; Tian Tian, University of Central Florida; Zhongzhou Chen, University of Central Florida; Julie Donnelly, University of Central Florida; Adrian Tatulian, University of Central Florida; Florencio Eloy Hernandez, University of Central Florida; Shadi Sheikhfaal, University of Central Florida; Hossein Pourmeidani, University of Central Florida; Hans Esteves, University of Central Florida

Tagged Topics

Diversity, NSF Grantees Poster Session

considerations for position abstract development, were provided to all applicants: Position Abstracts should begin by describing the authors’ current and planned research, then extend it to recommend approaches that improve the community’s shared understanding of DMTL. All Position Abstracts should address the following essential questions: I. Key Challenges: Which challenge(s) related to digitally-mediated team learning does this Position Abstract address? II. Maturity: Has the approach been implemented? Under what circumstances? What were the outcomes thus far (in terms of learning gains, student perception, etc.)? III. Research Direction: What is the promising research direction for this topic? IV. State-of-the-Art: Across the community

Conference Session

Fostering Transformational Change in Civil Engineering

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Simon Thomas Ghanat P.E., The Citadel; James Kaklamanos, Merrimack College; Katerina Ziotopoulou, Virginia Tech; Suresh Immanuel P.E., University of Evansville; Dennis J. Fallon, The Citadel

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

currently teaching the undergraduate classes of Introduction to Geotechnical Engineering and Computer Methods in Civil Engineering as well as a newly developed graduate course on Numerical Modeling in Geotechnical Engineering.Dr. S. Immanuel Selvaraj P.E., University of Evansville Dr. Immanuel Selvaraj is an associate professor of civil engineering at the University of Evansville, IN. He holds a PhD degree from Auburn University and a licensed professional engineer.Dr. Dennis J. Fallon, The Citadel Dennis John Fallon is presently Distinguished Professor of Engineering Education at The Citadel in Charleston, South Carolina. He received his BSEE from Old Dominion University (ODU) with honors in 1970, and his MSCE and PhD

Conference Session

Women in Engineering Division Technical Session - Understanding and Improving Female Faculty Experiences in STEM

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Rachel Yonemura, University of Washington ; Denise Wilson, University of Washington

Tagged Topics

ASEE Diversity Committee, Diversity, Engineering Deans Council

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering

about your engineering workplace experiences. • Tell me about critical moments for you related to engineering. What experiences have tended to draw you towards, or push you away from, engineering? Phase 2 • What led you to your original degree ? • Does anything tempt you to leave your position as ? • Could you describe in as much detail as possible your present work environment? • What is the worst work environment you’ve ever had? What made it “the worst”? • What do you see as barrier(s) to advancement in your present workplace

Conference Session

International Division Poster Session

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Maria Claudia Alves , Texas A&M University; Meghan M. Alexander, Texas A&M University; Victor Manuel Camara-Poot, Yucatán Ministry of Education; Martha Elena Ortega, CANIETI

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

International

arebelow: Best Practices in Recruiting International Students that emerged from Özturgut (2013)’s study on international student recruitment are: 1. Providing academic support and utilizing campus resources; 2. Attending and participating in international education fairs and recruitment events; 3. Partnering with other organizations for recruiting (colleges and universities, non-profit and governmental institutions, high schools, for-profit organizations); 4. Passive Marketing such as web advertising- online, brochures and booklets, and others; 5. Utilizing staff and faculty; 6. Utilizing alumni; 7. Utilizing agents; and 8. Snowballing or word-of-mouth [3]. Best Practices in Retaining International Students that emerged from the

Conference Session

Models and Practices of Community Engagement for Engineering Faculty

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Angela R. Bielefeldt, University of Colorado, Boulder; Chris Swan, Tufts University; Kurt Paterson P.E., James Madison University; David O. Kazmer, University of Massachusetts, Lowell; Olga Pierrakos, James Madison University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Community Engagement Division

, disciplinary affiliation(s), gender, non-engineering degrees in background, additional administrative roles (Deans, Directors), and institutional characteristics. 2. How are the characteristics of LTS faculty different from other engineering faculty? a. It is hypothesized that LTS faculty might be different than other engineering faculty, since differences have been found among the students who engage in LTS; for example, women might be over-represented among LTS faculty compared to engineering faculty overall. b. The demographic characteristics for LTS faculty were identified to answer research question 1. The characteristics for engineering faculty overall were taken

Conference Session

Integrating Social Justice in Engineering Science Courses

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kathryn Johnson, Colorado School of Mines; Jon A. Leydens, Colorado School of Mines; Barbara M. Moskal, Colorado School of Mines; Deborath Silva, Colorado School of Mines; Justin Stephen Fantasky, Colorado School of Mines

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Ethics, Liberal Education/Engineering & Society

designss,models, and a other intterventions, who benefitts? Who doe s not benefitt? Who suffeers?Engineerrs are increassingly recognizing the neeed to effecttively engagge communitties [3] in theedevelopm ment of desig gns. A sociall justice frammework provvides a founddation for deemocratic,participattory, effectiv ve, and sustaainable comm munity engaagement by aaccentuatingg an often-missing dimension d in n engineering g contexts: community c aagency. As ffaculty and sstudents try ttodevelop solutions s in programs su uch as Engin neers Withouut Borders, thhey should cconsider theprioritiess

Conference Session

Developing Identities for Robust Careers in Engineering

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

DeLean Tolbert, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Monica E Cardella, Purdue University, West Lafayette

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Minorities in Engineering

establish their own nicheand increase business revenue, so they began face-to-face marketing in their own communities.This door-to-door sales strategy allowed for the entrepreneurs to avoid the racial barriers,decrease advertising costs, establish their niche market and get direct feedback from thecustomers through strong connections within the community. [30] Their work to overcomeadversity seemed to strengthen the relationship between business management and the Blackracial identity. There was also increased innovation in business strategy. Although difficulties were faced by entrepreneurs in the early 1900’s, similar difficulties arestill evidenced by the discrimination that minority entrepreneurs face when seeking smallbusiness loans in today’s

Conference Session

Writing and Communication II

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sarah Liggett, Louisiana State University; Boz Bowles, Louisiana State University; Annemarie Galeucia, Louisiana State University; Warren R Hull Sr. P.E., Louisiana State University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education/Engineering & Society

synergy that individuals alone don't possess".9 It is particularlyuseful in situations where opinions and attitude are shaped by various factors and result indifferent complex behaviors and motivations.Focus group methods are fairly standard. Combining advice from three popular guides (Stewart,et al; Krueger and Casey; and MacNealy) generates the following procedures: Identify the problem(s) to be addressed and the purposes of the study. As noted earlier, focus groups are most useful for exploring or confirming a topic. Because of the small sample size, they do not provide statistical projections or lend themselves to causal analysis. Therefore the problems and purposes identified and the questions asked should be open-ended and

Conference Session

First-year Programs Division Postcard Session 1: Retention and Student Success Strategies

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Emily Knaphus-Soran, University of Washington; Ann Delaney, Boise State University; Katherine Christine Tetrick, Washington State University; Sonya Cunningham, University of Washington; Pamela Cosman, University of California, San Diego; Tanya D. Ennis, University of Colorado, Boulder; Beth A. Myers, University of Colorado, Boulder; Jana Milford, University of Colorado, Boulder; Donna C. Llewellyn, Boise State University; Eve A. Riskin, University of Washington; Janet Callahan, Boise State University; Kevin Pitts, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign; Michelle Ferrez, University of California, San Diego

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

aimed at improvingthe engagement, retention, and graduation of students underrepresented in engineering. Thesecomponents include: “intrusive” academic advising and support services, intensive first-yearacademic curriculum, community-building (including pre-matriculation summer programs),career awareness and vision, faculty mentorship, NSF S-STEM scholarships, and second-yearsupport.This work in progress paper describes the implementation of the Redshirt program2 at each of thesix Redshirt in Engineering Consortium institutions, providing a variety of models for how an1 For brevity, we will use the acronyms listed in this table in place of the full names of theinstitutions throughout the paper.extra preparatory year or other intensive academic

Conference Session

Track : Special Topics - Identity Technical Session 8

Collection

2019 CoNECD - The Collaborative Network for Engineering and Computing Diversity

Authors

Stephen Secules, Purdue University, West Lafayette ; Cassandra J. Groen-McCall, Virginia Tech

Tagged Topics

Diversity, Special Topic: Identity

Conference Session

Women in Engineering Division Technical Session 5

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Bradley Joseph Priem, Northeastern University; Caroline Ghio, Northeastern University; Hannah Boyce, Northeastern University; Sydney Anne Morris, Northeastern University; Emma Kaeli, Stanford University; Tyler Byrne Cole, Northeastern University; Paul A. DiMilla, Northeastern University; Rachelle Reisberg, Northeastern University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering

Conference Session

Mental Health of Graduate Students

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Amanda C. Arnold, Arizona State University; Kerrie G. Wilkins-Yel, University of Massachusetts Boston; Jennifer M. Bekki, Arizona State University; Bianca L. Bernstein, Arizona State University; Madison Natarajan, University of Massachusetts Boston; Ashley K. Randall, Arizona State University ; Roxanna Francies, Arizona State University; Chinwendu Elyse Okwu, University of Pittsburgh

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Graduate Studies

herself, "This is really mentally affecting me." Erin noticed thetoll that graduate school had on her mental health and attributed this to the lack of preparationon the part of advisors and mentors. She stated, I had realized the mental and emotional toll that grad school was heaping on [me], honestly, unrealistic level[s] of expectations, the multiple projects, and the teaching, and still dealing with personal life, and all while being thrown in the deep end. No one actually ever teaches you how to do research. You just kind of sink or swim.Giselle’s increased mental distress led to her decision to take a leave of absence. She shared, I had to take a leave of absence, because I couldn't deal with it. I had to take a

Conference Session

College Industry Partnerships Division Technical Session 3

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Hang Zhang, Beihang University; Ming Li, Beijing Foreign Studies University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

College Industry Partnerships

Conference Session

Multidisciplinary Service and Outreach Projects

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Kristie Gutierrez, Old Dominion University; Stacie I. Ringleb, Old Dominion University ; Jennifer Jill Kidd, Old Dominion University; Orlando M. Ayala, Old Dominion University; Pilar Pazos, Old Dominion University; Krishnanand Kaipa, Old Dominion University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering

Conference Session

Women in Engineering Division Technical Session 8

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Robin O. Andreasen, University of Delaware; Shawna Vican, University of Delaware; Yvette A Jackson, University of Massachusetts Dartmouth

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering

Conference Session

Student Division Technical Session 2

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Atsushi Akera, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute; Soheil Fatehiboroujeni, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Sarah Appelhans, University at Albany-SUNY; Joerene Acerrador Aviles, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute; Eva Dibong; Beatrice Mendiola, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute; Michelle Murray, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute; Melissa Shuey, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute; Marta Tsyndra, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute; Makayla Wahaus, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Student

especially true at public institutions driven toexpand access while improving retention rates, based on performance metrics set by the state.Retention studies have been conducted for nearly every sub-population including women andmany racial and ethnic groups. Some of the work has shifted to intersectional analyses—forexample, Archer’s exploration of black male students’ resistance to “geeky” identities [10], orJohnson et al.’s study which highlights some Native American and Latina women’s preference towork as scientists within their ethnic communities as a method of balancing ethnic andengineering identities [11]. However, less work has been done on the interactions that occuracross different student cohorts. Indeed, scholars have argued that due

Conference Session

Engineering Technology Division Curriculum Development

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Brian Khoa Ngac, George Mason University; Mihai Boicu, George Mason University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology Division (ETD)

suggestedtopics were confirmed to be added to the curriculum. Similarly, due to the professional diversityfactor, the number of proposed alternative names per topic and subtopic confirmed was alsoless than in Experiment 2. And like in Experiment 2’s discussion, the results show that with moreautomation (consensus building for the data analysis of topics, subtopics, and name analyses)outputs a quicker data analyses duration. Table 4 – Experiments 1, 2, & 3 Comparisons Experiment 1 [21] Experiment 2 [18] Experiment 3 Total Number of 19 22 31 Experts Total Number of <300

Conference Session

First-Year Programs Division Technical Session 6: Equity, Inclusion, and Access

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sonia Travaglini, Stanford University; Aya Mouallem, Stanford University; Sheri D. Sheppard, Stanford University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs Division (FYP)

Conference Session

Mr. Burns' Brainchild: AI in the Springfield STEM Classroom, Release the Hounds!

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Alvin Talmadge Hughes IV, University of Florida; Jacob Casey Yarick, University of Florida; Nancy Ruzycki, University of Florida; Hajymyrat Serdarovich Geldimuradov, University of Florida; Sarah Louise Langham, University of Florida; Katherine Miller, University of Florida

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Pre-College Engineering Education Division (PCEE)

Conference Session

Civil Engineering Division (CIVIL) Technical Session - Professional Practice 1

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kristen L. Sanford P.E., Lafayette College; Angela R Bielefeldt, University of Colorado Boulder; Rhonda K Young, Gonzaga University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering Division (CIVIL)

] include: “using ratings systemssuch as Greenroads, ENVISION, and/or LEED to introduce students to metrics related to societalwell-being”, and case studies of past CE projects that “failed to address the needs of anunderserved community (e.g., the 2014 Flint, Michigan, water supply crisis)” [11, 12]. There arean increasing number of examples of efforts to introduce issues of equity in concert withinfrastructure in the literature. Sanford et al. conducted a systematic review of literaturedescribing interventions that have been implemented in practice [13]. Examples include Casperet al.’s efforts to integrate social justice into first and third year civil engineering courses [14],case studies developed by Judge [15], and Castaneda et al.’s

Conference Session

Concurrent Paper Tracks - Session I

Collection

2015 ASEE International Forum

Authors

Maria Claudia Alves, Texas A&M University; Meghan M. Alexander, Texas A&M University; Victor Manuel Camara-Poot, Yucatan Government Ministry of Education; Martha Elena Ortega, CANIETI

Tagged Topics

Diversity, International Forum

(2013) this is still happening [3]. A reason why this continues to be an issue may be a gap in theliterature with the lack of papers describing best practices on recruiting and retaininginternational students [3]. Considering that, in 2013 Özturgut (2013) implemented a study to look Page 19.19.3into this issue and wrote an initial study on those best practices. The summary of the results arebelow: Best Practices in Recruiting International Students that emerged from Özturgut (2013)’s study on international student recruitment are: 1. Providing academic support and utilizing campus resources; 2. Attending and participating in