Conference Session

Global Engineering Education Initiatives

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ivan Esparragoza, Pennsylvania State University; Alex Friess; Maria M. Larrondo Petrie, Florida Atlantic University

Tagged Divisions

International

statement as compared to the competencies statement. Learning objectives will be in the same format and meet the same criteria as competencies, but should be at the same or, more likely, a lower level. Learning objectives reflect what learners must do in an educational setting to achieve a specific related competency. They tell learners what supporting skills, knowledge, and attitudes they will learn; begin with an action verb; and they are measurable and observable13.E. Key: In this field, the competencies are identified by a key. K is used for Knowledge, S is used of skills, G is used for Global and A is used for attitude and behavior

Conference Session

Reaching Students: Innovations to Curriculum in ET

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jason Durfee, Eastern Washington University; Donald Richter, Eastern Washington University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

one. It is feltthat this would even further enhance the development of self-reliance that students currentlydevelop during their engineering graphics experience.Bibliography 1. Lotus, M. “Lending a Hand”, ASEE Prism, 2005,14(5), 24-29 2. Berry, C., Brown, C., St.Omer, I., Adams, S. and Smith M., “ A Survey of Teaching Styles and Classroom Techniques to Engage African- American Students in the Engineering Classroom” , Proceedings of the American Society of Engineering Education Annual Conference 2007, AC2007-2543. 3. McGrath, M., “Bridging the Gap to the Engineer of 2020”, Proceedings of the American Society of Engineering Education Annual Conference 2007, AC2007-2564. 4. Standards for Technological

Conference Session

Improving Technical Understanding of All Americans

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kara Harris, College of Technology - Purdue University

Tagged Divisions

Technological Literacy Constituent Committee

. Gray, M. & Daugherty, M. (2004). Factors that influence students to enroll in technology education programs. Journal of Technology Education, 19(2), 5-19.5. Karnes, R. & Starkweather, K. (1999). Technology Education in Prospect: Perceptions, Change, and the Survival of the Profession. Journal of Technology Studies, 15(1) 27-28.6. Litowitz, L. S. (1998). Technology education teacher demand and alternative route licensure. The Technology Teacher, 57(5), 23-28.7. National Academy of Engineering. (2004). The engineer of 2020: Visions of engineering in the new century. The National Academies Press. (pp. 47-57).8. National Science Foundation (2006). Extraordinary Women Engineers: Final Report. Grant

Conference Session

Civil Engineering Teaching Part Two

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Tanya Kunberger, Florida Gulf Coast University; Diane Bondehagen, Florida Gulf Coast University

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

brick was to be placed in the water, the number and locationof masts, or the number, magnitude and location of weight(s). Students were told the activitywas to be summarized in a one-page paper, including testing procedure, results, and conclusionsand were allowed thirty minutes for experimental setup, testing, and clean-up. Determination ofstudent comprehension was assessed through both the summary paper, as well as an examquestion. Results showed a high level of understanding, both in the short term, as concludedwith the paper outcomes, as well as long term retention, validated with testing results.Quantitative analysis can easily be incorporated into the program by providing measuringinstruments (rulers, calipers, and a balance) if a more

Conference Session

Hands-on Materials Science and Engineering

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Seung Kim, Rochester Institute of Technology; Bok Kim, Div. of Advanced Materials Engineering, Chonbuk National University

Tagged Divisions

Materials

AC 2008-18: A LABORATORY SESSION DEVELOPMENT: STUDY OFMECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF PETROLEUM-BASED PLASTIC COMPOSTBAG AND BIODEGRADABLE PLASTIC COMPOST BAGSeung Kim, Rochester Institute of Technology Dr. Spencer Seung Kim is Associate Professor in Manufacturing and Mechanical Engineering Technology/Packaging Science Department and works as Associate Director in American Packaging Corp. Center for Packaging Innovation at RIT. His research areas are in composite materials synthesis and characterization. Dr. S. Kim graduated with M.S. (1989) and Ph.D. (1993) from University of Illinois at Chicago.Bok Kim, Div. of Advanced Materials Engineering, Chonbuk National University Dr. Bok H. Kim is Professor

Conference Session

Integrating Math, Science and Engineering

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Josue Njock-Libii

Tagged Divisions

Mathematics

coordinate value shown in column two. Column three is acontinuation of column 1 and column four is continuation of column two. Position dataare dimensionless because they were normalized by diving each entry by the amplitude ofoscillation of the sphere during the tested cycle. That amplitude was taken to be the initialdisplacement of the sphere. The time data were not normalized, however. Page 13.1364.5Table1. A sample of collected dataTime Position Time Position(s) (-) (s) (-) 0 -0.90847 0.37 1 0.017 -0.87254 0.395 0.984692 0.034 -0.85317 0.415 0.930334 0.051 -0.80631

Conference Session

Mechanical Engineering Poster Session

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Erik Bardy, Grove City College; Erik Anderson, Grove City College

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

average Nusslet number at location LPr Prandtl numberRa Rayleigh numberRaL Rayligh number at location LT fluid temperature, ºCTı fluid temperature far from the wall, ºCTw wall surface temperature, ºCu x component of the fluid velocity, m/sv y component of the fluid velocity, m/sx distance along surface of heated plate, in or mmy distance away from heated plate, in or mmc thermal diffusivity of the fluid, m2/s volumetric thermal expansion coefficient = 1/T for an ideal gas, K-1 kinematic viscosity of the

Conference Session

Cooperative Education and Engineering

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jacqueline El-Sayed, Kettering University

Tagged Divisions

Cooperative & Experiential Education

industrial advisory boardsand employers of engineering graduates has brought to the forefront that practical know-howmust be integrated into engineering education. It is not enough to be “book smart.” Industrywants engineers who are flexible, savvy and can produce quality results in real world situations.Higher education must find ways to educate engineering students with both practical andtheoretical knowledge to ensure the student’s success.ABET1 has led the charge by instituting learning outcomes for accreditation. Many of theseoutcomes are not technical but are considered “soft skills.” Soft skills include interpersonal,“people” skills. Following ABET’ s lead, higher education is experimenting with methodologiesto address all outcomes, and to

Conference Session

Student Learning Techniques & Practices in Engineering Technology

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Vladimir Genis, Drexel University; Warren Rosen, Drexel University; Richard Chiou, Drexel University; William Danley, Drexel University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

Dyne Inc; Model: PX209-200A5V ̇ Temperature sensors Omega Engineering Inc; Model: TX91A-K2 ̇ Vortex Tube ̇ National Instrument-DAQ card 16 inputs, 16 bits, 200KS/s, Multifunction I/O for USB ̇ Server Host Computer, IP Address: 144.118.69.219 ̇ Client PC downloaded with LabVIEW Runtime Engine ̇ Network IP Camera Toshiba; Model: IK-WB21A ̇ Flow Sensor/Controller Mass Flow controller: FMA 5400/5500 Omega and control valveControl Volume, Energy and Entropy using Vortex TubeA vortex tube (Figure 9) is an instrument that separates a compressed gas supply into streams of

Conference Session

ET Leadership, Administration, and Articulation

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Vladimir Genis, Drexel University; Gerry Marekova, Drexel University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

, which provides students the opportunity to apply theirknowledge and skills gained in the previous years of coursework.Bibliography Page 13.210.10 1. Clough , W. The future of engineering education. 2007. Retrieved from http://gtalumni.org/news/magazine/win00/future.html.2. Hoff, A., Barger, M., Gilbert, R., Riggs, R. Workforce development: a critical interaction between high technology industries and academia. Univ. of South Florida, Tampa, FL. 2001. Retrieved from http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel5/7603/20743/00960289.pdf?tp=&isnumber=&arnumber=9602893. Anderson-Rowland, M. R., Blaisdell, S., Fletcher, S., Fussell, P

Conference Session

Unique Student Opportunities in BME

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Robert Linsenmeier, Northwestern University; Jean Alley, Vanderbilt University; Penny Hirsch, Northwestern University; Stacy Klein-Gardner; Julie Greenberg, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Mark Bourgeois, Northwestern University

Tagged Divisions

Biomedical

firm since 1986, she is also the VaNTH project leader for core competency instruction. Hirsch has a B.A. in English from the University of Michigan and a Ph.D. in English from Northwestern University.Stacy Klein, Vanderbilt University Stacy S. Klein is the Associate Dean for Outreach at the Vanderbilt University School of Engineering. She is also a Research Assistant Professor of Biomedical Engineering, Radiological Sciences, and Teaching & Learning. An active mentor in the REU program, she also runs an RET program.Julie Greenberg, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Julie E. Greenberg is a Principal Research Scientist and Director of Education and Academic Affairs at the

Conference Session

Thermodynamics, Fluids and Heat Transfer - I

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Troy Dent, University of Alabama; Keith Woodbury, University of Alabama; Robert Taylor, University of Alabama

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

proper calculations. Itis recommended that standard units of m, m2/s and s are used to avoid errors. It is possible to useother units provided they cancel properly or a correction is made to the answer to cancel outremaining factors. The conduction coefficient, k, is an optional input which is not necessary forthe constant surface temperature formula but required for the other two formulas. A second Page 13.894.10optional input is BC which is the heat flux for constant heat flux formula and the convectioncoefficient, h, for the convection formula. The BC input is not necessary for the constanttemperature formula. There is a check for

Conference Session

Design for Society and the Environment

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mohamed Samir Hefzy, The University of Toledo; Mehdi Pourazady, The University of Toledo; Abdollah Aliakbarkhan Afjeh, The University of Toledo

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

a PT Cruiser, Proceedings of the 2007 RESNA (Rehabilitation Engineering Society of North America) Conference, Phoenix Arizona, June 15-19, 2007, CD Publication, 2007.17. S. Mikolajczyk, H. Honeycutt, J. Durbin, W. Cribbs (four undergraduate students), M.S. Hefzy, and G. Nemunaitis, “Design and Development of an Arcing Lift System that Allows a Wheelchair User to Access his Home from his Garage Independently”, Proceedings of the 2005 Summer Bioengineering Conference, June 22- 26, 2005, Vail Cascade Resort & Spa, Vail, Colorado, CD Publication.18. J. Manuel, P. Clement, E. Pakulski, R. Godiciu (four undergraduate students), M.S. Hefzy, and G. Nemunaitis, “Development of a Compact and Moble Scissor Lift to Transfer a

Conference Session

Engineering Professional Development for K12 Teachers

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jodi Cullum, Utah State University; Christine Hailey, Utah State University; Daniel Householder, Utah State University; Chris Merrill, Illinois State University; James Dorward, Utah State University

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

described in the work of Supovitz and Turner.12 Their study provides asummary of six critical components of science professional development that have beenidentified by researchers and educators over the 1990’s. First, high-quality professionaldevelopment immerses participants in inquiry, questioning and experimentation -- andtherefore, in modeled inquiry forms of teaching. Second, professional development wasintensive and sustained. Third, professional development engaged the teachers in concreteteaching tasks based upon teachers’ experiences with students. Fourth, professionaldevelopment deepened teachers’ content skills, both in subject matter knowledge and in howstudents learn a particular subject matter. Fifth, high quality professional

Conference Session

Gender & Minority Issues in K-12 Engineering

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Karla Korpela, Michigan Technological University; Shalini Suryanarayana, Michigan Technological University; Christine Anderson, Michigan Technological University

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

local animal shelter to create a collaborative event called, “The Walk Against Violence.” Her dog, Buddy, is also being trained to become a service dog through a Pet Therapy program in area hospitals.Christine Anderson, Michigan Technological University Chris S. Anderson – Special Assistant to the President for Institutional Diversity Chris S. Anderson has masters of science degrees in Biological Sciences from Michigan Technological University and in Education Administration from the University of Wisconsin-Madison. She is certified to teach both middle and high school science. Anderson supports the collaboration of Academic and Student Affairs to increase the diversity of

Conference Session

Focus on High School Girls in Engineering

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Michelle Porche, Wellesley Center for Women; Jennifer Grossman, Wellesley Center for Women; Anne Noonan, Salem State College; Peter Wong, Tufts University

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering

study taking place in 5 schools in a large urbandistrict in the Northeast. For this investigation, we limited our analytic sample to the 549 femaleparticipants from whom we collected survey data in order to examine correlates of girls’ interestin pursuing college coursework in engineering, science, and mathematics. Using a social-ecological framework, we found differing patterns of associations using engagement, capacity,and continuity variables (as suggested by Jolly et al.’s trilogy model) for the three domains.Engineering interests and aspirations were related to school characteristics, science and mathself-efficacy, and experience with extracurricular activities. Interest and aspirations for sciencewere correlated with science salience and

Conference Session

Civil Engineering Teaching Part Three

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Wei Zheng, Jackson State University; HuiRu Shih, Jackson State University; Karen Lozano, University of Texas-Pan American; Karl Kiefer, Invocon, Inc., Houston, Taxes; Xinqing Ma, Inframat Corp, Farmington, Connecticut.

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

4.00 4.89 3.96Note: * Rates are based on 1 to 5 scales to indicate the relative importance or extent of various factors in ascendingorder; a- University of Oklahoma; b-Jackson State University; c- University of Texas- Pan American 5 80% post-scale pre-scale 70% G ain in S cale in E xten t 4 60% S c o re o f 1 to 5 3

Conference Session

Innovative K-12 Engineering Programs

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Gisele Ragusa, University of Southern California; Michael Khoo, University of Southern California; Ellis Meng, University of Southern California; Joseph Cocozza, University of Southern California

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

as a function of experiencing the new curriculum. We will collect data using this instrument at the end of each academic year. Page 13.517.9The program evaluation employs a comprehensive logic model. Figure 2 illustrates thismodel.Figure 2: BMERET Logic Model provides a visually based logic model for this project. BMERET Elements Outcome Measures Contextual Backdrop • Participation in the BMERET CST, course U laboratories improves research Traditional Assumptions grades S

Conference Session

Student Recruitment and Retention

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mary Anderson-Rowland, Arizona State University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

.Malcom, S., Van Horne, V., Gaddy, C., and George, Y., Losing Ground: Science and Engineering Education of Black and Hispanic Americans, Washington D.C.: American Association for the Advancement of Science.11.Schulz, N.N. and Schulz, K.H., “Getting U.S. Undergraduates into Graduate School: Providing Information and Opportunities,” Proceedings of the 2000 American Society for Engineering Education Annual Conference & Exposition, June 2000, 8 pages.12.Yoshiasato, R.A., “Is Grad School for Me?” Proceedings of the 1998 American Society for Engineering Education Annual Conference & Exposition, June 1998, 15 pages.13.Huston, J.C. and Burnet, G., “What One Thousand Seniors Think of Graduate Study,” Journal of Engineering

Conference Session

ERM Poster Session

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Carl Lund, State University of New York at Buffalo

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

provided an overview of how the TExT is used. Subsequent papers in this series willprovide more detailed consideration of individual components of the TExT, and their use. OnceTExT development is completed, it will be used to test the hypothesis that if the textbook of the20th century is replaced by TExTs in the 21st century, then a greater proportion of engineeringcourses will be taught using methods that are more effective than the traditional lecture.1. Prince, M., Does Active Learning Work? A Review of the Research. J. Engr. Education, 2004. 93(3): p. 223-231.2. Prince, M., The Many Faces of Inductive Teaching and Learning. J. Coll. Sci. Teaching, R. M. Felder. 36(5): p. 14.3. Wirt, J., S. Choy, D. Gerald

Conference Session

Assessing the Efficacy of Non-traditional Programs

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Melani Plett, Seattle Pacific Univ; Donald Peter, Seattle Pacific University; Steven Parsons, Seattle Pacific University; Brad Gjerding, Seattle Pacific University

Tagged Divisions

Continuing Professional Development

when (s)he isat that location. Another web cam is pointed at the projection screen. Although the resolution isinadequate for reading the screen, if the instructor points at locations on the screen, the remote Page 13.1284.4student can generally tell what the instructor is pointing at. To provide a general perspective ofactivity in the room, we can connect a third web cam mounted in a corner of the room, but theincreased bandwidth can lead to poor audio quality.More details of our hardware setup are included in Appendix A.We should mention that our Instructional Technology Services “ITS” department has a licensefor Adobe Connect, and provides the

Conference Session

Professional Graduate Education & Industry

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Donald Keating, University of South Carolina; Thomas Stanford, University of South Carolina; Joseph Rencis; Eugene DeLoatch, Morgan State University; Mohammad Noori, North Carolina State University; Edward Sullivan, California Polytechnic State University; David Woodall, Oregon Institute of Technology; Norman Egbert, Rolls-Royce Corporation; David Quick, Rolls-Royce Corporation; Albert McHenry; Roger Olson, Rolls-Royce Corporation; Samuel Truesdale, Rolls-Royce Corporation; Timothy Lindquist, Arizona State University; Harvey Palmer, Rochester Institute of Technology; Joseph Tidwell, Arizona State University Polytechnic; Mark Smith, Rochester Institute of Technology; Duane Dunlap, Purdue University; Mark Schuver, Purdue University; Edmund Segner, University of Alabama at Birmingham; Stephen Tricamo, New Jersey Institute of Technology; Barry Farbrother, University of New Haven; Ken Burbank, Western Carolina University; Carla Purdy, University of Cincinnati; Randall Holmes, Caterpillar Inc.

Tagged Divisions

Graduate Studies

, recommends, wemust “ensure that the United States is the premier place in the world to innovate.” 32.1 Statement of the ProblemBut a disturbing reality is now apparent that must be corrected. Over the last several decades, 1960’s,70’s, 80’s, 90’s, the nation has invested wisely, because of 1945 U.S. science policy in fostering worldpreeminence of research-oriented graduate education for the U.S. Scientific Workforce for basic researchand ‘discovery’ at the universities, and must continue to do so.4 But it has not made a parallel investmentand balanced educational emphasis during this same time period in fostering professionally-orientedgraduate education, beyond entry level engineering, that supports the further development of the U.S.Engineering

Conference Session

Preparing the Future Workforce in Aerospace

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Narayanan Komerath, Georgia Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Aerospace

innocent, rich, majority, male students who of course never whine,and whose rich parents never try to bully the teacher. Basically, if non-merit considerations gointo grade decisions, the process is corrupt and indefensible, so there is no need to micro-analyzethe corruption further. The teacher(s) and administrative grade-fixer(s) should be fired. As myfirst boss told me bluntly when I asked him 3 weeks into my first (sophomore) class, what to doabout an intransigent Army Major who was heading for an F, “You gotta be objective! If you losethat, you have nothing!” Elementary thought would also confirm experience that if there is anydifference between the expectation levels of students based on affluence, then in today’sgeneration, it is the more

Conference Session

Outstanding Contributions to ME Education

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ashland Brown, University of the Pacific; Joseph Rencis; Daniel Jensen, U.S. Air Force Academy; Chuan-Chiang Chen, Tuskegee University; Essam Ibrahim, Tuskegee University; Vladimir Labay, Gonzaga University; Paul Schimpf, Eastern Washington University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

Conference Session

The Academic Environment

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Stacy Birmingham, Grove City College; Mara Wasburn, Purdue University

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering

Conference Session

SPECIAL SESSION: Describing the Engineering Student Learning Experience Based on CAEE Findings: Part 1

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mia Clark, Stanford University; Lorraine Fleming, Howard University; Sheri Sheppard, Stanford University; Cynthia Atman, University of Washington; Ronald Miller, Colorado School of Mines; Ruth Streveler, Purdue University; Reed Stevens, University of Washington; Karl Smith, University of Minnesota

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

researchers at his/herschool and championing a set of research instruments to be used across schools. In this capacity,each principal co-investigator oversaw the development, training, data processing and dataanalysis related to their instrument(s) for all campuses. The Urban Private University served aschampion for structured interviews, the Large Public University for the ethnographic tools andengineering design tasks, the Suburban Private University for survey instruments, and theTechnical Public Institution for academic transcript information.Monthly conference calls and periodic face-to-face meetings facilitated the work of the APSleadership team

Conference Session

Engineering Professional Development for K12 Teachers

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Brant Miller, University Of Minnesota; Tamara Moore, University Of Minnesota

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

Academy of Sciences, National Academy of Engineering, & Institute of Medicine, Rising above the gathering storm: Energizing and employing America for a brighter economic future. Washington, DC: National Academies Press, 2006.8. National Research Council. National science education standards. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1996.9. American Association for the Advancement of Science. Science for all Americans, New York: Oxford University Press, 1990.10. Russell, S. H., & Hancock, M. P., Evaluation of the research experiences for teachers (ret) program: 2001-2006 (SRI Project P13392). Menlo Park, CA: SRI International, 2007, July.11. Averett, S

Conference Session

Environmental Engineering Undergraduate Research

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

James Lambrechts, Wentworth Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Environmental Engineering

local areashaving groundwater levels below Elev. 5, and he proposed these were caused by leaky sewerswith relatively localized influence. Further concerns were expressed in a 1914 discussion to apaper by Worcester11.It was the finding of rotted wood piles beneath the Boston Public Library in 1929, and concernsfor the wood piles across the street at Trinity Church that set in motion the major 1930’s studyand the early public awareness of the tenuous relationship between groundwater and wood pilepreservation12. But the issue lost advocates and public awareness with the onset of World WarII, and the urban decline of the 1950s and 1960s. It was not until 1984 when rotted wood pileswere discovered beneath the 19 contiguous rowhouses on the waterside

Conference Session

Best of the NEE

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Beverly Jaeger, Northeastern University; Margaret Bates, Northeastern University; Brittany Damon, Northeastern University; Alison Reppy

Tagged Divisions

New Engineering Educators

teaching techniquesfor your current academic year. Ex). 1% active learning | 99% lecture9 - % Explanation: Briefly explain why below.12: Retention Techniques: What teaching technique(s) would most help to improve your retention ofcourse material at your current level in your education? Please explain:TL vs. AL Effectiveness. Directly after the demographics portion of the survey, students were asked Page 13.1290.5their opinion ratings on whether lecturing is an effective method of teaching. On a 7-point scale, theresults are depicted in Figure 1 and shown in Table 2 below. Responses to Effectiveness

Conference Session

Innovative K-12 Engineering Programs

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kelly Hutchinson, Purdue University; Lynn Bryan, Purdue University; George Bodner, Purdue University; Nicholas Giordano, Purdue University

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

ve nc el an kn s- ve ov ol va d