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Displaying results 4531 - 4560 of 11191 in total
Conference Session
Ethical Reasoning and Responsibility
Collection
2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Lorraine G. Kisselburgh, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Justin L. Hess, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Carla B. Zoltowski, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Jonathan Beever, University of Central Florida; Andrew O. Brightman, Purdue University, West Lafayette
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Engineering Ethics
Network. Jonathan works and publishes at the intersection of environmental ethics and bioethics, focusing on questions of ethics, science, and representation. He teaches a wide variety of undergraduate and graduate courses on related topics.Dr. Andrew O. Brightman, Purdue University, West Lafayette Andrew O. Brightman serves as Assistant Head for Academic Affairs and Associate Professor of Engi- neering Practice in the Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering. His research background is in cellular biochemistry, tissue engineering, and engineering ethics. He is committed to developing effective peda- gogies for ethical reasoning and engineering design. c American Society for Engineering
Conference Session
Aerospace Division Technical Session: Student Success
Collection
2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Benjamin Ahn, Iowa State University of Science and Technology; MacKenzie Reber, Grove City College
from the University of New South Wales (Australia). Prior to joining Iowa State University, he was a Postdoctoral Associate at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.MacKenzie Ann Reber (Miss) I am a recent graduate from Grove City College (May 2022). I graduated with a B.S. in Mechanical Engineering and a minor in Chemical Engineering. I will be working as an applications engineer for ThermalTech in Pittsburgh, PA in August. My current research interests revolve around engineering education and employee proactive actions. © American Society for Engineering Education, 2022 Powered by www.slayte.com Outreach Projects to Broaden STEM Participation
Conference Session
How We Tackled the Pandemic
Collection
2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access
Authors
Ulises Juan Trujillo Garcia, Boise State University; Krishna Pakala, Boise State University; Samantha Schauer, Boise State University; Diana Bairaktarova, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Bhaskar Chittoori P.E., Boise State University
Tagged Divisions
Mechanical Engineering
David S. Taylor Service to Students Award and Golden Apple Award from Boise State University. He is also the recipient of ASEE Pacific Northwest Section (PNW) Outstanding Teaching Award, ASEE Mechanical Engineering division’s Outstanding New Edu- cator Award and several course design awards. He serves as the campus representative (ASEE) for Boise State University and as the Chair-Elect for the ASEE PNW Section. His academic research interests in- clude innovative teaching and learning strategies, use of emerging technologies, and mobile teaching and learning strategies.Samantha Schauer, Boise State University Samantha Schauer is a graduate student at Boise State University, pursuing a Master’s degree in Mechani
Conference Session
Active Learning in BME, Session I
Collection
2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Jacqueline Handley, University of Michigan; Aileen Huang-Saad, University of Michigan; Cassandra Sue Ellen Jamison, University of Michigan
Tagged Divisions
Biomedical Engineering
Paper ID #21504Exploring Biomedical Engineering Students’ Self-Raised Motivations for En-gaging in Instructional DesignJacqueline Handley, University of Michigan Jacqueline Handley is a graduate student at the University of Michigan, in Science Education. Her back- ground is in Material Science and Engineering, with an emphasis on Biomaterials Design. She is inter- ested in, broadly, how best bridge engineering practice and education. More specifically, she is interested in access to and inclusion in engineering at the K-12 level.Dr. Aileen Huang-Saad, University of Michigan Aileen is faculty in Engineering Education and
Conference Session
Liberal Education/Engineering & Society Division Technical Session 2
Collection
2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Stephanie A. Claussen, Colorado School of Mines; Janet Y. Tsai, University of Colorado, Boulder; Alyssa Miranda Boll, Colorado School of Mines; Jenifer Blacklock, Colorado School of Mines; Kathryn Johnson, Colorado School of Mines
Tagged Divisions
Liberal Education/Engineering & Society
, to pursue interests in the eld of engineering. Janet assists in recruitment and retention efforts locally, nationally, and internationally, hoping to broaden the image of engineering, science, and technology to include new forms of communication and problem solving for emerging grand challenges. A second vein of Janet’s research seeks to identify the social and cultural impacts of technological choices made by engineers in the process of designing and creating new devices and systems. Her work considers the intentional and unintentional consequences of durable struc- tures, products, architectures, and standards in engineering education, to pinpoint areas for transformative change.Alyssa Miranda Boll, Colorado
Conference Session
NSF Grantees Poster Session
Collection
2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Shouling He, Vaughn College of Aeronautics and Technology; Douglas Jahnke, Vaughn College of Aeronautics and Technology
Tagged Topics
Diversity, NSF Grantees Poster Session
certificate program are transferable to the college's MechatronicEngineering program. The college, designated as a Hispanic-Serving Institution, places a strongemphasis on recruiting students from low-income families and underrepresented racial and ethnicgroups. The certificate program alleviates the financial burden and time commitment required forstudents to pursue education, providing them with the means to pursue advanced degrees or offersupport to family members seeking greater opportunities.The project’s objective is to establish a one-year certificate program to provide PRA technicianswith the essential skills for service industries. To ensure program graduates possess the desiredqualifications, the project (a) collaborates with its Business
Conference Session
Electromagnetics & Power Education
Collection
2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Donald M. Peter P.E., Seattle Pacific University
Tagged Divisions
Electrical and Computer
Paper ID #15101A Survey of the State of the Power Engineering Profession in the PacificNorthwest and what Working Professionals are Defining as Priorities for Prepar-ing Students to Fill Present and Near-Future VacanciesProf. Donald M. Peter P.E., Seattle Pacific University Don has taught electrical engineering at Seattle Pacific University since 1987, specializing in analog and power electronics, Before that he worked as a design/evaluation/diagnostics engineer at Tektronx, Inc. for eleven years. He has been involved in various consulting projects, including two summers as a NASA Summer Faculty Fellow at the Jet Propulsion
Conference Session
Faculty Track - Technical Session V
Collection
2018 CoNECD - The Collaborative Network for Engineering and Computing Diversity Conference
Authors
Teresa J. Cutright, University of Akron; Rebecca Kuntz Willits, University of Akron; Linda T. Coats, Mississippi State University; Lakiesha N. Williams, Mississippi State University; Debora F. Rodrigues, University of Houston
Tagged Topics
Faculty
the ability to conduct research are needed. The majority of tenure-trackfaculty jobs include duties related to teaching, research, mentoring and service. A 2001 surveyby Golde and Dore noted that noted 82% of the graduate student respondents identifiedenjoyment of teaching as being what attracted them to academia as a career [16]. However, 52%of the respondents indicated that they did not learn about teaching during their graduate studies.These results along with other factors have led to pleas for national educational councils [17],[18] to improve undergraduate STEM teaching. The implication is that by improving training inteaching, the number, diversity, and quality of STEM graduates would increase.Goals and approachThe specific goals of
Conference Session
Incorporating Technology into Construction Education
Collection
2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Namhun Lee, East Carolina University
Tagged Divisions
Construction
approach into CEMcourses 27, 28, 29, 30, 31. Traditionally in CEM education, the project-based learning approach hasbeen widely used for CEM courses.Kajewski 32 proposed a PBL course called ‘Professional Studies.’ The course emphasizedstudent-centered and self-directed learning. The course was divided into several units, each unitincluded one problem, and students were forced to solve the problem through research andcollaboration. McIntyre 33 applied the PBL approach into a capstone course to provide studentsreal-world design and construction practices. In addition to these, there have been some attemptsto integrate the PBL approach into CEM education 34
Conference Session
Trends in Construction Engr. Educ. II
Collection
2002 Annual Conference
Authors
Wilson Barnes; Gouranga Banik
by conducting research to solve some of the burningproblems. The research focus may be in advanced information and communications technology,environmental-friendly construction, innovative construction technologies and innovativeconstruction business processes. Research into innovative materials, novel constructiontechnologies, advanced analysis and design of facilities, collaboration, client satisfaction,constructability, TQM, knowledge management, innovative procurement practices, organization,value engineering, IT integration, energy conservation, pollution control and reuse/recycling ofconstruction material will have a significant impact on minimizing potential threats from bothhuman and national forces
Conference Session
Architectural Engineering Division (ARCHE) Technical Session 1
Collection
2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Sanjeev Adhikari, Kennesaw State University; Kathryn Bedette, Kennesaw State University; Giovanni Loreto, Kennesaw State University
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Architectural Engineering Division (ARCHE)
relationship between knowledge gained and students’ perception of theimpact of sustainable design and construction options. Findings also indicate how perceptionscompare between population groups, such as students of architecture and students ofconstruction. Students seem to be best equipped to explain their understanding of the listedoptions based on their experiences. Such research outcomes can help educators better toimplement SDC into respective curricula in the future. In addition, analysis of these perceptionsis a crucial tool for educators in improving students’ understanding of sustainability goals.Keywords: Sustainable Design and Construction; SDC teaching; curriculum development;Architecture; Construction Management, Sustainability, Student
Conference Session
Issues of Building Diversity
Collection
2005 Annual Conference
Authors
Isadore Davis; Eugene DeLoatch; Sherra Kerns; Carla Purdy; Lueny Morell
legal obligations, but also on our core values of respecting one another, fostering teamwork and collaboration.”Two years ago the ASEE Corporate Member Council also adopted diversity as one of its coreinitiatives. The CMC published the Industry Speaks with One Voice: A Message for Collegesand Universities Report, which identifies important key activities and groups for increasingdiversity in engineering: • Graduate School Enrollment - “People Of Color & Women” • Pipeline Outreach • Professional OrganizationsRecently, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics predicted that 68 percent of people entering thenational labor force by 2005 will be members of ethnic groups and women. That statistic hasfar-reaching
Conference Session
Electrical and Computer Division Poster Session
Collection
2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Samuel J. Dickerson, University of Pittsburgh
Tagged Divisions
Electrical and Computer
courses, but important to the IoT, such asmicrocontroller interfaces, antenna design and RFID energy harvesting principles are introducedto the students.It has been recognized that the growing field of IoT will require an equally growing workforceconsisting of capable technicians and engineers with broad skillsets2. However, at presentsuitable IoT-centric curricula that addresses this need are not readily availble2 and to date veryfew IoT curricula have been proposed in the research literature. In some instances, it has beensuggested to introduce IoT as a graduate course that focuses predominately on networkingprinciples3. We desire to teach an IoT course that appeals to undergraduates, is comprehensiveand accentuates core electrical and computer
Conference Session
Engineering and Public Policy Division Technical Session 1
Collection
2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Deanna H. Matthews, Carnegie Mellon University; H. Scott Matthews, Carnegie Mellon University
Tagged Divisions
Engineering and Public Policy
assessment of individual student work in project- based assignments. She received her B.S.E. in Civil Engineering from Duke University (1994) and her M.S. (1995) and Ph.D. (2001) in Civil and Environmental Engineering from Carnegie Mellon University.Prof. H. Scott Matthews, Carnegie Mellon University H. Scott Matthews is a Professor in the Departments of Civil and Environmental Engineering and En- gineering & Public Policy and the Research Director of the Green Design Institute at Carnegie Mellon University. The Green Design Institute is an interdisciplinary research consortium at Carnegie Mellon fo- cused on identifying and assessing the environmental impacts of systems and helping businesses manage their use of
Conference Session
Developing Young MINDS in Engineering, Part II
Collection
2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Ivan Lopez Hurtado, Northern New Mexico College; Jorge Crichigno, Northern New Mexico College
Tagged Divisions
Minorities in Engineering
initiatives of theDepartment of Engineering Faculty, several strategies were implemented with the followingmain goals: increase the pipeline of potential engineering students, recruit students for theengineering programs, retain them and ultimately, graduate them. Page 25.748.2   1  The strategies described in this paper were selected from best practices well documented in theliterature. It was clear that only a comprehensive and synergistic approach would revert theattrition trend that other programs have experienced at the College.The strategies
Conference Session
Astronautics and Space Technology
Collection
2005 Annual Conference
Authors
Robert Melton; Michael Micci; Deborah Levin; Charles Croskey; David Spencer; Sven Bilen
educationalprogramming available to students of diverse backgrounds and academic interests. Oureducational goal is to prepare students at the undergraduate and graduate levels for productivecareers in technical and nontechnical fields relating to space systems and science. The LionSatmission introduces relevant hands-on opportunities to students through design problems, sciencequestions, case studies, research investigations, leadership experiences, organizational issues,etc. LionSat introduces meaningful and realistic project examples into the classroom andlaboratory, which enhance student learning. The LionSat mission was selected as a participant in the University Nanosat-3 (NS-3)program, which is a joint program between the American Institute of
Conference Session
INT. Engineering Education: Developments, Innovations, Partnerships, and Implementations
Collection
2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
James L. Barnes, James Madison University; Michael J. Dyrenfurth, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Susan Kubic Barnes, James Madison University
Tagged Divisions
International
and at the technology research center at The University of Texas at Austin. He earned his doctoral degree from Virginia Tech and authored numerous publications in Problem Solving, Sustainability, and Innovation.Dr. Michael J. Dyrenfurth, Purdue University, West Lafayette Michael J. Dyrenfurth is a professor of Technology Leadership and Innovation in the College of Tech- nology at Purdue University. He is a member of the ASEE and he has served on the Board of the ETD and as program chair for the CIEC in New Orleans (2008). Previously he completed a four year term as Assistant Dean for Graduate Studies in Purdue University’s College of Technology. His scholarship agenda focuses on technological innovation
Collection
2009 ASEE Midwest Section Conference
Authors
George E. Meyer
An Improved Instrumentation and Controls Course for Agricultural and Biological Engineering George E. Meyer Biological Systems Engineering, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68583-0726AbstractModern biological, biomedical, and agricultural systems use electronic sensors, instrumentation,and computers for acquisition of scientific data and for process control. Instrumentation is used forcommercial product development, testing, and for research. An engineering course will bediscussed, which addresses measurement principles, sensors, software, and characteristics ofinstrumentation and control systems with a variety of hands-on student activities. This is a
Conference Session
Communication in the Chemical Engineering Curriculum
Collection
2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Elif Miskioglu, The Ohio State University
Tagged Divisions
Chemical Engineering
, and summarize the purpose of each communication. After sharing, each group rewrites all three e-mails together.Active learning activities were developed by the instructor. Impromptu speeches are a commonlyused form of practicing oral presentation skills, which provided the basis for the oral presentationskills activities. The basic format of an impromptu speech was modified to focus on specificareas of need identified in earlier teaching experience (instructional assistant for the graduate Page 26.1496.9level research communication course). Writing activities were developed from student feedback;students reported desiring an increased
Conference Session
Emerging Trends in Engineering Education
Collection
2004 Annual Conference
Authors
Malgorzata Zywno
Learning Object Exchange (CLOE), a collaborative project of several universities inOntario, establishing an infrastructure for joint development of multimedia-rich, interactivelearning resources. Since development of such resources is very time-consuming, one of theemerging trends in instructional technology is to focus on modular learning objects that can beshared among many users. Surveys of faculty confirm high interest in utilization of such objects.The module being developed by the authors consists of a series of interactive online tutorials. Itis designed using Flash and streaming video technology and provides graphics, video, andanimation to support the basic concepts. At any time the learner has access to several reviewquizzes, providing
Conference Session
Innovations in Biological/Agricultural Education-II
Collection
2008 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
George Meyer, University of Nebraska-Lincoln
Tagged Divisions
Biological & Agricultural
, 1993, Carr, 1996, and others), or small, but significant paperbacks (Turner and Hill, 1999and Ramsey 1996). Monographs are best used as library reserve resource materials. Some booksfeature a programming language for instrumentation and controls. Examples are Khalid (2000),Olansen and Rosow (2002), Travis and Kring (2006), and Khoo (1999). Many text books dependon the student’s background to understand the material presented. A new text book beingcompleted by the author also provides the student of this discipline an opportunity to understandand gain practical experience with modern measurement equipment, data acquisition, and digitalcontrol systems. The course assumes that the student is a junior, senior pre-engineer, or afirst–year graduate
Conference Session
Technology Integration in Manufacturing Curriculum
Collection
2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Joseph Ekong, Western New England University; Vedang Chauhan, Western New England University; Janose Osedeme; Seyed Niknam, Western New England University; Richard nguyen
assembly line is to incorporatepractices seen in manufacturing operations to help demonstrate how manufacturing systems aremanaged in the real world. Some of the manufacturing practices illustrated in this project includematerial handling and lean manufacturing. Specifically, the manufacturing operation for the sportscar model was designed to incorporate lean manufacturing elements into the assembly lineoperations. The most significant lean process highlighted in this project is implementing a Kanbanreplenishment system for the sports car model. Figure 4 demonstrates how the Kanbanreplenishment systems work. This figure illustrates that every part bin for the sports car model wastagged with a Kanban replenishment card. This card contains
Conference Session
Stories, Communication, and Convergence in Engineering Education
Collection
2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Joanna G Burchfield, University of South Florida; April A. Kedrowicz, North Carolina State University, Raleigh
Tagged Divisions
Liberal Education/Engineering & Society Division (LEES)
competencies. ABET, the European Network forEngineering Education (ENAEE), and the Federation of Engineering Institutions in Asia and thePacific (FEIAP) highlight the need for engineers to recognize and account for the impacts ofengineering practice and design in broad contexts that impact human and environmentalconditions throughout their guidelines. ABET (2021) mandates that engineering graduates have“an ability to apply engineering design to produce solutions that meet specified needs withconsideration of public health, safety, and welfare, as well as global, cultural, social,environmental, and economic factors,” and “an ability to recognize ethical and professionalresponsibilities in engineering situations and make informed judgments, which must
Conference Session
First-Year Programs: Paying Attention to Retention
Collection
2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Elizabeth A. Adams, Chandler Gilbert Community College; Mary Beth Burgoyne
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
First-Year Programs
and project-based learning pedagogy is a core value and practice for Chandler-GilbertCommunity College. It is integrated in courses, programs, and service learning and crosscurricular initiatives. “PBL is learning that best be an active and contextualized process”allowing students to actively construct their own knowledge and apply it, rather than the passiveexposure of knowledge via the traditional lecture model (Maurer and Neuhold, 2012). Acomprehensive problem or project-based learning approach incorporates multiple skills andmeasurements for content and communication. The engineering design process requiresteamwork, interpersonal, and both oral and written technical communication skills. Workplacereadiness studies have indicated there is
Conference Session
Promoting Multidisciplinary Efforts
Collection
2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Harold R Underwood, Messiah College
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Multidisciplinary Engineering
literature have addressed the development of assistivetechnologies as a focus for engineering project applications. Over the past eight years, theCollaboratory for Strategic Partnerships and Applied Research at Messiah College has fosteredseveral interdisciplinary undergraduate student and faculty projects, such as the assistivecommunication technology Wireless-Enabled Remote Co-presence (WERCware) described here.WERCware is designed for those who depend on job- or life-coaching, to ameliorate cognitiveand behavioral challenges that affect performance at home or in the workplace. It facilitatesremote communication between coach and consumer, for training and/or other support asneeded, to increase independence of the consumer. WERCware development
Collection
2001 Annual Conference
Authors
Benjamin Flores; Walter Fisher; Pablo Arenaz; Connie Della-Piana
inception in the spring of 1998, the CircLES Program has become recognizedmodel on campus and elsewhere for creating a strong foundation for entering students tospringboard them toward a successful college and (eventual) professional career. Twoareas in the literature influenced the design of the program: (1) research on institutionaldeparture and persistence1 2 and (2) programmatic efforts focused on undergraduatecurriculum innovation/reform, specifically, learning communities 3 4 and the first–yearseminar.5Research on students’ departure and persistence in higher education reveals, that thedecision to depart or persist, is a function of the interaction between the academic andsocial context of the campus and students’ experiences and background
Conference Session
NSF Grantees Poster Session
Collection
2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Matthew W. Ohland, Purdue University-Main Campus, West Lafayette (College of Engineering); Misty L. Loughry, Rollins College, Crummer Graduate School of Business; David Jonathan Woehr, University of North Carolina Charlotte; Daniel M. Ferguson, Purdue University-Main Campus, West Lafayette (College of Engineering); Catherine E. Brawner, Research Triangle Educational Consultants; Behzad Beigpourian, Purdue University; Frank Luchini; Siqing Wei, Purdue University-Main Campus, West Lafayette (College of Engineering)
Tagged Topics
NSF Grantees Poster Session
received Best Paper awards from the Journal of Engineering Education in 2008 and 2011 and from the IEEE Transactions on Education in 2011 and 2015. Dr. Ohland is an ABET Program Evaluator for ASEE. He was the 2002–2006 President of Tau Beta Pi and is a Fellow of the ASEE, IEEE, and AAAS.Dr. Misty L. Loughry, Rollins College, Crummer Graduate School of Business Misty L. Loughry, Ph.D. is a Professor of Management in the Crummer Graduate School of Business at Rollins College. She studies peer control, peer evaluation, and teamwork. She earned her Ph.D. from University of Florida.Dr. David Jonathan Woehr, University of Norht Carolina Charlotte David J. Woehr is currently Professor and Chair of the Department of Management
Conference Session
K-12 and Pre-college Engineering Curriculum and Programming Resources, Part 1 of 2
Collection
2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Cynthia Marie Baker, University of Nebraska, Lincoln - Mid American Transportation Center; Laurence R Rilett P.E., University of Nebraska, Lincoln; Gina M. Kunz; Gwen C. Nugent
Tagged Divisions
K-12 & Pre-College Engineering
466 individualstudents attending the clubs at least once over the course of the grant period.Club structureRRRC clubs meet once per week for approximately one hour. During this time, the followingformat and structure is implemented: 1) Club meetings begin with an introduction to the main concept underlying the day’s lesson and activity. This introduction includes probing questions designed to gauge student comprehension and promote lesson engagement. 2) A multimedia presentation follows, delivered by engineering graduate and undergraduate student mentors. The presentation further elaborates on concepts from the STEM lesson and the relationship of these
Conference Session
Exploring Trends in CPD
Collection
2005 Annual Conference
Authors
Llewellyn Mann; David Radcliffe
changing the students’ understandings and acceptance of the need for continuousprofessional development. The students also felt that the knowledge, values and skills theydeveloped would be beneficial for their future careers, as they were developed within thecontext of their own professional development, rather than to just get through the course.IntroductionProfessional development is a major part of all practicing engineers’ working lives. It is vitalto be up to date with best practice, learning new techniques and knowledge, developing newskills and furthering their understanding of their responsibilities as engineers. What engineerslearn at university in their undergraduate program will not give them all the knowledge,values and skills they
Conference Session
NSF Grantees Poster Session
Collection
2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Homero Murzi, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Yi Cao, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Natali Huggins, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Andres Nieto Leal, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University
Tagged Topics
Diversity, NSF Grantees Poster Session
Polytechnic Institute and State University Huggins is a Research Scientist in the Engineering Education Department at Virginia Tech. She holds a master’s in public administration from the National Experimental University of T´achira in Venezuela. In addition, she has several years of experience in research and practice at graduate education level in the engineering field, with special focus on assess based perspectives, minoritized students’ socialization, and agency in graduate education. Her strengths include qualitative research study design and implementation. Her dissertation examined Latinx motivation to pursue Ph.D. in engineering, minoritized engineering doctoral students’ socialization and the impact of the