Conference Session

CIT Division Technical Session #11

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Byul Hur, Texas A&M University; Zhihao Pan; Kevin Price; Fernando Aguado; Jonathan Gavlick; Sungkeun Kim; Eun Jung Kim; Kevin Myles; Zach Adelman

capstone project wasconcluded in Spring 2021. Further research and development on this RPi cluster for mosquitoresearch is in progress in the Dr. Hur’s research group by one of the students who joined thegraduate degree program.I. Introduction Mosquitos can be deadly and might have caused approximately seven hundred thousanddeaths per year due to the transmission of the diseases from people to animals [1][2]. Monitoringenvironmental factors for potential breeding sites of mosquitoes is an important and effectivemethod in mosquito control. Several networks and systems for mosquito research weredeveloped in academic settings [3][4]. For the research in this paper, the developmental progressof a low-cost data server and the network in the form of

Conference Session

Graduate Studies Division Technical Session 2

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Anna-Maria Marshall, University of Illinois at Urbana - Champaign; Luis Rodriguez; Jill Heemstra, University of Illinois at Urbana - Champaign; John Classen, North Carolina State University at Raleigh; Erin Cortus, University of Minnesota - Twin Cities; Jacek Koziel, Iowa State University of Science and Technology; Deanne Meyer; Anand Padmanabhan, University of Illinois at Urbana - Champaign; Samuel Reed, University of Minnesota - Twin Cities; Benjamin Ruddell; Riveraine Walters

offeringseveral final observations about the opportunities and obstacles to successful Cohort Challenges,as well as our future plans to support others who want to design and deliver this mode ofgraduate education.I. Introduction The interest in “wicked problems” in science and engineering reflects a growingrecognition that the most pressing technological needs of the 21st century do not fall neatly intoany single discipline. Because they sit at the intersection of many competing disciplines andinterests, wicked problems defy easy definition or solution [1]. Rather, they demand challenge-centered research that requires the collaboration of the full range of traditional scientific fields,as well as an understanding that those challenges arise in

Conference Session

Civil Engineering Division - Huh? What Did You Say? What Does That Mean?

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Karin Becker, United States Air Force Academy; Timothy Frank, United States Air Force Academy; Joel Sloan, United States Air Force Academy

offer advice on how to weave writing into technicalassignments and how to set realistic expectations for incremental improvements.IntroductionToday’s engineering students need to demonstrate proficiency in both technical andcommunication skills however, more than technical skills, employers are increasingly lookingfor engineers who can translate technical information, seek and incorporate input from diversestakeholders, and collaborate with others [1], [2]. Engineering students often underestimate theimportance of communication skills and are unaware of the extent of report writing, presenting,and collaborating in teams they will be expected to deliver [3]. It is estimated a typicalengineering workload consists of performing actual engineering

Conference Session

Utilizing Technology to Train Chemical Engineering Students

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mark Burns, University of Michigan; Valerie Johnson, University of Michigan; Kaylee Smith, University of Michigan

complexity of assessing student learning inspired the developmentof assessment decision models, principles of good feedback practices, and an entire body ofscholarship [1], [2]. The digital world, in particular, presented new innovations, includingopportunities for e-assessments [3], [4] and virtual learning [5] in higher education. Yet the speedytransition to virtual instruction at the height of the pandemic escalated the complications inassessment. Faced with these challenges, chemical engineering professors experimented with avariety of assessment strategies, such as administering final examinations in a secure virtualenvironment and redistributing the weight of assessments to projects over tests and exams [6].Nearly one year after the onset of

Conference Session

PCEE Session 4: Resource / Curriculum Exchange

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Melissa Huppert, Minnesota State Engineering Center of Excellence; Jason Bruns, Minnesota State University, Mankato

Conference Session

Computers in Education 5 - Modulus 4

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Nicolas Leger, Florida International University; Bruk Berhane, Florida International University

excellent men tolose hours like slaves in the labor of calculation which could be safely relegated toanyone else if machines were used [1, vol.1, p. 651].” The earlier computing toolsinclude the log scale table, created by John Napier around 1594 [2], the slide rule byWilliam Oughtred in 1622 [3], mainframe computers like the IBM Card ProgrammedCalculator in 1948 among other computing devices in that era. With the advent oftransistors in the 1970s, Hewlett-Packard created the first programmable scientificcalculators at a significantly lower cost [4]. By the mid-1990s, the personal computer(PC) became an essential component of most college students' education [5] due to thesignificant decrease in size, cost, and electrical consumption of electronics

Conference Session

Pre-College Engineering Education Division Poster Session

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Akmal Zakwan Bin Zulkifli, Nanyang Technological University; Ibrahim H. Yeter, Nanyang Technological University; Farhan Ali, Nanyang Technological University

education in Singapore, this study aims to gather empiricaldata regarding Singaporean parents’ awareness of engineering based on the knowledge, attitude,and behavior (KAB) framework at the primary through secondary school levels. Furthermore,this study includes the validated parents’ engineering awareness survey (PEAS) developed byYun et al. (2010). The survey looks at parents’ perceptions of engineering in accordance with theKAB framework and separates its items specifically to the individual domains of knowledge,attitude, and behavior. In this scope, the overall research questions are: 1. To what extent are parents of Singaporean students from primary to secondary levels aware of engineering? a. Is there any significant difference

Conference Session

Civil Engineering Division - The New Normal: Enduring Technology Improvements in the Classroom

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Amanda Bao, Rochester Institute of Technology (CET)

to Fall 2021, and the quantitative survey results are analyzed and compared. Effective strategies to improve the post-pandemic civil engineering classroom instructions are proposed according to the survey results and classroom observations. The digital learning approaches are proven very effective and preferred by the students and the instructors to supplement the in-person lectures.Keywords: digital learning, pandemic, civil engineering1. Introduction and Background:Future civil engineers will serve as master builders, environmental stewards, innovators andintegrators, managers of risk and uncertainty, and leaders in shaping public policy [1]. With therapid growth of technologies and advancements in the world, the civil engineering

Conference Session

Civil Engineering Division ASCE Liaison Committee - Accreditation and Curriculums - What Changes Are Occurring?

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Matthew Swenty, Virginia Military Institute; Brian Swenty, University of Evansville

meet the CEPC and prepare them forprofessional practice as required by EAC-ABET Criterion 5. The study concludes that civilengineering curriculums that do not include key professional conduct topics found in most statelicensure laws and rules risk not complying with EAC-ABET criteria.IntroductionCivil engineering is a profession. The most fundamental characteristic of a profession is controlover specialized work, performed by credentialed members of the profession, through licensurelaw [1]. State licensure laws are intended, first, to protect public safety and welfare, but they alsoregulate specialized work within the profession. In order for students to explain the importanceof professional licensure, they must understand licensure laws and

Conference Session

First-Year Programs Division Technical Session 9: Decision Making, Problem-Based Projects, Role-Play, and a Nontraditional Project Theme

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ashish Hingle, George Mason University; Aditya Johri, George Mason University; Cory Brozina, Youngstown State University - Rayen School of Engineering

addition, students employed an ethical reasoningprocess to create a group consensus with their peers, supporting the overall goal of developing amore situated understanding of ethical decision-making.1. Introduction Engineers leverage a combination of skills, knowledge, and experiences to innovate andcreate technologies across domains. Through a micro-view, these technologies have the potentialto affect change by making processes more efficient or cost-effective. When taking a macroperspective, engineers can alter how society interacts with the world around them. Engineersmay work in a breadth of diverse fields, but ethical responsibility is a primary tenet thatunderlines professional engineering. When the result of engineering decision

Conference Session

Minorities in Engineering Division Poster Session

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Hongye Liu, University of Illinois at Urbana - Champaign; Deepak Moparthi, University of Illinois at Urbana - Champaign; Lawrence Angrave, University of Illinois at Urbana - Champaign; Jennifer Amos, University of Illinois at Urbana - Champaign; David Dalpiaz, University of Illinois at Urbana - Champaign; Chrysafis Vogiatzis, University of Illinois at Urbana - Champaign; Sujit Varadhan, University of Illinois at Urbana - Champaign; Rebecca Reck, University of Illinois at Urbana - Champaign; Yun Huang

psychiatric conditions, most students still donot report their disabilities to their university (National Center for Education Statistics) [1]. Forexample, a recent study by Love at the University of Wisconsin found that 75% of students withdisabilities chose not to inform their instructor [2].Similarly, the University of Illinois’s 2019 Chancellor Survey found that SWDs are substantiallyunderserved [3]; 8% had indicated a disability, and 28% of them stated their disability needswere not being met. This highlights the need to further investigate which factors influence thesuccess of SWDs, especially when a large proportion of them may hesitate to disclose theirstatus.Universal Design for LearningUDL (Universal Design for Learning) is a pedagogical

Conference Session

Biomedical Engineering Division: Developing Lab and Research Skills for BioE/BME Students

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mark Chapman, University of San Diego; Marissa Forbes, University of San Diego

: professional andpersonal.IntroductionA recent consensus report published by the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering andMedicine shows that research experiences for undergraduate students advance students’ technicaland research skills as well as broaden participation in science technology engineering and math(STEM) fields [1]. As such, there is a need for the development of structured research programsthat train students outside of traditional learning environments, such as in the classroom. The US-Sweden Clinical Bioinformatics Research Training Program is one such program that is aimed atbroadening the participation of women and underrepresented minorities in bioinformaticsresearch. This 10-week summer program gives students an exciting

Conference Session

Pre-College Engineering Education Technical Session 7: Cybersecurity and Computing

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mike Borowczak, University of Wyoming; Andrea Burrows, University of Wyoming; Andey Robins, University of Wyoming

mike.borowczak@uwyo.edu Abstract In recent years, Wyoming has developed Computer Science (CS) standards for adop- tion and use within K-12 classrooms. These standards, adopted in January of 2022, go into effect for the 2022-2023 school year. The University of Wyoming has offered two different computer science week-long professional developments for teachers. Many K-12 teachers do not have a CS background, so developing CS lessons plans can be a challenge in these PDs. This research study is centered around three central questions: 1) To what extent did K-12 teachers integrate computing topics into their PD created lesson plans; 2) How do the teacher perceptions from the two CS PDs compare to

Conference Session

Pre-College Engineering Education Division Poster Session

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mike Borowczak, University of Wyoming; Andrea Burrows, University of Wyoming; Shawna Wolf, University of Wyoming; Shaya Wolf, University of Wyoming; Hui Hu, University of Wyoming

of activities in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM), including a five-day introductory computer science (CS) class. In 2020 and 2021, TACoS ran virtually due to COVID-19, revealing a unique opportunity to compare two instances of the CS section of the program. This study focuses on answering two questions: 1) How does video quality impact student partici- pation and engagement; and 2) How does the length of time that content is accessible affect how students engage with course material? Both virtual years (Summers 2020 and 2021), the CS program included five 20–30-minute videos, a corresponding website for students to follow, and physical components that were mailed to each student prior to the course. After

Conference Session

Pre-College Engineering Education Division Poster Session

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Murad Mahmoud, Wartburg College; Britta Solheim, Wartburg College; Jack Priske, Wartburg College; Cristian Allen, Wartburg College; Kurt Becker, Utah State University - Engineering Education

, Indonesia, Macedonia, Poland, Romania, and Thailand. In addition, he has taught undergraduate and graduate courses in engineering education for the department. © American Society for Engineering Education, 2022 Powered by www.slayte.com The Effect of Summer Engineering Camps on Rural and Urban Students’ Interest in STEM (Work-in-Progress)IntroductionJobs in STEM are vital to an ever-growing economy [1]. There has been a push for STEMeducation due to the concern that there won’t be enough STEM graduates in the future [2]. As of2015, STEM field occupations have grown by 10.5% whereas non-STEM field occupations havegrown by 5.2% [3]. Exposing students to more

Conference Session

Experimentation and Laboratory-Oriented Studies Division Technical Session 5: Remote, Hands-On Laboratories

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Amy Ragland, University of Georgia; Beshoy Morkos, University of Georgia; Andrew Jackson, University of Georgia; Nathaniel Hunsu, University of Georgia; Fred Beyette; Dominik May

remote labs for electronics applied to severalcourses. It seeks to explore the faculty and student perspective on online experimentation inengineering curricula. However, the UX thrust of the project rounds out a holistic view of theonline learning ecosystem and might specifically uncover barriers or factors of success related tothe implementation of online labs. This project highlighted the importance of UX design indelivering science curriculum via virtual laboratory exercises with the specific conclusion thatdeficits in perspicuity in the UX create an obstacle to learning for engineering students.1. IntroductionIn 2020 the COVID-19 crisis forced universities to suspend face-to-face instruction and shifteducational activities online in a rapid

Conference Session

PCEE Session 13: Equity in P-12 Engineering Education

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mariam Manuel, University of Houston

) and culturally responsive pedagogy (CRP). Currently, K-12schooling in the U.S. lacks exposure to the appreciation and knowledge surrounding thecreativity, rewarding work, and positive learning outcomes associated with STEM related careers[1]. This lack of exposure especially limits females and people of color, both of whom arealready underrepresented in STEM fields [2], [3]. As such, while the need for improving thesuccess rates in STEM coursework is pertinent across all racial and ethnic backgrounds, it isespecially critical to address the needs of students from underrepresented and historicallymarginalized populations that are disproportionately less likely to pursue and persist throughSTEM-related degree programs [4]. Any reform

Conference Session

NEE Technical Session - Innovative Teaching Strategies II

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Melissa Moorehouse, United States Military Academy

from originally havingfive course outcomes at its inception in AY17-2, to seven course outcomes which nest within theoverall curriculum design. As a foundational course within the program, it serves to introduce abackground in aquatic environments and the skills required to operate as scientists within thefield. Figure 1 depicts the evolution of the course outcomes nested within the EnvironmentalScience Program outcomes in the context of Bloom’s revised hierarchy of learning. In its currentEnvironmental Science Program Educational AY

Conference Session

Pre-College Engineering Education Division Poster Session

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Murad Mahmoud, Wartburg College; Trinity Borland, Wartburg College; Samuel Bast; Cristian Allen, Wartburg College; Kurt Becker, Utah State University - Engineering Education

undergraduate and graduate courses in engineering education for the department. © American Society for Engineering Education, 2022 Powered by www.slayte.com The Effect of Summer Engineering Camps on Students’ Interest in STEM Based on Their Age (Work-in-Progress)IntroductionSTEM fields play an important role in the United States’ economy and will continue to in thefuture [1]. However, although STEM jobs are being created, the number of students interested inthose careers is not sufficient [2]. Due to the shortage of skilled STEM workforce, there exists anongoing need for better ways to get students to participate and become more involved in STEM.The

Conference Session

First-Year Programs Division Technical Session 2: Peer Mentoring/Learning, Teaching Assistants, and Career Mentorship

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Darcie Christensen, Minnesota State University, Mankato; Idalis Villanueva, University of Florida

interaction between two individuals whose goal is to help oneanother in psychosocial matters, support personal and professional growth, and provide careerguidance [1]–[4]. Generally, there are two main types of mentorships recognized: traditional andpeer. Traditional mentorship involves a mentor who may be older, has much more experience, orholds a power differential when compared to the mentee [5]. Peer mentorship is a relationshipbetween two persons who are at approximately the same personal, professional, or educationalstages (with one who may have slightly more experience) [1], [5]–[8]. Peer mentorship has beenshown to address both psychosocial and academic career support needs even though theindividuals are at similar stages [1], [5], [8], [9

Conference Session

Engineering Ethics Division: Ethics Education Assessment

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Matthew Green, LeTourneau University; David Dittenber, Cedarville University

investigation and future academic integrity work. Future work beyond the scope of thispaper will seek to lower the perception gap by identifying and motivating better faculty supportfor student academic integrity, which is hoped to lead to higher student outcomes. The workreported in this paper is designed to assess needs and serve as the background to launch futurechanges in academic integrity education and practices within the two Engineering Schoolsstudied.IntroductionThe National Academy of Engineers, in its seminal document “The Engineer of 2020” [1],establishes that engineers of the future must possess “high ethical standards and a strong sense ofprofessionalism.” One potential indicator of future professional ethical behavior among

Conference Session

PCEE Session 3: Robotics and Design Competitions

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Anurag Purwar, Stony Brook University; Amanjeet Bagga, Stony Brook University; Cynthia Colón, Stony Brook University; Imin Kao, Stony Brook University

the camp.1 IntroductionPapert’s Constructionist theory [1] and Kolb’s theory of experiential learning [2] provide the impe-tus for engaging students in hands-on, active learning experiences to build self-motivated knowl-edge structures. Robotics lies at the intersection of various engineering disciplines and provides theperfect platform for students, makers, and hobbyists to learn about STEM topics (Beer et al. [3],Eguchi [4], and Khanlari [5], Crowe [6]). Robotics in schools, colleges, and informal learning en-vironments has the greatest potential to create a workforce that is prepared to tackle the technicalchallenges of the 21st century and drive our innovation-based economy. It could help high-schoolstudents be well-prepared for

Conference Session

Civil Engineering Division - Changing How We Teach: Flipping, Project-Based Learning, and More!

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Philip Harvey, University of Oklahoma; Chase Hibbard, University of Oklahoma

self-efficacy. Feedback provided by the students will indicate directions forimprovements in the competition to continuously improve it in subsequent years.1 IntroductionShake tables are a fundamental tool for earthquake engineering research [1–3]. In recent years,other successful outreach and educational activities implementing shake tables have shown greatimpact [4, 5]. A perfect example of this is the NSF-supported University Consortium onInstructional Shake Tables developed by Dyke et al. [6, 7]. By partnering with Quanser,bench-scale shake tables were deployed at universities across the country to provide studentsaccess to “hands-on” experiments [8]. However, the cost of these and similar tables (> $10,000[9]) prohibits most K-12

Conference Session

Computers in Education 5 - Modulus 4

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Pradeep Radhakrishnan, Worcester Polytechnic Institute; Alexander Galvan, Worcester Polytechnic Institute; David Brown, Worcester Polytechnic Institute

mechanism for an application is a challenging activity. It involves benchmarking,sketching various concepts, identifying kinematic outlines, carrying out preliminary analyses,finalizing one concept, carrying out detailed design, prototyping, testing, and finally refinement.There are numerous tools available for mechanism design and analysis, such as Working Model[1], Linkages [2], SAM [3], etc. They allow users to sketch a mechanism and extract informationrelated to kinematics and forces at joints and links. The process of sketching a mechanism variesbetween applications. Working Model, for instance, requires modeling link shapes as well asspecifying link lengths and angles to accurately create the linkage, while SAM represents linkagesusing

Conference Session

NEE Technical Session - Assessment/Evaluation

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Craig Altmann, Virginia Military Institute; Jon-michael Hardin, Virginia Military Institute

(SAE) team. The purpose of the course is to: 1) provide students with access to a faculty mentorthat can provide automotive engineering expertise, 2) compensate students participating on theteam with GPA hours, and 3) motivate students to participate on a competition team early intheir academic career. Throughout the semester, students are educated on common design,analysis, and testing procedures used to build the Baja SAE car. In addition, connectionsbetween the theory and homework assignments students are currently completing in their courses(e.g., Statics, Solid Mechanics, Instrumentation, Dynamics, and Machine Design) and thephysical application of the material in a hands-on project are made. Presently, the integration ofthis course into

Conference Session

Labs and Demonstrations in Chemical Engineering Education

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Lucas Landherr, Northeastern University; Courtney Pfluger, Northeastern University

, which is particularly known among the students to be a challenging experiment anddifficult to control, and thus less likely to be an option they would want to design a control systemfor. The one exception was a single group proposing to do a project connected with their Capstoneproject; this has been an option open to students, but rarely selected given group membership anddifferences in courses that students are currently taking.Table 1. Groups over the past 15 semesters that have selected the different respective project types. Project Type Number of Groups Distillation 32 Heat Skid 42 Helicoil

Conference Session

LEES 2: Stories of Intersectionality and Institutional Marginalization

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Janelle Grant; Stephanie Masta, Purdue University at West Lafayette (PPI); Darryl Dickerson, Florida International University; Alice Pawley, Purdue University at West Lafayette (COE); Matthew Ohland, Purdue University at West Lafayette (COE)

. Alice L. Pawley, Purdue UniversityDr. Matthew W. Ohland, Purdue UniversityAbstractIn this paper, we discuss the results from our study on the experiences of first-year Black andBrown engineering students in engineering teams. This work is part of ongoing research onidentifying teams engaging in marginalizing behaviors against minoritized (race, gender,LGBTQ identity, nationality) students. Using a diary study methodology, we explore the teamexperiences of Black and Brown students by examining two research questions: 1) what doesracial marginalization look like within engineering classrooms where teamwork is a primaryfeature and 2) what experiences from the dairies inform researchers and faculty aboutparticipants’ experiences and personal

Conference Session

International Division Poster Session

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Collins Vaye, Florida International University; Precious Eze, Florida International University; Bruk Berhane, Florida International University

methods.Findings from our study reveal a potential two-fold challenge that needs to be addressed: Psycho-social challenges and technical challenges. Our future work will unpack these and other challengesacross the other 15 participants in the study.Keywords: COVID-19, Online Learning, Student Experience, Engineering Education, Sub-Saharan Africa, Technology Acceptance ModelIntroductionThe World Health Organization (WHO), in January 2020, declared the coronavirus (COVID -19) a global pandemic and reported that the virus was first detected in Wuhan, the capital ofHubei Province, China [1]. Since then, COVID-19 has become a household name worldwide,and its disruptive effects have impacted all sectors of society. COVID-19 has been compared toother major

Conference Session

LEES 5: Preparing and Practicing Culturally and Ethically Sensitive Engagement

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Laura Fiss, Michigan Technological University; Darnishia Slade, Michigan Technological University

-impact educational practice, andreflection is an essential piece of consolidating learning from experiences, as many models ofservice learning and other experiential learning note [1-5]. This paper addresses the mechanics ofassigning reflection, with an emphasis on assignment structure. Some degree of structure pushesa student to examine parts of their experience that may be messy or uncomfortable: precisely thetypes of learning that reflection highlights. But too much structure may curtail some of thenecessary messiness of reflection. The prompt should be open-ended enough to allow students tobring elements of their experience that they may think don’t pertain to the subject at hand --precisely because those moments are often where the greatest

Conference Session

Civil Engineering Division - Mechanics Applied and the Best in Five... Get Ready!

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mohammad Yamin, Minnesota State University, Mankato; Khosrow Ebrahimi; Kevin Schull, Minnesota State University, Mankato

understanding the subject. The studentscommented that this is “a great method of learning in class”, “great activity” and “it would befun to have a couple of different types of setups to analyze”. More than 50% of the studentsindicated that this hands-on application improved their learning experience. Most of the students(more than 80%) would like to use the table in similar hands-on applications in statics. MULTIPLE INTERACTIVE HANDS-ON APPLICATIONS IN STATICSINTRODUCTION[1] Stated that “Learning is a process whereby knowledge is created through the transformationof experience". According to this perspective, the two critical components of the learning processare (1) grasping through feeling and thinking (i.e., concrete experience and