Asee peer logo
Displaying results 451 - 480 of 1227 in total
Conference Session
Novel Entrepreneurship Programs
Collection
2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Robert S. Crockett, California Polytechnic State University; Daniel W. Walsh, California Polytechnic State University
Tagged Divisions
Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation
of Xeragen, Inc., a San Luis Obispo-based biotechnology startup company. He has also served as an Assistant Professor at Milwaukee School of Engineering and was employed by McDonnell Douglas Space Systems Company, where he was a lead engineer and Principal Investigator on projects to develop technology evolution plans for the Space Station.Daniel W. Walsh, California Polytechnic State University Daniel Walsh is currently a Professor of Biomedical and General Engineering, and a Professor of Materials Engineering at the College of Engineering at California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo. He received his B.S. (Biomedical Engineering) , M.S. (Biomedical Engineering) and Ph.D. (Materials Engineering
Conference Session
FPD VIII: Crossing Bridges and Easing Transitions into the First Year
Collection
2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Theodore Demetrius Caldwell, Michigan State University, Diversity Programs Office, College of Engineering; Kyle P. Foster, Diversity Programs Office, College of Engineering, Michigan State University; Tonisha Brandy Lane, Michigan State University; Rickey Alfred Caldwell Jr, Michigan State University; Claudia Elena Vergara, Michigan State University; Jon Sticklen, Michigan State University
Tagged Divisions
First-Year Programs
Joint Regional Fall Conference Planning Committee Member CIC/McNair SROP 2008 National Conference Planning Committee National Consortium for Graduate Degrees for Minorities in Engineering and Science, Inc. (GEM) University Representative, 2007-Present Advancing Minorities Interest in Engineering (AMIE) Membership Committee, 2007-Present Institu- tional Service Staff Adviser, National Society of Black Engineers, Michigan State University Chapter, 2006-Present Staff Adviser, Society of Hispanic Professional Engineers, Michigan State University Chap- ter, 2008-2009 MSU Pre-College Committee, 2006-2009 MSU IDEA Coordinators, 2007-PresentKyle P. Foster, Diversity Programs Office, College of Engineering, Michigan State
Conference Session
Educating Students for Professional Success
Collection
2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
David F. Ollis, North Carolina State University
Tagged Divisions
Graduate Studies, New Engineering Educators, Student
. In response, we have developed a yet broader first year experience encompassinga pair of two unit courses, one each in fall and spring. In the first, professionaldevelopment topics are followed by creation of an independent, ten page researchproposal. The second, spring semester effort requires the student, in consultation withher new advisor, to develop a NSF length proposal for the prospective PhD effort, andpresent it to her nascent PhD committee and course instructor. Additionally, earlierengagement with the PhD committee is now achieved through a January, second yearoral report to the PhD committee. The customary university Preliminary Exam occurs atthe beginning of year three, and includes both a document (progress and plans) and
Conference Session
Information Systems and Computing Potpourri
Collection
2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Guy Johnson, Rochester Institute of Technology
Tagged Divisions
Computing & Information Technology
Mobile GIS and GPS software. Additionally, thiscourse provides students with the opportunity to plan and implement field surveys in a teamenvironment, as well as perform laboratory-based geospatial data analysis on informationcollected in the field. The course emphasizes the integration of geospatial technologies for fieldsurveys. Topics include: • Principles of Global Positioning Systems (40%) • Data accuracy requirements (10%) • Mobile GIS software (10%) • Field mapping planning and implementation (20%) • Location-based services and asset tracking (20%)Educational and career outcomes • Students will be able to describe the principles of Global Positioning Systems (GPS) location measurement • Students will be
Conference Session
Descriptions of Curricular and Model Development
Collection
2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Amy Hsiao, Memorial University of Newfoundland
Tagged Divisions
K-12 & Pre-College Engineering
extent ofknowledge, readiness, and comfort level of science teachers in teaching engineering andtechnology innovation.An extensive literature search was also conducted on pre-existing science experiment orlaboratory kits produced by other universities and published as peer-reviewed research, as wellas websites that sell products for science teachers in high school.ResultsThe response rate was 40% out of the total questionnaires distributed, with 90% of the responsesreceived online. In addition, 90% of the respondents were from schools outside of St. John’s, thecapital city of NL. Sixty-two (62%) percent of the respondents were male; 38% were female.Of all respondents, 71% indicated that they were aware of at least one student who had plans
Conference Session
Learning From Experts
Collection
2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Indira Nair, Carnegie Mellon University; Eden Fisher, Carnegie Mellon University; Mustafa A. Biviji, Carnegie Mellon University
Tagged Divisions
Educational Research and Methods
for significant innovation at the interfaces between disciplines.By understanding expert mental models of innovation, engineering students can be prepared withboth specific skills for early career contributions to innovation, as well as insights into key leversfor the overall innovation system. By teaching these insights, educators may influence ongoing,self-directed education throughout an engineer’s career, enhancing the value creation frominnovation education.We are continuing the analysis to build a composite mental model that fully represents the tenexpert interviews, and are also planning more interviews. Moving forward, we plan tocomplement the insights from innovation experts with those from educators as well as students.References
Conference Session
Capstone Design Projects in ECE
Collection
2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
James Flynn, California State University, Northridge; Sharlene Katz, California State University, Northridge
Tagged Divisions
Electrical and Computer
Prior to this effort either thesources for senior sources for student department or students paid for thedesign projects over past 3 parts required in the projects. years Over the past 3 years our efforts have led to funding from both the Air Force and the Navy for senior design projects.VIII. Conclusions and Plans for Future WorkBased on the results presented here, the authors conclude that the use of SDR in senior designprovides many benefits. It provides a platform that
Conference Session
Innovations in Teaching Physics or Engineering Physics I
Collection
2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Adrian Ieta, Oswego State University College; Rachid Manseur, State University of New York, Oswego; Thomas E. Doyle P.Eng., McMaster University
Tagged Divisions
Engineering Physics & Physics
and set up a competitive lab. There are manyapproaches and innovative ideas to accomplish such a task [5, 6]. While some lab developmentcan be supported by substantial grants [7-9], things can easily become very disappointing whenstartup funds are unavailable to support the faculty’s research plans. The task of setting up a labmay often be vital, as research results in the lab and publications can provide additional grantproposal ideas for external funding, which can promote new research at higher levels.Nevertheless, solutions can sometimes be found [1, 6, 10]. This article discusses the plan and the Page 22.489.2decisions made in designing
Conference Session
Sustainable Energy Education
Collection
2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Robert Chasnov, Cedarville University
Tagged Divisions
Energy Conversion and Conservation
. In 2007, electricity purchasedfrom the local utility company accounted for 74% of the campus energy usage. Since theuniversity does not have direct control over which fuel is being used to provide this neededelectricity and since Congress is currently debating “Cap and Trade” legislation, it behooves theuniversity to take a serious look at its energy conservation practices. Recommendations to the university administration include the following: (1) line-itemthe energy cost to students as a part of their bills, (2) increase the rate of replacing olderequipment with high-efficiency units, (3) develop a plan for becoming carbon-neutral by aspecified date in the future, and (4) sponsor a project which integrates environmental, business
Conference Session
EM Program Design
Collection
2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Amy K. Zander P.E., Clarkson University
Tagged Divisions
Engineering Management
. Page 22.599.2ABET, Inc., has been the recognized accreditor for college and university programs in appliedscience, computing, engineering, and technology for more than 75 years. Among the purposes ofABET, Inc. (ABET) are two that relate to accreditation. ABET intends to 1) organize and carryout a comprehensive process of accreditation of pertinent programs leading to degrees, and assistacademic institutions in planning their educational programs, and 2) promote the intellectualdevelopment of those interested in applied science, computing, engineering, and technologyprofessions (ABET Policy, 2008). The Engineering Accreditation Commission (EAC) evaluatesand accredits individual degree programs with the word “engineering” in their title
Conference Session
Middle School Engineering Programs, Curriculum, and Evaluation
Collection
2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Mary Elizabeth Spencer, Queen's University; David S. Strong, Queen's University
Tagged Divisions
K-12 & Pre-College Engineering
specific topics such as chemistry and physics. Other includes ideas that did not follow acommon theme, some examples are know how to read floor plans, welding, and understandingmaterials. Page 22.601.7 Question 4 25 Percentage of Responses 20 15 10 5 0 Test
Conference Session
NSF Grantees Poster Session
Collection
2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Ingrid St. Omer, University of Kentucky
Tagged Topics
NSF Grantees
adultlearning theories of Knowles and Lawler, the experiential learning theory of Kolb, therecommendations of the Veterans’ Education for Engineering and Science workshop report, andthe recommendations developed from a case study completed by the University of KentuckyMilitary Veterans of America. The three focus areas of our approach are: 1) Recruitment andSupport Constructs, 2) Transition, and 3) Integration of Technical Experience. Recruitment andRetention strategies include development of “dummy proof” advertising and structuredcurriculum plans which incorporate BCTCblue+, a transfer/dual enrollment program betweenBCTC and UK that includes advising, guaranteed admission, UK courses at BCTC tuition rates,and more. This program offers pathways for
Conference Session
Innovative Methods to Teach Engineering to URMs
Collection
2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Carolyn A Vallas, University of Virginia; Wraegen Williams, University of Virginia, Center for Diversity in Engineering
Tagged Divisions
Minorities in Engineering
needed for America to compete in the diverse globaleconomy. This outreach effort has been designed and implemented with the aim of instillingan interest in computer science, engineering and entrepreneurship among the futureinnovators of America.LEAD-SEI’s three-week core curriculum consists of a team-based research project andcomputer science. These components allow groups to develop innovative solutions,products/prototypes, business plans and technology driven presentations to address real worldproblems; including the global challenges of the 21st century. In addition to theaforementioned, participants learn the scope of the different engineering fields fromUniversity professors and graduate students. Beyond discovering computer science
Conference Session
Developing Young MINDS in Engineering, Part II
Collection
2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Andrea M. Ogilvie, University of Texas, Austin
Tagged Divisions
Minorities in Engineering
Engineering (CSE). Offered throughout the fall andspring semesters, EOE FIGs assist students with building a support network that includes peers,upper division students, faculty, and professional engineers. Each FIG consists of 20 to 25 firstyear engineering students, one FIG Academic Tutor, two FIG Engineering Peer Leaders, and oneFIG Facilitator. The participants in each FIG cohort share a class schedule that includes at leasttwo to four courses in common which are also applicable to their engineering degree plan. Oneof these courses is a small, one-hour weekly FIG seminar designed to help students get to knoweach other, improve study skills, and develop strategies for academic success. The weeklyseminar is hosted by EOE staff members and upper
Conference Session
Experiential Learning Programs and the Transition to Industry
Collection
2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Roy Pruett, Bluefield State College; Bruce V. Mutter, Bluefield State College
Tagged Divisions
College Industry Partnerships
current trends in local industries; (2)providing students with the course examples and experiential learning that help ensure studentreadiness to meet the needs of the industries in which they plan to become employed becausetheir instructors are engaged with the industries in which they plan to become employed; (3)helping the College equip labs with the latest materials and equipment needed to provide currentand relevant training with commitment and assistance from these same local industries; (4)receiving awards and discounts from manufacturers selling equipment to our local industries andour labs because we are training students in the same technologies our industries are using; (5)helping local industries save money by reducing their training
Conference Session
Methods, Techniques, and New Programs in Graduate Education
Collection
2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Justin P. Micomonaco, Michigan State University
Tagged Divisions
Graduate Studies
education including teaching with technology, assessing teaching and learningand teaching and learning through diversity. In addition, participants work on their teachingportfolios and develop a teaching-as-research project plan for later implementation. In line withthe CIRTL pillars, this program develops a short-term, but intensive, learning communityatmosphere while exposing participants to the teaching-as-research and learning-through-diversity concepts. Evaluation of the program indicates that it is very well-received byparticipants with 94% agreeing that they would recommend the institute to a friend. In addition,nearly 60% of participants agreed that they both understood how to develop a teaching portfolioand had outlined an effective
Conference Session
Industrial Collaboration and Applications
Collection
2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Nasser Alaraje, Michigan Technological University; Aleksandr Sergeyev, Michigan Technological University; Joanne E. DeGroat, Ohio State University
Tagged Divisions
Engineering Technology
description languages, and only 40% of the four-year are planning tointroduce hardware description languages in the near future [3].Clearly, electrical engineering technology programs are far behind in teaching the skills thatrepresent current and future industry needs. As a result, the School of Technology is stepping upto this challenge by developing and introducing curriculum in hardware description languagesand programmable logic design. The major objectives of this curriculum shift are to give the Page 22.333.3students in the Electrical Engineering Technology program the opportunity to learn andexperience logic design using FPGA that is in line
Conference Session
International Experience, Effective Instruction, and Student Exchange Programs
Collection
2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Elizabeth M. Tront, Virginia Tech; Joseph G. Tront, Virginia Tech
Tagged Divisions
International
objective analysis of the design process in a global context in order to enhance usability, influence perception, and increase appeal relative to cultural standards. At the conclusion of the RSAP travel abroad experience, students will be able to:  identify and annunciate properly five basic phrases in the native language of the country visited  demonstrate an ability to plan, execute, and lead three critical aspects of a study abroad visit  evaluate their experiences in the study abroad program for improvement in key areas of leadership, communication and cultural awareness.The focus of this paper is on the steps
Conference Session
General Topics in Graduate Education
Collection
2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Robert M. Brooks, Temple University; Naji Khoury, Temple University; Jyothsna K. S., St. Joseph's College, Bangalore, Department of English; Amithraj Amavasai
Tagged Divisions
Graduate Studies
appropriate modifications in order to prepare the students for ethical issues they will face in their engineering practice. (2) The authors have been developing ethics modules that could be integrated into two undergraduate engineering courses: (1) transportation engineering and (2) intelligent transportation systems. (3) The authors plan to submit an NSF TUES grant for this effort.Bibliograpy Page 22.385.51.Gilbert, L. D. 1973. The changing work ethic and rehabilitation. Journal of Rehabilitation, 39 (4).2.Miller, P. F. & Coady, W. T. (1989). Teaching the ethics of work. Vocational Education Journal, 64
Conference Session
NSF Grantees Poster Session
Collection
2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Susan L. Burkett, University of Alabama; John C. Lusth, University of Alabama; Sushma Kotru, University of Alabama
Tagged Topics
NSF Grantees
ethics.The laboratory component consists of five laboratories where students analyze an automobilelighting system to reinforce fundamental principles, use a breadboard to create a circuit with anoperational amplifier, and assemble a radio from a kit. In addition, a laboratory where studentsdesign and build a functional product with attention to aesthetics has been introduced to exercisetheir creativity. The creative process is marked by progression through various stages such asbrainstorming, forming a construction plan, drawing schematic representations of the product,and implementation of the design. This project is motivated by the need for creative thought inengineering undergraduate students to enable enhanced product design. Each semester
Conference Session
NSF Grantees Poster Session
Collection
2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Lisa Benson, Clemson University; Sarah Jane Grigg, Clemson University; David R. Bowman, Clemson University; Michelle Cook, Clemson University; Roy P. Pargas, Clemson University / U.S .Air Force Academy
Tagged Topics
NSF Grantees
assessed, and will support futurecomponents of the project (identification of error patterns and assessing effects of priorknowledge). This overall project plan is summarized in Figure 1.Figure 1. Summary of project plan and evaluation plan components: inputs, outputs, outcomes,and evaluation methods.In-class Data CollectionTablet PC software called MuseInk® has been developed by one of our research team membersas a means for collecting digital Ink data. The software allows students to work problems on aTablet PC, and stores the digital Ink in such a way it can be played back, annotated and queried.Students work through problems much as they would with pen and paper, with the added benefit
Conference Session
Computer Science Applications
Collection
2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Norena Martin-Dorta, University of La Laguna; Isabel Sánchez Berriel, University of La Laguna; David López Rodríguez; Héctor Amado; Jose Luis Saorin, Universidad de La Laguna; Manuel Contero, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Instituto Interuniversitario de Investigación en Bioingeniería y Tecnología Orientada al Ser Humano (I3BH)
Tagged Divisions
Computers in Education
of exercises have been developed so far, which basically consist of building 3Dmodels with cubes:• Type 1: Coping 3D Model. This consists of copying the proposed 3D model (as seen on Figure 3).• Type 2: Three views. This consists of building a 3D model using three orthogonal views, front, top and right. To develop this project we used the first angle projection, the ISO standard primarily used in Europe with three standard views: front view, top view and right view (see Figure 4).Figure 3. Type 1: (a) Screen 1: suggested task (b) Screen 2: 3D plan where the student solves the taskFigure 4. Type 1: (a) Screen 1: suggested task (b) Screen 2: 3D plan where the student solves
Conference Session
Emerging Areas: Biotechnology, Microtechnology, and Energy
Collection
2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Jason M. Keith, Michigan Technological University; Daniel López Gaxiola, Michigan Technological University; Daniel A. Crowl, Michigan Technological University; David W. Caspary, Michigan Technological University; Abhijit Mukherjee, Michigan Technological University; Dennis Desheng Meng, Michigan Technological University; Jeffrey D. Naber, Michigan Technological University; Jeffrey S. Allen, Michigan Technological University; John T. Lukowski, Michigan Technological University; Barry D. Solomon, Michigan Technological University; Jay Scott Meldrum Sr., Michigan Technological University; Thomas F. Edgar, University of Texas, Austin
Tagged Divisions
Chemical Engineering
short, open -endedenergy questions, to better discern any improvement.AcknowledgmentsThe United States Department of Energy (DE-FG02-04ER63821) and the CACHECorporation are acknowledged for partial support of this project.Bibliography 1. Energy Policy Act of 2005, August 2005, available online at: http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi- bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=109_cong_public_laws&docid=f:publ058.109.pdf, accessed January 2011. 2. Multi-Year Research, Development and Demonstration Plan: Planned Program Activities for 2005-2015, Technical Plan – Education, April 2009, available online at: http://www1.eere.energy.gov/hydrogenandfuelcells/mypp/pdfs/education.pdf, accessed January 2011. 3. J. M
Conference Session
Innovative College-Industry Partnerships for the Future
Collection
2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Ana Elisa P. Goulart, Texas A&M University; Chris Corti, Ph.D., Cisco Systems, Inc.; Matthew Robert Hawkes, Cisco
Tagged Divisions
College Industry Partnerships
worked during the summer. Note that we had one studentworking directly with the development team, the automation (or test) team, and build team. - Automation Tool for Smart Regression (iAutomate) As part of a broader “continuous integration” project3, two Texas A&M summer interns were assigned to a project on Smart Regression, while a third intern was fully dedicated to the Test team. This project was well planned by the Cisco team even before students arrived. As part of the automation and testing, a large suite of testcases are included in each regression. Thus, when there are changes in the new software code for the call manager, all these testcases must be run. However, due to the large
Conference Session
Mechanical Engineering Technology Curriculum Innovations.
Collection
2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Vassilios Tzouanas, University of Houston, Downtown
Tagged Divisions
Engineering Technology
scheduling conflicts among themselves. Each student team must develop and presentfor approval a project proposal. The proposal outlines specific objectives, required resources,time-table of project execution, roles and responsibilities. Team effectiveness is also judged bythe timely completion of project deliverables. The project execution plan is the basis ofassessment. Fig. 5 shows such an execution plan. Informal project updates occur on a weeklybasis. A formal mid-term project status update is part of the course grade. Final projectpresentation and reporting occur at the semester end. This requirement aims at improving writingand presentation skills.Tasks Dates1: Software Training2: Proposal3: Initial Simulation4: Individual
Conference Session
Evolving Engineering Libraries: Services, Spaces, and Collections
Collection
2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Jeff McAdams, University of Texas, San Antonio
Tagged Divisions
Engineering Libraries
collectiondevelopment goals will be to grow our electronic collections.The New Science and Engineering Building Our university is a new campus, relative to many universities in the state. However, it isgrowing rapidly, especially in the sciences. In the last five years, our university opened twomulti-disciplinary science and engineering buildings. The newest building, the AppliedEngineering and Technology Building, opened for occupancy in Fall 2009 and officially inSpring 2010; our library opened few months later, in May. In the original plans for the building, a laboratory space was built where our library isnow. The architects and builders outfitted the room with various lab specifications, including aneye-wash station, a multitude of power
Conference Session
Computer Science Applications
Collection
2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Dan Li, Northern Arizona University
Tagged Divisions
Computers in Education
methodology. The coretopics are assessed through theoretical questions including true/false questions, shortanswers, and algorithm simulations. Table 2 shows the comparison of student scores oncore topics in Fall 2008 and Fall 2010 course offerings, respectively. From the table, theimprovement on student scores is tremendous. The D&F rate has dropped from 50% to21%. Even though with the limited number of samples we cannot simply conclude thatthe practice-oriented approach is the mere contributor to this improvement, without anydoubt, the hands-on experiments do help students digest the core theoretical data miningconcepts. In future, we plan to develop a detailed assessment rubric to evaluate theeffectiveness of course delivery systematically
Conference Session
Interdisciplinary Education in Engineering Technology
Collection
2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Stephen R. Fleeman, Rock Valley College
Tagged Divisions
Engineering Technology
servicedevelopment, testing and alternative energy product certifications with an emphasis on theelectrical and electronic systems. The SES program helps prepare you to take the Alternative-Energy Integrator Certification examinations offered by the Electronics Technicians Association,International.” The SES degree program sequence plan is provided in Table 1. The certification componentof the program description is explained in the next section.Table 1. SES program sequence plan.2. Designing a curriculum for assessment The faculty agreed unanimously the new program should not be designed for installers, butrather designers who possess a great breadth of knowledge that embellishes their expertise inelectronics. It was also decided that external
Conference Session
Multidisciplinary Technical Session
Collection
2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Kenneth Reid, Ohio Northern University; Susan M. Montenery, Ohio Northern University; Courtney M. Hetrick, Ohio Northern University
Tagged Divisions
Multidisciplinary Engineering
Electrical orComputer Engineering) or a Biomedical Sciences minor (through Mechanical Engineering) 1;both options offer students an opportunity to take coursework and some laboratory work in thebiomedical area well into their plan of study. Implementing a full scale biomedical engineeringprogram is not feasible without significant additional recourses or an affiliated medical school.There is little opportunity to work in a laboratory setting on projects related to biomedicalengineering in the first year of study, as is the case for most if not all engineering programs.Engineering faculty met with faculty from the Department of Nursing while pursuingopportunities for undergraduate student research projects and, together, an undergraduateresearch and
Conference Session
Digital Technologies and Learning
Collection
2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Catherine T. Amelink, Virginia Tech; Shreya Kothaneth, Virginia Tech; Glenda R. Scales, Virginia Tech
Tagged Divisions
Educational Research and Methods
plan that would help determine the extent to which thistechnology was changing the nature of teaching and learning. The plan was designed incollaboration with representatives from the School of Education at Virginia Tech.Conceptual FrameworkThe assessment approach tied to this initiative is informed by best practices and includesthe fundamental qualities of a comprehensive assessment program, including the idea thatthe evaluation, reporting, and use of results are an ongoing, cyclical process. This processis intended to be a transparent, public process involving many different stakeholders andit is designed to understand and improve student learning. The methodology uses asystematic process to collect and analyze data. Results are then used to