Conference Session

Exploration of Broad Issues and Promotion of Engineering and Technological Literacy

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Dan G. Dimitriu, San Antonio College

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Technological and Engineering Literacy/Philosophy of Engineering

of opening the first MESA Program in Texas [3], [4] in 2007. It was thefirst and still is the only MESA Program in Texas. From the beginning it was a center thatcontinuously promoted technical literacy and being coordinated by our Engineering Program, itwas also one of our major promoters and recruiters for students to pursue careers in STEM fieldsand particularly, in engineering. Its mission was, and still is, to help and support studentsbecome scientists, engineers, and mathematicians responding to a growing national need forqualified technical professionals.BackgroundThe term “technological literacy” refers to one's ability to use, manage, evaluate, and understandtechnology (ITEA, 2000/2002) [5]. In order to be a technologically or

Conference Session

Community Engagement Division Technical Session 4

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Melissa Morris, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University - Worldwide

Tagged Divisions

Community Engagement Division

. It is here that studentssometimes lose focus and cannot see that they are still headed to the career or specialization thatsparked their interest. They forget why they chose engineering in the first place, and so retentioncan be a challenge. This paper will present a course that not only addresses this issue, but alsoincorporates project-based learning and community involvement to enrich the educationexperience.BackgroundInarguably, engineering is a challenging curriculum. STEM fields have a completion rateranging from 21-54% as opposed to business at 63-71% [1]. In addition to academic challenges,notably in math [2], students need motivation and perseverance. Motivation in particular can behighly effective, and it was shown that getting

Conference Session

CPDD Session 2 - Professional Development - Where Are We Going?

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Susan J. Ely, University of Southern Indiana

Tagged Divisions

Continuing Professional Development

Paper ID #31454Online Professional Development for Embedding Industry Credentials inEngineering CurriculaDr. Susan J Ely, University of Southern Indiana Dr. Ely began her academic career at the community college level, after having worked as an engineer in areas of manufacturing, distribution, logistics and supply chain. Her research interests in Supply Chain Management include optimization through resiliency, lean supply chain practices and effective instruction in supply chain for career development, professional development of educators and online practices. c American Society for Engineering

Conference Session

NSF Grantees: Faculty Development 2

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Lea K. Marlor, University of Michigan; Cynthia J. Finelli, University of Michigan; Madison E. Andrews, University of Texas at Austin; Bobbie Bermudez, University of Oregon; Maura J. Borrego, University of Texas at Austin; Laura J. Carroll, University of Michigan; Nicholette Marie DeRosia, University of Oregon ; Matthew Charles Graham; Jenefer Husman, University of Oregon; Michael J. Prince, Bucknell University

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

also outreach to pre-college students to introduce them to science and engineering career opportunities. Ms. Marlor joined University of California, Berkeley in 2013. She has a B.S. in Materials Engineering from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute.Dr. Cynthia J. Finelli, University of Michigan Dr. Cynthia Finelli is Professor of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Professor of Education, and Director and Graduate Chair for Engineering Education Research Programs at University of Michigan (U-M). Dr. Finelli is a fellow in the American Society of Engineering Education, a Deputy Editor of the Journal for Engineering Education, an Associate Editor of the IEEE Transactions on Education, and past chair of the

Conference Session

Minorities in Engineering Division Technical Session 2

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Aidsa I. Santiago-Roman, University of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez Campus; Manuel A. Jimenez, University of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez Campus; Luisa Guillemard, University of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez Campus; Sonia M. Bartolomei-Suarez, University of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez Campus; Oscar Marcelo Suarez, University of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez Campus; Nelson Cardona-Martínez, University of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez Campus; Carla López del Puerto, University of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez Campus; Nayda G. Santiago, University of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez Campus; Pedro O. Quintero, University of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez Campus; Anidza Valentín-Rodríguez, University of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez Campus

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Minorities in Engineering

), and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). Currently she is the internal evaluator for the projects Recruiting, Retaining and Engaging Academically Talented Students from Economically Disadvantaged Groups into a Pathway to Successful Engineering Careers (PEARLS) and for Building Capacity at Collaborative Undergraduate STEM Program in Resilient and Sustainable Infrastructure (RISE-UP). Both projects are funded by NSF.Dr. Sonia M. Bartolomei-Suarez, University of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez Campus Sonia M. Bartolomei-Suarez is a Professor of Industrial Engineering at the University of Puerto Rico Mayag¨uez (UPRM). She graduated with a BS in Industrial Engineering from UPRM (1983), a MSIE (1985) from Purdue

Collection

2020 St.Lawrence Section Meeting

Authors

Kyle Trenshaw; Emily Weber; Rachel Monfredo

models is important in retaining STEM majors,as well as creating a sense of community and belonging among students. Providing a networkthat scaffolds not only academic achievement, but also comradery results in classmates andmentors who become lifelong connections and support systems.Setting up this kind of learning community in a classroom moves away from a lecture-basedfocus and towards discussions in small groups around exercises and activities. This is the modelauthor Raymond Landis used to teach his Chautauqua Short Course “Enhancing Student Successthrough a Model Introduction to Engineering Course,” which was supplemented by his textbook,Studying Engineering a Road Map to a Rewarding Career [1]. Over three decades of teaching,Landis found

Conference Session

Survivor: The First Few Years

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Elizabeth Creamer, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Tonya Saddler, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Margaret Layne, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University

Tagged Divisions

New Engineering Educators

recognized as one of the strongest influences on academic scientists’ and engineers’productivity1 and satisfaction2. Perceptions of climate reflect policies, practices, and interactionsat both a local level, as within a lab or department, and at more global level of the college oruniversity. The Collaborative on Academic Careers in Higher Education (COACHE), anemerging voice from Harvard University about faculty careers, measures climate to include (a)personal and professional interactions with colleagues, (b) opportunities for collaboration, (c)sense of fit, (d) intellectual vitality of the senior faculty, (e) fairness of evaluation, (f) equitabletreatment, and (g) support for professional development. Perceptions of climate at the more locallevel

Conference Session

FPD1 - Early Success and Retention

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jale Tezcan, Southern Illinois University-Carbondale; John Nicklow, Southern Illinois University-Carbondale; James Mathias, Southern Illinois University-Carbondale; Lalit Gupta, Southern Illinois University-Carbondale; Rhonda Kowalchuk, Southern Illinois University-Carbondale

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

increase theretention and graduation rates. A variety of strategies, including revision of teaching methodsand redesign of traditional classes are being implemented to improve freshmen experience as awhole. A recent nationwide survey by Brannan and Wankat10 indicate that more than two-thirdsof the engineering programs have a first-year introductory course to motivate students. Whilehelping students choose a career path has been a traditional goal 11, 12 , most such courses nowinclude computational tools 9, 13 and hands-on design projects 14-20 that emphasize activelearning.Unfavorable nationwide trends, particularly the declining graduation rates prompted the Collegeof Engineering (COE) to undertake a major initiative to improve retention. Current

Conference Session

IE and EM Program Mangement

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Lahoud Hilmi, East Carolina University; Batts David, East Carolina University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Management

, network engineers are often managed in a fashion that drivesthem to job dissatisfaction and leads them to pursue other job opportunities. Thispaper covers some of the challenges that network administrators face and how“Theory X” and “Theory Y” affects their job satisfaction in addition to how anengineering manager can improve performance through job satisfaction.IntroductionNetwork engineering is one of the most dynamic and challenging careers in theInformation Technology (IT) industry. Network engineering has evolved in thepast few years due to the yoke of the IT industry and the globalization ofeconomy. As network engineers seek to provide better designs andimplementations of computer networks, they also have to take into considerationcertain

Conference Session

Engineering Professional Development for K-12 Teachers – I

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kimberly Ogden, University of Arizona; Gregory Ogden, University of Arizona

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

session. Workshops and tours include: • Inquiry and Notebooks • Mathematics Pedagogy • Standards • Integration of Science in the Elementary Classroom • Equity in the Classroom • Career Pathways in STEM fields • Power Plant Tour • Bioremediation Site TourThe curricular work session provide time for the teams of teachers to refine their lesson plansand ensure that their lessons are inquiry based and tied to the Standards. The lessons developedbased on the water recycle research experience include:Lesson 1) Water Dilemma Simulation Objective: Given a water dilemma scenario, the student will analyze the problem and determine a solution based on his/her given role by creating a t-chart with at least three advantages and

Conference Session

Preparing the Future Workforce in Aerospace

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Narayanan Komerath, Georgia Institute of Technology; Marilyn Smith, Georgia Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Aerospace

US citizens or permanent residents2. They had to be taking full academic loads towards an approved CSEMS degree3. They should be aiming for technical careers in these disciplines4. The scholarship was intended to relieve students of the financial burden of seeking outside jobs, thus allowing them to focus on their academic programs.5. The program was prohibited from requiring research or other productive activities.Program Objectives & Elements Page 13.962.2The objectives of our program are to enable access to a top-quality education to the mostdeserving students and to ensure the best guidance for their success

Conference Session

Engineering Student Involvement in K-12 Programs

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Malinda Zarske, University of Colorado at Boulder; Janet Yowell, University of Colorado at Boulder; Jacquelyn Sullivan, University of Colorado at Boulder; Daniel Knight, University of Colorado at Boulder; Diana Wiant, Centaurus High School

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

content testing –With support from teachers, Fellows create tests and quizzes that specify and measure lesson concepts. They use multiple choice, matching, true/false and fill- in-the-blank formats. Tests are administered pre- and post-instruction.‚ Student attitude surveys – All grades 3-8 students participating in the TEAMS program rate their level of interest in engineering and confidence in their knowledge of engineering as a career. Students rate their attitudes on five-point Likert-type scales. Surveys for elementary students use age-appropriate terms and questions are often read aloud.‚ Rating of Fellow teaching skills – Teachers, Fellows and ITL program staff provide feedback on Fellow teaching skills, including content

Conference Session

Women & New Faculty Development

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Elizabeth DeBartolo, Rochester Institute of Technology; Cory Hoffman, Rochester Institute of Technology; Melissa Zaczek, Rochester Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

New Engineering Educators

studentsto support research and teaching activities. Often, new faculty are assigned graduate studentassistants for research projects or are given TA’s from a pool of applicants. Sometimes theseworking relationships turn out to be productive for both the faculty member and the student, butmany times this is not the case. This paper will present a method of identifying students early onin their academic careers and developing good working relationships that are beneficial to bothfaculty and students.Over the past five years, students who have done well in lower-level classes have been hired asgraders, lab instructors, and – in some cases – MS students. By hand-selecting students andintroducing them gradually to the instructor’s side of class

Conference Session

Industrial Collaboration & Applications in ET

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Thomas Dobrowski, Purdue University-North Central

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

current and relevant to their chosen field. It can be further stated that existing employees, through either undergraduate or graduate studies can also further their education and make themselves more valuable to their employers. This being said, universities want to provide their students with practical experience so that they are better prepared to start their careers. Business, likewise, wants students with relevant knowledge thereby reducing training time.It is for these reasons, and others, that the amount of University/Industry collaborations haveincreased in the last ten years. As Powers et al. (1988) stated “the most fundamental reason thatinstitutions of higher education want to collaborate with businesses

Conference Session

Emerging EM Areas

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Erin Brown, Valparaiso University; Doug Tougaw, Valparaiso University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Management

resultsof these efforts and lessons learned over several years of recruiting engineers to becomeengineering managers.2. Benefits of Engineering Management Education for Engineering StudentsIt has been recognized for a number of years that every engineering graduate should possesssome knowledge about the world of business, and that those competencies can serve to help themadvance their careers.1-2 The benefits of learning about the fundamentals of engineeringmanagement are numerous, including developing skills in leadership and teamwork that arevaluable to the student even in other undergraduate courses.3,4 Furthermore, developing skills inthis area can promote entrepreneurship, which is a natural complement to engineeringmanagement skills.5

Conference Session

Capstone Courses I

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

William Smith, University of Kentucky-Lexington; Jamey Jacob, University of Kentucky; Suzanne Smith, University of Kentucky; James Lumpp, University of Kentucky

Tagged Divisions

Systems Engineering Constituent Committee

Mars aircraft and a prototype high-altitude test-bed UAV that is launched in high Earth atmosphere. In essence, students involvedin BIG BLUE joined the aerospace workforce while participating in the project, whichinfluenced their decision to choose and pursue an aerospace career. Opportunities were alsoavailable to visit and work with practicing aerospace engineers in industry and at NASA. Annualsupport and expenditures, student and faculty involvement in project management and aerospaceworkforce development results are included. With three successful flight experiments in threeyears, a review of BIG BLUE reveals the effort, cost and results of experiential systemsengineering and aerospace workforce development.IntroductionBIG BLUE is a high

Conference Session

Freshman Design and Other Novel Programs

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Paul King, Vanderbilt University; Mark Richter, MaxMobility

Tagged Divisions

Biomedical

presented with the following course description: “Rehabilitationengineering is the application of technologies, engineering methodologies or scientific principlesto meet the needs of individuals with disabilities in areas that include mobility, communication,education, employment, transportation, independent living, and recreation. We will explore avariety of the current topics in rehabilitation research and development. Engineers from alldisciplines contribute to the field of rehabilitation engineering. There are no prerequisites for thecourse. Career options in this field include research and development, physical rehabilitationmedicine, technology development (e.g. wheelchair companies), technology prescription(clinical), and policy development

Conference Session

Issues in Engineering Technology Education

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Niaz Latif, Purdue University Calumet ; Mohammad A. Zahraee, Purdue University, Calumet (Tech); Joy L Colwell, Purdue University, Calumet (Tech)

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

-2010. A professor of Mechanical Engineering Technology, Moham- mad chairs the Graduate Education Council in the school of technology, advises all incoming graduate students, and approves all graduation audits for MS students. MS in technology at Purdue University Calumet has 150 students, the second largest enrollment for such degree.Prof. Joy L Colwell, Purdue University, Calumet (Tech) Joy L. Colwell is a Professor of Organizational Leadership and Supervision, and the Director of Graduate Studies for Purdue University Calumet. She writes regularly on the incorporation of interpersonal and career skills in technology education, and on issues relating to administration of graduate programs

Conference Session

The D/M/A of CE

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Daniel M. Dulaski, Northeastern University

Tagged Divisions

Community Engagement Division

experience is one of the last opportunities that instructors have to share their ideaswith students in an academic setting. One “parting charge” for students leaving campus is givingback to the community. Since 2010, Northeastern University’s Transportation capstone programhas successfully integrated the academic and real-world experience resulting in a culminatingexperience. When done properly, both the community and students will benefit from thecommunity-based capstone project.A student’s academic career is typically spent on a college campus with very little interactionwith the surrounding community. Throughout their academic careers, students are surroundedwith “text book” problems. The “given” that is provided in homework assignments

Conference Session

K-12 Professional Development II

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ronald H Rockland, New Jersey Institute of Technology; Levelle Burr-Alexander, New Jersey Institute of Technology; Howard S. Kimmel, New Jersey Institute of Technology; John D. Carpinelli, New Jersey Institute of Technology; Linda S Hirsch, New Jersey Institute of Technology; Thomas Michael Tylutki, New Jersey Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

discussion, as well as submission of assignments by teachers. This paperdescribes the process, as well as the assessments from the first cohort.Index Terms – Pre-engineering Curricula, Robotics, Attitudes toward Science, Mathematics andEngineering, Knowledge about engineering careers.IntroductionOver the next few years, the demand for engineers is expected to increase faster than for all otheroccupations combined but the number of students pursuing careers in engineering is notincreasing adequately to meet this demand. In fact, the number of students completingbaccalaureate degrees in engineering has increased very little over the last decade1. Increasingthe presence of engineering in K-12 education, especially through the application of science

Conference Session

Teaching - Best Practices

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ismail Fidan Ph.D., Tennessee Technological University; Julie C Baker Ph.D., Tennessee Technological University

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

: Integrating cutting-edge design and manufacturing tools into 9th and 10th grade STEM educationAbstractThe Designing the Future (DTF) project targets the 9th and 10th grade STEM teachers and isfocused on curriculum development through project based inquiry using design and modelingtools. The content focus of this project is Math, Science, and CTE (Career and TechnicalEducation) concepts of engineering, 3D modeling, design, programming, simulation, andadditive manufacturing (AM). The content is aligned with the Math, Science, and CTE standardsfor 9th and 10th grades including the embedded student performance standards for engineeringand technology. Additionally, STEM Academy© standards are covered during the professionaldevelopment (PD

Conference Session

Outreach and Freshman Programs

Collection

2003 Annual Conference

Authors

Mark Smith; Wayne Walter

from seeing their prototypes utilized by others less fortunate. We anticipate asimilar level of satisfaction for our Honors students.2. The Honors ProgramThe RIT Honors Program, which extends throughout the entire period of the student’sundergraduate program at RIT, aspires to provide a comprehensive education of the highestquality consisting of three components: professional opportunities within the student’s college,four enhanced general-education courses, and specially designed experiential-education activitiesdesigned to meet the educational, career and personal objectives of RIT’s most talented students[19].In their freshman and sophomore years, Honors students are required to participate in a minimumof two complementary learning

Conference Session

ASEE Multimedia Session

Collection

2003 Annual Conference

Authors

Philip Parker; Max Anderson

on students’ career choice. Nearly 80% ofthe respondents noted that they had been actively encourage by family and friends to pursueengineering. This fraction was nearly identical for men and women (79.2% and 79.4%respectively). In a separate but related question, 15% of all respondents either “strongly agreed”or “agreed” with the statement “I felt pressure to pursue a technical degree.” Page 8.340.5Other results from this portion of the survey indicated that 93% of the respondents excelled inmath and science in high school and that 74% either agreed or strongly agreed with the statement“I wanted to make a difference in people’s lives.”The

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2003 Annual Conference

Authors

Philip Parker; Max Anderson

on students’ career choice. Nearly 80% ofthe respondents noted that they had been actively encourage by family and friends to pursueengineering. This fraction was nearly identical for men and women (79.2% and 79.4%respectively). In a separate but related question, 15% of all respondents either “strongly agreed”or “agreed” with the statement “I felt pressure to pursue a technical degree.” Page 8.339.5Other results from this portion of the survey indicated that 93% of the respondents excelled inmath and science in high school and that 74% either agreed or strongly agreed with the statement“I wanted to make a difference in people’s lives.”The

Conference Session

Graduate Student Experiences

Collection

2003 Annual Conference

Authors

Carol Mullenax

Session 1355 Obtaining an Academic Position – Job Hunting Strategy and Resources Carol Mullenax Tulane UniversityAbstractEven in this age of seemingly endless information available on the internet, job postings foracademic positions can be difficult to find and even more difficult to evaluate.Contrary to the industrial job hunt, potential employers do not generally come looking for entry-level faculty members. Academic positions are not handled at career fairs, and headhunters areseldom employed to find an entry

Conference Session

Multimedia Engineering Education,Distance, Service, & Internet-Based Approaches

Collection

2003 Annual Conference

Authors

Rodney Custer; Michael Daugherty

Session Number: 2003-577 Project ProBASE: Design for Pre-Engineering Education Rodney L. Custer, Michael K. Daugherty Illinois State UniversityBackground and OverviewEngineering education is confronting some significant pipeline challenges at the K-12 level inpreparing students for university engineering education programs. These problems include a lackof engineering career awareness as part of the K-12 curricula, a disproportionateunderrepresentation of females and minorities, a lack of a coherent vision of how students canbest be prepared for and oriented to post-secondary engineering

Conference Session

Women in Engineering: New Research

Collection

2003 Annual Conference

Authors

Yell Inverso; Rachelle Heller; Dave Snyder; Charlene Sorenson; Catherine Mavriplis

that inoffering an alternative learning environment, we might reach more women (Hunsaker,1996, Shirley, 1999, Huang et. al., 2000), under-represented minorities1 and traditionalstudents, encourage them to persevere in their fields and offer them some useful tools fortheir career development.The course was developed as part of a National Science Foundation (NSF) grant for theadvancement of women and under-represented groups in science and engineering. TheNSF-funded project is entitled FORWARD in SEM (www.seas.gwu.edu/~forward). Thisproject aims to increase the numbers of women and individuals from underrepresentedgroups in advanced science, engineering and mathematics (SEM) studies and careers.Our particular focus is on the bridge between

Conference Session

Knowing Students: Diversity & Retention

Collection

2003 Annual Conference

Authors

Joanne Hood; Elizabeth Bahe; Fonda Swimmer; Ingrid St. Omer

Session 1430The College of Engineering & Technology (CET) is the winner of the 1999 Boeing OutstandingEducator Award in recognition of our design sequence, Design4Practice. The Design4Practicesequence, taken by all students, is composed of a series of highly integrated design courses thatspan their program of study. This practice-oriented engineering curriculum, crafted withextensive input from industry, is built around a four-year interdisciplinary sequence of designcourses that introduce students to the design process early in their college careers, whileincreasing the complexity of design challenges throughout the four years of study. Strongemphasis is placed on modeling real-world design scenarios: students work in interdisciplinaryteams

Conference Session

Research and Graduate Studies

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Brook Sattler, University of Washington; Adam R. Carberry, Arizona State University; Lauren D. Thomas, Virginia Tech

Tagged Divisions

Graduate Studies

community. Through theprofessional development umbrella, GEECS has hosted webinars related to career development,graduate student life, and peer mentoring to help connect students in the field.In this paper, we discuss the initial peer mentoring plan and the evolution of two peer mentoringgroups. We then present autoethnographies4 about our experiences participating in the GEECSpeer mentoring groups. In concluding, we offer implications for future research, as well asprofessional development endeavors, such as expanding and connecting peer mentoring torelated types of activities.GEECS Peer MentoringTo fulfill the GEECS mission, there existed an opportunity for graduate students to personallyand professionally support one another through such things

Conference Session

Global Engineering Education: Cross-cultural Awareness and Social Impacts

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Suzanne W. Scott, The Petroleum Institute

Tagged Divisions

International

III. Engineers Creating GoodwillPart IV Course Outline: Exercises, games, and role-playing Page 25.829.4Part I Course Outline: The Global EngineerThe following questions are intended to stimulate interactive discourse with Middle Easternuniversity students. Special faculty could be brought in to deliver certain sections, depending onthe desired scope. For instance, background for question 1 might be delivered by a facultyeconomist or historianSection I. Globalization and YouWhat is globalization and what does it have to do with how we prepare you for yourengineering career?This is a question that provides rationale for the ensuing module. R. C