Conference Session

Computers in Education 1 - Programming I

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

James Lewis, University of Louisville; Nicholas Hawkins, University of Louisville; Brian Robinson

Paper ID #37157Student Perceptions of Programming Instruction in aMakerspace vs Synchronous Remote EnvironmentJames E. Lewis (Associate Professor) James E. Lewis, Ph.D. is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Engineering Fundamentals in the J. B. Speed School of Engineering at the University of Louisville. His research interests include parallel and distributed computer systems, cryptography, engineering education, undergraduate retention and technology (Tablet PCs) used in the classroom.Nicholas Hawkins (Assistant Professor) © American Society for Engineering Education, 2022

Conference Session

First-Year Programs Division Technical Session 11: Program Descriptions and Learning Analytics

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Laura Cruz Castro, Purdue University at West Lafayette (PPI); Tiantian Li, Purdue University at West Lafayette (COE); Leyla Ciner; Kerrie Douglas, Purdue University at West Lafayette (COE); Christopher Brinton, Purdue University at West Lafayette (COE)

for Business Students: Student Retention and Academic Success,” Journal of Behavioral and Applied Management, 2005, doi: 10.21818/001c.14572.[12] K. C. Ellis, “Ready for college: Assessing the influence of student engagement on student academic motivation in a first-year experience program,” 2013.[13] B. D. Jones, M. C. Paretti, S. F. Hein, and T. W. Knott, “An analysis of motivation constructs with first-year engineering students: Relationships among expectancies, values, achievement, and career plans,” Journal of Engineering Education, vol. 99, no. 4, 2010, doi: 10.1002/j.2168-9830.2010.tb01066.x.[14] J. E. Froyd and G. J. Rogers, “Evolution and evaluation of an integrated, first-year curriculum

Conference Session

Engineering Ethics Division Poster Session

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Josephine Meyer, University of Colorado Boulder; Bethany Wilcox, University of Colorado Boulder; Noah Finkelstein, University of Colorado Boulder

, July 22-23, 2020 (S. Wolf, M. Bennett, and B. Frank, ed.), pp. 191–197, AAPT, 2020.[31] A. Daane, S. Decker, and V. Sawtelle, “Teaching about racial equity in introductory physics courses,” The Physics Teacher, vol. 55, pp. 323–333, 2017.[32] C. Dalton and J. Hudgings, “Integrating equity: Curriculum development and student experiences in an intermediate-level college physics major course,” The Physics Teacher, vol. 58, pp. 545–551, 2020.[33] J. Hoehn and N. Finkelstein, “Fostering inclusion and teaching equity in a Modern Physics for Engineers course,” in Proceedings of the 2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference, June 22-26, 2020, ASEE, 2020.[34] M. Baylor, J. Hoehn, and N. Finkelstein, “Infusing equity, diversity, and inclusion

Conference Session

LEES 3: Assessing/Addressing Mental Health

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

David Bruce, University of Ottawa

selection of teaching methodsthat may enable more connections to be forged in our community. This initial study will focus onVygotsky's sociocultural theory in order to explore how if we open the classroom up to socialinteraction on difficult topics, we can promote internalized individual reflection of socialbehaviors. It is the development of this praxis that has the aim of preventing depression ascaused by loneliness in our increasingly fractionated society.Authenticity in relationships and loneliness play a large factor in depression. The initial scope ofthe study is to identify elements of our curriculum that may be affecting authenticity andcategorizing them to form an assay with regard to types of activity our students are engaged in

Conference Session

Research Frameworks for Identity and Equity: Equity, Culture & Social Justice in Education Division Technical Session 9

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ingrid Scheel, Oregon State University; Gail Verdi, Kean University; Lara Letaw, Oregon State University

International Society for Optics and Photonics as a conference chair, editor, and author. She is the President of the Optical Society of America, Columbia Section, and works to forge strong connections between industry and academic research.Gail Verdi Dr. Gail Verdi is Executive Director of Kean University's School of Curriculum and Teaching, Associate Professor in the Department of Elementary, Middle, and Secondary Education, and Coordinator of Kean's Graduate TESOL Program. She currently serves on NABE’s Research and Assessment SIG as an Executive Board member; and is a member of the Advisory Board for a 2021-2022 NSF Grant: "Embedding Equitable Design through Undergraduate Computing Curriculum" awarded to Dr. Patricia

Conference Session

Community Engagement Division Technical Session 3- Multi- and Inter-disciplinary, Collaboration, and Engagement in Practice

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Malle Schilling, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Jacob Grohs, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University

also used to inform data analysis, so thelens through which this data collection and data was viewed was very limited in nature. Conclusions Collaboration can be an incredibly complex process involving many stakeholders withdifferent perspectives and approaches to engaging. However, collaboration can also be incrediblybeneficial particularly as it relates to the distribution of time, energy and resources amongstakeholders. In the context of education in rural places, where teachers and schools may bestretched too thin, collaboration is crucial. As K-12 continues to adapt to calls for expanding theengineering workforce and adopt standards that integrate engineering into science curriculum

Conference Session

Curricular Developments in Electrical and Computer Engineering

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Benjamin Flores, University of Texas at El Paso; Hector Ochoa; Chandra Pappu, Union College

Paper ID #36943Adapting Chaos Theory for Undergraduate ElectricalEngineersBenjamin C. Flores (Professor)Hector A. Ochoa (Assistant Professor) Dr. Hector Ochoa is an Associate Professor of Electrical Engineering at Stephen F. Austin State University, where he develops curriculum and laboratories in engineering physics. Dr. Ochoa graduated with his doctorate and M.S. from the University of Texas at El Paso, and a Bachelor’s degree from The University of Guadalajara, Mexico. His current research interests include Radar Image Processing, Compressive Radar, and Engineering Education.Chandra S. Pappu (Assistant Professor

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Rebecca Atadero, Colorado State University; Jody Paul, Metropolitan State University of Denver; Karen Rambo-Hernandez, Texas A&M University; Melissa Morris, University of Nevada - Las Vegas; Christopher Griffin, West Virginia University; Christina Paguyo, University of Denver; Scott Leutenegger; Ronald Delyser; Robin Hensel, West Virginia University; Anne Marie Casper

this research initiative as a postdoctoral research fellow in 2014 when ourproject focused on first-year engineering students at one institution. After we received NSFfunding to expand our research across disciplines and institutions in 2017, I was excited to serveas principal investigator for the University of Denver team. Over the course of this project, Ioften identified myself in terms of what I was not: not an engineer, not a computer scientist, not aprofessor, and not white.A pleasant surprise is how this project has planted seeds of sustainability that will hopefully livebeyond the cycle of this grant. Thanks to the leadership of Scott Leutenegger and ChrisGauthierDickey, the computer science curriculum at DU is in the process of being

Conference Session

Labs and Demonstrations in Chemical Engineering Education

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jacqueline Mohalley-Snedeker, Georgia Institute of Technology; Benjamin Galfond, Georgia Institute of Technology

that “above all other skillsrequired to be an ‘effective engineer,’ communication was ranked as “essential” by over 60%of our survey respondents.” [1].When ABET adopted Engineering Criteria 2000 [2], which focused more specifically onprofessional skills in demand by employers, many engineering departments continued theirefforts to incorporate instruction on these skills into their curriculum in various ways. Somerelied on stand-alone courses or workshops [3], [4], whereas others integrated the teachingof these skills into courses such as senior design as well as lab classes [5], [6]. The majorityof these initiatives, especially those involving instruction on communication skills, relied onhiring graduate students from English departments or

Conference Session

Pre-College Engineering Education Division Poster Session

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Holly Golecki, University of Illinois at Urbana - Champaign; Sara Lamer, University of Illinois at Urbana - Champaign; Elizabeth McNeela, University of Illinois at Urbana - Champaign; Thomas Tran, University of Illinois at Urbana - Champaign; Aasiyah Adnan, University of Illinois at Urbana - Champaign

activities forstudents to design and build their own soft gripper. This paper details the soft roboticscurriculum adapted for 6-8 year old children. These materials will allow other girl scout troopleaders to instruct similar lessons to earn these badges. We also present initial survey responsesfrom the girl scout participants. Surveys captured the students' drawings and perceptions ofrobotics and who builds robots. Survey responses will inform the use of soft robotics in grades asearly as elementary school. We aim to evaluate an alternative robotics curriculum that isspecifically designed to create inclusive robotics spaces for girls with the goal of reducing thegender disparity in STEM and traditional engineering majors.IntroductionDespite

Conference Session

Engineering Ethics Division: Approaches to Ethics Education (Part 1)

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Cortney Holles, Colorado School of Mines

the humanities and social sciences, and, in particular, writing instruction forengineers. Employers consistently report that communication skills are among the mostvaluable assets for new employees coming out of college engineering programs. Just as withethics instruction, various institutions handle teaching writing and communication in differentways, from requiring stand-alone courses to integrating writing across the curriculum. Eventhough ABET requires proficiency in communication skills as an outcome, Reave found thatinstitutions’ methods of including writing in engineering curricula is scattered and exposure towriting practice is minimal [15]. Buswell et al. summarize important findings about engineeringcurricula and writing instruction

Conference Session

Computers in Education 7 - Modulus 2

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mahmoud Quweider, The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley; Fitratullah Khan; Liyu Zhang; Hansheng Lei

force through our curriculum and integrated nationalvendor-neutral certifications that offer job seekers a distinct competitive edge.As an integral part of the degree, we detailed many of the support resources and activities that goside-by-side with the academic and curricular activities, from students’ clubs, to specialized labs,dedicated media and web platforms, partnership agreements with local high schools, and to diverseset of delivery offerings and learning tools.Finally, we presented current and projected enrollment numbers that exceeded our expectations byleaps and bounds. Future work will further detail how we are integrating NICE curriculum andcertification in every course to meet the objectives of every certification by the time

Conference Session

Faculty Development Division Technical Session 4

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Nancy Warter-Perez, California State University, Los Angeles; Daniel Galvan, California State University, Los Angeles; Jose Mijares, California State University, Los Angeles; Corin Bowen, California State University, Los Angeles; Gustavo Menezes, California State University, Los Angeles; Lizabeth Thompson, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo

Financial decision making, First year engineering, Senior project, and Change management. Her research is in Engineering Education where she has received $9.8 million of funding from NSF as either PI or Co-PI. She researches equitable classroom practices, integrated learning, and institutional change. She spent the 2019-2020 academic year at Cal State LA where she taught and collaborated on research related to equity and social justice. With her colleagues at Cal State LA she recently received an NSF grant called Eco-STEM which aims to transform STEM education using an asset-based ecosystem model. She is also a Co-PI on an NSF S-STEM grant called ENGAGE which is working to make a more robust transfer pathway for local

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Marcia Mardis, Florida A&M University - Florida State University; Faye Jones, Florida A&M University - Florida State University

urban student populations.In this paper we share the potential of the Backtracking Technique to generate contextualizedcareer pathway data for institutions and create visualizations that can aid in institutionaldecision-making through a study pilot. The pilot is an initial effort to test the project’s aims ofintegrating institutional data with phenomenological data to model student progression throughpost-secondary STEM programs. The analysis will identify and verify influencers that support orhinder student success. Quantitative data analyses will consist of descriptive and comparativemethods, which will be verified and informed by open coding and thematic analysis of thequalitative data. We share how the systematic investigation of

Conference Session

WIED: Support for All in the WIED Community

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jia Zhu, Florida International University; Monique Ross, Florida International University; Disha Patel, Florida International University

asalternative pathway programs. These include degree programs and non-degree programs.4.1 Degree programsTo address the issues of social equity and inclusion while keeping the goals of “CS for all” in mind,academic institutions have created and launched Master of Science programs in Computer Science(MS in CS) for non-CS majors. Those programs often take 2-3 years to complete and typicallyconsist of a bridge (also called conversion) curriculum. The curriculum is intended to preparenon-CS majors with the core learning outcomes of an undergraduate CS degree before they begintheir core MS in CS courses [31]. Although the motivations and structures are similar, detailsvary among those programs, especially for the bridging curriculum. According to Herbert

Conference Session

Computers in Education 1 - Programming I

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Liya Ni, Biola University; Keith Hekman, California Baptist University

, which allows students to learn from their own mistakeswhile they try to pass the multiple requirements for each exercise that the instructor configuredin advance. MATLAB live scripts are used in the teaching of Signals and Systems. Students areprovided with lab manuals written in live scripts, allowing the integration of formatted text,equations, images, and MATLAB code in a single environment. With the live scripts, theconcepts related to the MATLAB programming exercises are reinforced without the need ofreferring to another document or PowerPoint slides, and the examples embedded in the documentcan be run section by section with results displayed below the code or in an output window nextto the document. Interactive components, such as a

Conference Session

Minorities in Engineering Division Poster Session

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Shonda Bernadin, Florida A&M University - Florida State University; Tejal Mulay, Florida A&M University - Florida State University; Hongmei Chi, Florida A&M University - Florida State University

participate in this informal online educational at an historically black university. In the post-covidenrichment activity? These were some of the questions that the authors environment, instead of cancelling the event and knowing howconsidered when redesigning the Blockchain workshop. The important the knowledge and dispersion of this emergingworkshop redesign included three main design elements: a leadership technology is to minority communities, the authors made theteam; an immersive blockchain curriculum design, and fun and executive decision to host a completely virtual workshop event.engaging enrichment activities including online games and a The goals remained the same

Conference Session

LEES 6: Writing & Communication

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sheila Gobes-Ryan, University of South Florida; Kingsley Reeves, University of South Florida; Elizabeth Vicario, University of South Florida; Walter Silva Sotillo, University of South Florida; Victor Ventor, University of South Florida; Ardis Hanson

Frances Vicario (University of South Florida) I am a PhD student at the University of South Florida in Environmental Engineering. My research interests are in climate resilience, community education, and decentralized water supply and sanitation. I currently work as a teaching assistant for USF's Probability and Statistics for Engineers course, where I have helped my supervisor develop a transdisciplinary curriculum designed to integrate information and data literacy into the course. This summer I will participate in an NSF IRES grant in Ghana, where science education students from USF and the University of Cape Coast will implement an environmental science and engineering curriculum to high school students. I hope to

Conference Session

PCEE Session 13: Equity in P-12 Engineering Education

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mariam Manuel, University of Houston

have argued that the implications of immersion with STEM contentinclude heightened student interest and improved academic achievement [21], [22].Consequently, recent efforts in teacher development have encouraged the use of each approachin K-12 instruction [23], [24], [25], [7]. An essential feature of the engineering design process (EDP) includes identifying aproblem, one that scholars suggest should emulate real-world challenges [26], [27], [28]. Yet,there is a dearth of literature on the need for framing those problems through a culturallyresponsive lens. Furthermore, research on both CRP and the EDP suggest that teachers are themost integral factor to any instructional reform [21], [29], [24], [30]. Nevertheless, there remainsa gap

Conference Session

LEES 2: Stories of Intersectionality and Institutional Marginalization

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Desen Ozkan, Tufts University; Chelsea Andrews, Tufts University

interplay between social and technical considerations(Leydens & Lucena, 2017), but they have few opportunities to develop these sociotechnical waysof thinking (i.e., values, attitudes, and skills that integrate the social and technical). Instead,students are left to infer engineering as technically neutral through the instructional decisionsthat make up an engineering curriculum (Cech, 2013; Trevelan, 2014).In this study, we focus on how students understand the role of sociotechnical thinking inengineering. Particularly, this study centers seven minoritized students in an introductoryengineering computation class who are pursuing an engineering degree. The study takes place ata medium private university in New England. These seven students are

Conference Session

ERM: Lessons Learned from COVID (COVID Part 1)

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Isabel Hilliger, Pontificia Universidad Catholica de Chile; MARIA de los RIOS, Pontificia Universidad Catholica de Chile; Gabriel Astudillo, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile; Jorge Baier, Pontificia Universidad Catholica de Chile

curriculum improvement in higher education.MARIA Javiera de los RIOSGabriel AstudilloJorge Baier (Associate Dean of Engineering Education) (PontificiaUniversidad Catholica de Chile) © American Society for Engineering Education, 2022 Powered by www.slayte.com WIP: Exploring differences in student sense of belonging inside and outside the engineering classroomIntroduction Sense of belonging has become an important factor for creating inclusive and equitablelearning environments in engineering education. By sense of belonging, Strayhorn [1] referred tothe feeling of mattering to a community in consequence of the received support and the socialties

Conference Session

First-Year Programs Division Technical Session 8: Academic Progress, Retention, and Mathematics

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Aysa Galbraith, University of Arkansas; Heath Schluterman, University of Arkansas; Leslie Massey, University of Arkansas; Brandon Crisel; Candace Rainwater, University of Arkansas

-requisite for Calculus 1. Precalculus covers both topics in algebra and trigonometry; while planetrigonometry only covers basic topics in trigonometry including identities, formulas, and polarcoordinate system. Precalculus is recommended over Trigonometry for our engineeringstudents. Engineering applications of mathematics is an overview of the mathematics topicsheavily used in sophomore-level engineering courses. Topics include algebraic analysis,trigonometry, vectors and complex numbers, sinusoids and harmonic signals, systems ofequations and matrices, differentiation, integration, and differential equations. Hands-on labs areused to support mathematical concepts and application of these concepts to real-worldengineering problems [7].All eight

Collection

2004 GSW

Authors

M-A Demuynck; D. E. Edwards; W. J. Zimmermann

, while at the same time exposing them to applications fromscience and engineering. The objective of such exposure throughout the curriculum is to catchthe interest of students at an early stage, and thus encourage them to pursue those career paths. The project uses web-based modules to address its goals at two levels. One is to increaseinterest in science and engineering at the lower level courses for majors and non-majors. Theother is to improve retention by offering support for upper level courses. While some modulesare course specific, others are deliberately planned to be independent, allowing for maximumflexibility. All modules are available over the Internet. Proceedings of the 2004 ASEE Gulf-Southwest Annual

Collection

2022 Spring ASEE Middle Atlantic Section Conference

Authors

Laramie Potts, New Jersey Institute of Technology; Huiran Jin, New Jersey Institute of Technology

beyond technical skills. Critical thinking also requiresmeaningful and reflective judgement which leads to better logical conclusions of arguments.Critical thinking or reflective judgment is required to solve ill-posed problems [e.g., 26].Five phases of critical thinking include the trigger event, an appraisal, the exploration,developing alternative perspectives, and integration [e.g., 27 and references therein; 28]. In thefirst phase, the trigger event, unexpected events occur that result in a sense of “inner discomfortand complexity”. This means that the problem or situation arrests attention that makes animpression that warrants further attention. During the think phase, to be most effective, thestudents’ task must pique their interest and

Conference Session

International Division Technical Session 4 - Global South Engineering

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ali Gordon, University of Central Florida; Sandra Sousa, University of Central Florida

equipped for careers in organizations with internationalinterests. Study abroad, however, is not practical for engineering or computer science students.even though they show similar interests as their peers in business, social sciences, and other liberalarts [2]. Curriculum complexity is the primary adversary. Consider an aerospace engineeringstudent in the undergraduate program. A course sequence of courses Calculus I, Calculus II,Calculus III, Differential Equations, Modeling Methods, Vibrations, Aerospace Design I, andAerospace Design II is reasonable. Missing one of the courses, however, delays the remainingcourses by a semester or two depending on course availability/frequency. Study abroad programsthat are a full semester in duration may not

Conference Session

Civil Engineering Division - Is This Real? Reaching Students with Virtual and Augmented Reality

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ayatollah Yehia, University of Virginia; Jacqueline Chao, University of Virginia; Connor Lyons, University of Virginia; Mehrdad Shafiei Dizaji, University of Virginia; Devin Harris, University of Virginia

environment.The integrated models can then be explored in an immersive environment using a variety ofinterfaces including mobile devices and in future studies, AR headsets, or even virtual realityheadsets. This study leverages mobile devices (i.e. smartphones and tablets) as theimplementation platform with a goal of providing an accessible alternative teaching methodtargeted towards filling or supplementing student knowledge or comprehension gaps andultimately improving student learning outcomes. To evaluate the tool functionality, the study firstleverages a technology acceptance model (TAM) test for the application’s perceived usefulness aswell as attitudinal reactions. Our study explores a case study within a third-year undergraduatestructural design

Conference Session

ETD - STEM Issues in ET I

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Austin Asgill, Kennesaw State University; Cyril Okhio, Clark Atlanta University

Virtual LearningPrevious research on project-based instruction shows that the ABET required competencies forengineering and engineering technology programs, are better implemented through project-basedinstruction [12]. The ABET Accreditation General Criteria under curriculum, states that“Baccalaureate degree curricula must provide a capstone or integrating experience that developsstudent competencies in applying both technical and non-technical skills in solving problems” [11].Other researchers have determined that project-based instruction is an extremely effective methodof learning the fundamentals and understanding how engineering principles are applied to solvedesign problems [14].The Electrical & Computer Engineering (ECE) and the

Collection

2005 GSW

Authors

Tariq A. Khraishi

Conference Texas A&M University- Corpus Christi Copyright © 2005, American Society for Engineering Educationprojects. The Department has recently instituted a five-course (one of which is an FEA course),four-year design sequence in its curriculum with the hope of graduating better engineers. Theother design courses are a CAD course and a manufacturing/machining course prior to the FEAcourse, and a machine component course as well as a capstone senior design course after theFEA one. Another benefit to the current PBL assignment, besides emphasizing to students theintegration of design into engineering practice and education, was to give students an opportunityto use the 3D CAD software that

Conference Session

ERM: Exploring Educational Technology in Engineering

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Milo Koretsky, Tufts University; Harpreet Auby, Tufts University; John Galisky, University of California, Santa Barbara; Susan Nolen

experienced instructors,committed to active learning, who presented examples from their ongoing adaptation of the toolfor discussion in the community of practice. However, their decisions about how to integrate thetool fundamentally differed, including the aspects of the tool they took up and the ways theymade sense of their use. In analyzing these two cases, we begin to uncover how these instructorsnavigated the dynamic nature of pedagogical decision making in and across contexts.Conceptual FrameworkAdoption of an instructional tool or practice occurs along a trajectory of practice (Kinser-Traut &Turner, 2020; Nolen et al., 2011; Thompson et al., 2013), within a complex instructional context.In undergraduate instruction, entry points for

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

David Delaine; Linjue Wang, The Ohio State University; Joachim Walther, University of Georgia; Nia Johnson, The Ohio State University

awareness of the unfamiliarity of what the families haveexperienced. This type of opportunity implies that CBL instructors can involve additional socialpractices for students before meeting with the community, such as role-play.(3) Phase 3 Qualitative findings show three approaches to enhance the integration of empathy instruction in CBL and reinforce the above three evidence-based opportunities that emerged through student participation in CBL with empathy instructionsThere are three approaches summarized students enhance their empathy engagement from theexplicit empathy modules: 1) Students learn and practice skills as outsiders to build an authenticrelationship with others who are insiders; 2) Students embrace the feelings of discomfort