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Displaying results 5161 - 5190 of 11191 in total
Conference Session
Pedagogical Approaches in Construction Education
Collection
2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Kristen Caroline Hurtado, Arizona State University; Kenneth Timothy Sullivan, Arizona State University
Tagged Divisions
Construction
Paper ID #10640A Proposed Dynamic Model for Education in Construction Project PlanningMrs. Kristen Caroline Hurtado, Arizona State University Kristen is a current PhD candidate in Construction Management at Arizona State University in the School of Sustainable Engineering in the Built Environment. She is also pursuing a Graduate Certificate in In- structional Design and Performance Improvement in the Mary Lou Fulton Teachers College. Kristen has experience teaching applied statics and estimating at the undergraduate level. She also instructs profes- sionals in her work and research in value-based project delivery. The main
Conference Session
Biological & Agricultural Division Technical Session 1
Collection
2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Ann D. Christy, Ohio State University
Tagged Divisions
Biological & Agricultural
communicate effectively; (h) the broad educationnecessary to understand the impact of engineering solutions in a global, economic,environmental, and societal context; (i) a recognition of the need for, and an ability toengage in life-long learning; and (j) a knowledge of contemporary issues. Often thesenontechnical skills do not receive as much emphasis in undergraduate engineeringeducation and instead must be learned on the job, learning "soft skills the hard way" 2.Opportunities do exist in current engineering curricula to better integrate the developmentof these nontechnical skills into students' experience. These include team projects incapstone design and freshman design courses, engineering study abroad courses, servicelearning projects in both
Conference Session
Civil Engineering Division Poster Session
Collection
2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Jenna Wong P.E., San Francisco State University; Lakshmipriya Lakshmipathy, Indian Institute of Technology, Madras; Panfilo Jesus Armas; Andres Ernesto Paredes; Chris Park; Jorge Antonio Campos
Tagged Divisions
Civil Engineering
Paper ID #26587Board 17: Design and Small-Scale Testing of 3D Printed Seismic IsolatorsDr. Jenna Wong P.E., San Francisco State University Dr. Wong is a structural engineer broadly focused on seismic design of critical facilities. Her doctor- ate research at UC Berkeley investigated the applicability of seismic isolation and supplemental viscous damping to nuclear power plants with focus on seismic resilience and safety. The work identified isolation parameters for the optimization of design to produce high performance levels of both structural response and secondary systems. After receiving her PhD, Dr. Wong began a
Conference Session
Innovations in Solid Mechanics
Collection
2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Charles Birdsong, California Polytechnic State University
Tagged Divisions
Mechanics
25.1419.4description of the method and results of the analysis. The intent was to reinforce the importanceof written communication in every aspect of engineering.Encourage External Research - Each project assignment included some undefined parametersthat required the students to assess what information was missing and to make reasonableassumptions based and cited sources. For example students were asked to design a system thatwould be “safe” to operate by high school students. They had to assess what risks might resultfrom their design and justify how they chose the limits, such as maximum velocity of the crashsled.Encourage Open-Ended Problem Solving and Critical Thinking - The students wererepeatedly told that there is no correct answer to each problem. It
Conference Session
Electrical and Computer Division Technical Session 5
Collection
2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Ronald F. DeMara P.E., University of Central Florida; Damla Turgut, University of Central Florida; Edwin Nassiff, University of Central Florida; Salih Safa Bacanli, University of Central Florida; Neda Hajiakhoond Bidoki, University of Central Florida; Jun Xu, University of Central Florida
Tagged Divisions
Electrical and Computer
computerscience disciplines, the activities of team design, group problem solving, and projectcollaboration have always been a prominent and defining attribute of STEM fields. Especially inthe last two decades and into the foreseeable future, team design skills are receiving increasingimportance as complexity of science and engineering marches ever forward [3]. The rising tide ofcomplexity necessitates future graduates at all levels within STEM fields to function effectivelyas disciplinary specialists who work together closely and frequently during most phases ofproduct development and research. While always an integral element of STEM curricula, theneed and benefit for learners to become immersed in collaborative learning activities havebecome
Collection
2010 ASEE Zone 1 Conference
Authors
Hudson V. Jackson P.E.; Kassim M. Tarhini P.E.; Corinna Marie Fleischmann P.E.; Nathan Rumsey; Sharon Zelmanowitz P.E.
Design & Construction Center. 2. Analysis of storm water flow and quality and the impact of planned construction at the lower cadet parking lot at the USCGA (2008). Students analyzed the current storm water system for an existing cadet parking lot and evaluated the feasibility of adding additional flow from planned construction. They also developed a testing and analysis program for storm water pollutants generated at the USCGA. Sponsor: USCGA Facilities Engineering Division. 3. Development and testing of treatment systems for various wastewaters containing heavy metal contamination at the USCGA (2009). Students researched several systems for removing heavy metals from various
Conference Session
EMD Technical Session 1: Captstone, Ethics, and Statistical Methods
Collection
2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Kenneth McDonald, United States Military Academy
. 5ObservationsObservations included any virtuous act cadets saw as they went about their daily activities.They would log these acts and maintain a running total of their observations. Although not arequirement for the exercise, cadets could list the specific acts they witnessed. Cadets wereallowed to contact the researcher to clarify what they saw and if it qualified as a virtuous act.AAR QuestionsAAR questions were required after the observation period ended. These were opened endedquestions intended to improve any future studies of a similar nature. Cadets were not requiredto provide detailed explanations of their answers. 1. How did the study impact you concerning virtue? 2. How did the study impact you concerning character? 3. Did the reminder tool or
Conference Session
Programs in Support of Systems Engineering Education
Collection
2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Chet Boncek Jr, Raytheon Company
Tagged Divisions
Systems Engineering
phones,GPS devices, and the wireless devices regularly used today. The non-existent or casualtreatment of these topics positioned students only to be avid consumers or perhaps savvyend-users, but, fell short by failing to impart at least some understanding of what is takesto design, manufacture and bring such items to market. These topics have begun toappear in curricula driven by the demand for a technically competent work force at a timewhen a large population of the current work force prepares to retire. 1A simulation developed by Raytheon in partnership with the Business Higher EducationForum (BHEF) permits trade-off studies and analyses of hypotheses and parameterswhich are supposed to impact the strength of the projected STEM
Conference Session
Minorities in Engineering Division Technical Session 3
Collection
2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Jenni Buckley, University of Delaware; Amy Trauth, University of Delaware; Michael L. Vaughan, University of Delaware; Kenneth A. Bright, University of Delaware, College of Engineering; Rachel Davidson, University of Delaware
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Minorities in Engineering
2: Concept Generation & SelectionBenchmarking The Phase 1 Problem Definition indicated a [design] opportunity for interventionsfocused on recruitment and retention of women and URGs. With this opportunity in mind, theworking group undertook a comprehensive benchmarking process that involved twocomponents. First, the group conducted an inventory of prior (<20 yrs) interventions within COErelated to undergraduate student recruitment, retention, and diversity. Second, a literature reviewwas also conducted, encompassing national reports of best practices in student recruitment andretention as well as case studies of individual institutions that have made notable progress ingender and/or racial diversity within their own
Collection
1999 Annual Conference
Authors
Debi Switzer; Siegfried M. Holzer; Richard M. Felder; Douglas E. Hirt
adoptionof instructional methods and materials that have been proven effective by classroom research; (2)to improve institutional support for teaching at each of the coalition campuses; and (3) to have asustainable engineering FD program in place on each campus by the end of Year 10.Many universities throughout the United States have faculty development programs, usuallycoordinated by a campus-wide teaching center. Some of these programs have played animportant role in raising the quality of instruction in colleges of engineering, but most have hadrelatively little impact on the engineering faculty. For various reasons, many engineers lackrespect for pedagogy as a discipline and consider programs sponsored by campus teachingcenters as largely
Conference Session
Engineering Economy Division Technical Session 2
Collection
2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Jerome P. Lavelle, North Carolina State University
Tagged Divisions
Engineering Economy
of EC200 and today’s self study report is much the same as originally conceived. Improvements in technology and what we know about how data is collected, used and reported by programs offers improvements for both faculty and evaluators. As data is collected, ABET has an opportunity to develop means for sharing both descriptive and evaluative data to the broader engineering higher education community. If accessible this data can provide important benchmarking and best practices guideposts, and improve the learning environments of tomorrow’s engineering graduatesA Pilot Case with Industrial Engineering and Engineering Economy Data To illustrate the proposed mode and potential impact on the SSR, self study reports
Conference Session
CE Capstone: Innovations in Learning & Assessment
Collection
2010 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Ryan Fries, Southern Illinois University, Edwardsville; Brad Cross, Southern Illinois University, Edwardsville; Susan Morgan, Southern Illinois University Edwardsville
Tagged Divisions
Civil Engineering
). This list is not comprehensive, but rather a synopsisof schools having published best practices on the topic. Because of these previous endeavors,there is a wealth of knowledge about challenges and best practices for these types of seniordesign courses. These studies include capstone courses that include industry-supervised work,international projects, and multidisciplinary projects.The University of Kentucky‟s capstone course includes projects in coordination with localindustry. During this project, students learned more about the true management of a project, howto work with clients and senior engineers, and how the design process fits within the largerframework of the business world and the local community. While scheduling and
Conference Session
Thermodynamics, Fluids, and Heat Transfer
Collection
2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Lynn Albers, North Carolina State University; Laura Bottomley, North Carolina State University
Tagged Divisions
Mechanical Engineering
AC 2012-4480: SIX HANDS-ON ACTIVITIES DESIGNED TO IMPROVESTUDENT ACHIEVEMENT IN AND ATTITUDE TOWARDS LEARNINGFLUID MECHANICSMs. Lynn Albers, North Carolina State University Lynn Albers received her B.S. in mathematics with a minor in music from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1992 and her M.S. in mechanical engineering with a concentration in nuclear engineering at Manhattan College in 1996. After working for Nortel Networks and the North Carolina Solar Center, Albers matriculated at North Carolina State University, where she is a Ph.D. candidate in mechanical engineering. Her dissertation spans the Colleges of Engineering and Education and will be the first of its kind at NCSU.Dr. Laura Bottomley
Collection
2023 ASEE North Central Section Conference
Authors
Xinyu Zhang, West Virginia University; Jeremy G. Roberts; Amanda Parrish
Tagged Topics
Diversity
, math, education, business, and library services, was used for the Poster Expo event.Further, an elevator pitch practice session was conducted with a senior entrepreneurship advisorfrom the business start-up accelerator within the university.The multidisciplinary project experience was largely enjoyed by the students surveyed (N=16).Eighty eight percent of students reported the multidisciplinary project design experience waspositive to their learning experience. Eighty percent of students reported the multidisciplinaryjudge panel during the Poster Expo had a positive impact on their learning experience. Eightyeight percent of students reported the project increased their interest in engineering. Ninety fourpercent of students were retained in
Conference Session
Committee on Effective Teaching Presents: Models, Models, & More Models
Collection
2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Kevin Francis McMullen, United States Military Academy; Adrian Biggerstaff, P.E., Stanford University; Christopher H. Conley; Jakob C. Bruhl, P.E., United States Military Academy; Kevin Arnett; Paul Moody; Aaron T. Hill Jr., United States Military Academy; Lynden Damon Crosbie
Tagged Divisions
Civil Engineering Division (CIVIL)
construction. Research hasshown that providing students with physical demonstrations may increase learning and retentionof the course material by increasing the students’ intellectual excitement [22]–[24].Cardinale et al. implemented a multi-dimensional problem for which students had to develop acode-based solution [20]. The project was designed to replicate what would be expected of thestudents in industry. Instead of being presented with a traditional design problem, the studentswere tasked with designing a timber shear wall in a seismic area. The project required students touse structural analysis software, practice construction management skills, develop designdrawings, and construct their final design. Students who participated in the project
Conference Session
Astronautics and Space Technology
Collection
2005 Annual Conference
Authors
Thomas Joslyn
USAFA graduates as many of them will be put inthe position of program manager as young Air Force officers.The Critical Design Review (CDR) is a formal, briefing lasting about 4 hours and Page 10.1151.5targeted to reviewing experts from outside of the Air Force Academy (typically engineersfrom Air Force Research Lab who funds the program). The objective of the CDR is to “Proceedings of the 2005 American Society for Engineering Education Annual Conference & Exposition Copyright 2005, American Society for Engineering Education”spot problems with the design and gain permission to proceed
Conference Session
NSF Grantees Poster Session
Collection
2010 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Mrinal Saha, University of Oklahoma; Zahed Siddique, University of Oklahoma; Bipul Barua, University of Oklahoma; Firas Akasheh, Tuskegee University
, implementation, and evaluationplan for teaching manufacturing engineering course at University of Oklahoma andTuskegee University. The pedagogical effectiveness of the CSI system covering fourdifferent areas - (i) students’ learning, (ii) students’ attitude towards engineering, (iii)retention of students, and (iv) usability of the CSI system are also discussed.IntroductionOver the years the U.S. engineering schools are facing decline in students’ enrollmentand graduation rate with the exception of top academic institutions [1-6]. This trend isnot only related to the level of complexity associated with science and engineeringeducation, but also the medium of instruction practiced which often leads to the students’lack of willingness to learn abstract
Conference Session
First-year Programs Division Technical Session 6: Hands-on Projects and Spatial Skills
Collection
2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Jennifer Ocif Love, Northeastern University; Susan F Freeman, Northeastern University; Kris Jaeger-Helton, Northeastern University; Richard Whalen, Northeastern University
Tagged Divisions
First-Year Programs
active member of Northeastern’s Gateway Team, a select group of teaching faculty expressly devoted to the first-year Engineering Program at NU. She also serves as a Technical Faculty Advisor for Senior Capstone Design and graduate-level Challenge Projects in Northeastern’s Gordon Engineering Leadership Program. Dr. Jaeger has been the recipient of numerous awards in engineering education for both teaching and mentoring and has been involved in several engineering educational research initiatives through ASEE and beyond.Dr. Richard Whalen, Northeastern University Dr. Richard Whalen is a Teaching Professor at Northeastern University in Boston, MA and a core member of the Engineering Gateway Team. The focus of this team
Conference Session
First-Year Programs: Work in Progress Postcard Session
Collection
2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Kamau Wright, University of Hartford
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
First-Year Programs
maximize their academic skills; contribute to and benefit from productiveuniversity communities; offer best practices to help them navigate their college careers; andwork individually and collectively to further promote the goals of the program. The effortsdescribed in this study may provide a model for a wide range of retention and success programs,based around diverse populations and affinity groups, or general cohorts of students. Aggregateresults indicate that this cohort was able to achieve significantly higher GPAs and complete ahigher number of credits as compared to similar populations of students. This paper furtherdiscerns the impact on the engineering students, who coincidentally made up over 40% of thegroup, showing that first year
Conference Session
Wellness, Readiness, and Thriving
Collection
2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Vanessa Tran, Utah State University; Cassandra McCall, Utah State University; Stephen Secules, Florida International University; Maimuna Begum Kali, Florida International University; Gabriel Van Dyke, Utah State University
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Liberal Education/Engineering & Society Division (LEES)
aimed at promoting student narratives through audio-based methods.Dr. Cassandra McCall, Utah State University Cassandra McCall, Ph.D., is an Assistant Professor in the Engineering Education Department and Co-Director of the Institute for Interdisciplinary Transition Services at Utah State University. Her research centers the intersection identity formation, engineering culture, and disability studies. Her work has received several awards including best paper awards from the Journal of Engineering Education and the Australasian Journal of Engineering Education. She holds a Ph.D. in Engineering Education from Virginia Tech as well as M.S. and B.S. degrees in civil engineering from the South Dakota School of Mines and
Conference Session
Manufacturing Education Curriculum II
Collection
2007 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Mulchand Rathod, Wayne State University
Tagged Divisions
Manufacturing
engineering, HVAC, electronic cooling and packaging, and education pedagogy. While at Tuskegee, he performed research in energy and conducted summer pre-engineering programs for minorities and women. His mechanical design of a GSA building was granted most energy efficient HVAC award by American Society of Heating, Refrigeration, and Air Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) chapter in 1976. He performed research on photovoltaic cells and electronic cooling while with IBM and JPL. At Wayne State, he started new BS degree programs in computer, electromechanical, manufacturing, and product design engineering technologies; and a MSET degree. A nationally known leader in engineering and technology
Collection
2024 CIEC
Authors
Mark Pagano; Lorne Arnold; Heather Dillon
has the opportunity to participate in these processesfor brand new programs being developed from scratch. For example, preparing for an ABETvisit just after your very first cohort of students graduates or having the privilege to develop acourse from the ground up that has been designated to meet a specific internal campus criteriaare more unique opportunities for university faculty. These rare opportunities did indeed presentthemselves at the University of Washington Tacoma (UWT) after the state authorized, andfunded two new baccalaureate ME and CE programs in the fall of 2021 and 2022 respectively.Furthermore, fall 2022 was one author’s first year back in the classroom after 28 years serving inadministrative roles and was also the first year
Conference Session
Materials Division (MATS) Technical Session 3
Collection
2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Adrian Nat Gentry, Purdue University; Langdon A. Feltner, Purdue University; Paul Mort, Purdue University
Tagged Divisions
Materials Division (MATS)
Paper ID #41980A Scoping Review of Tools for Teaching Particle Science Engineering & TechnologyAdrian Nat Gentry, Purdue University Adrian Nat Gentry is a Ph.D. candidate at Purdue University in Engineering Education. They completed their undergraduate degree in Materials Engineering from Purdue in May 2020. Adrian’s research interests include assessing student supports in cooperative education programs and the experiences and needs of nonbinary scientists. Adrian is involved with Purdue’s Engineering Education Graduate Association and the oSTEM chapter at Purdue.Langdon A. Feltner, Purdue UniversityPaul Mort, Purdue
Collection
2024 ASEE Midwest Section Conference
Authors
Daniel I. Chikwendu; Pedro C. P. Cupertino; Sivaganeshwar Subramaniam; Siddharth Alagiri; Adam C. Lynch
, Supportand Retirement [4]. Moreover, between these characteristics are decision gates where the currentrisks are evaluated, accepted, or rejected before progressing to the next stage. © American Society for Engineering Education, 2024 2024 ASEE Midwest Section Conference The systems engineering waterfall model is a linear and sequential approach to softwaredevelopment and project management. It consists of distinct phases: requirements analysis,system design, implementation, integration, testing, deployment, and maintenance. Each phasemust be completed before moving on to the next, ensuring a structured progression from start tofinish. This model is best suited for projects with well
Conference Session
First-Year Programs Division Poster Session
Collection
2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access
Authors
Alexander James Carroll, Vanderbilt University; Joshua Daniel Borycz, Vanderbilt University; Julianne Vernon, Vanderbilt University
Tagged Divisions
First-Year Programs
Library Association (JMLA) and is a Senior member of MLA’s Academy of Health Information Professionals (AHIP). His research interests include information seeking behaviors and data practices of STEM researchers and improving information literacy instruction for students in the sciences; he has published on these topics in journals such as College & Research Libraries, portal: Libraries and the academy,The Journal of Academic Librarianship, and theJournal of the Medical Library Association. His work in these areas has been recognized by the ALA Library Instruction Round Table with ”Top Twenty” awards in 2018 and 2019.Dr. Joshua Daniel Borycz, Vanderbilt University At Vanderbilt University I help graduate and
Conference Session
Sociotechnical Integration and Programmatic Reform
Collection
2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Chelsea Salinas, Colorado School of Mines; Dean Nieusma, Colorado School of Mines
Tagged Divisions
Liberal Education/Engineering & Society Division (LEES)
ABETstudent outcomes via our program’s targeted performance indicators.IntroductionEngineering education has faced enduring criticism for being overly focused on the narrowlytechnical dimensions of engineering practice, ill preparing engineering graduates for their futurework. “Sociotechnical” approaches to engineering education have arisen as one category ofresponses to this perceived narrowness. Advocates claim sociotechnical approaches: providestudents a more robust framework for engaging professional engineering practice, enhancelearning through increased engagement, and result in more satisfying overall educationalexperiences. Faculty members in the Department of Engineering, Design & Society at theColorado School of Mines have been leaders
Conference Session
NSF Grantees' Poster Session
Collection
2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Denny C. Davis, Washington State University; Michael S. Trevisan, Washington State University; Howard P. Davis, Washington State University; Shane A. Brown P.E., Washington State University; Brian F. French, Washington State University
Tagged Topics
NSF Grantees Poster Session
AC 2012-4038: APPRAISAL SYSTEM FOR SUPERIOR ENGINEERINGEDUCATION EVALUATION - INSTRUMENT SHARING AND SCHOL-ARSHIP (ASSESS)Dr. Denny C. Davis P.E., Washington State University Denny Davis is professor of chemical engineering and bioengineering at Washington State University. He launched and directed the Engineering Education Research Center between 2005 and 2011. His scholarly work addresses engineering design learning and assessment. He is a Fellow of the American Society for Engineering Education.Prof. Michael S. Trevisan, Washington State University Mike Trevisan is a professor of educational psychology at Washington State University and the Associate Dean for Research in the College of Education. For more than 17
Conference Session
Engineering Ethics Papers Session
Collection
2004 Annual Conference
Authors
Margaret P. Battin; Gordon B. Mower; Angela R. Harris; JoAnn Lighty
beintroduced which focused on building these skills for our students at the upper division. Thisnew course would not only build upon the UGS series, but also ensure inclusion of our transferpopulation. We also decided that the course should be a part of the General Education programat the University and be a Humanities Designation. As initial discussions began with the Collegeof Humanities on the ethics class, a similar effort was being undertaken with the College ofHumanities in the area of written and oral communication. It was decided to combine all ofthese skills, including team work skills, and submit a grant to the Hewlett Foundation, under theauspices of CLEAR (Communication, Leadership, Ethics, and Research). The grant was fundedand the
Conference Session
Gender and Accessibility Issues in K-12 Engineering Education
Collection
2007 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Uchechukwu Abanulo; Ananth Iyer; John Helferty, College of Engineering, Temple University; Joseph Fischgrund, The Pennsylvania School for the Deaf
Tagged Divisions
K-12 & Pre-College Engineering
. Lang, “Higher education for deaf students: Research priorities in the new millennium” Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education, 7, 267-280. 2002.10. Bo Molander, Svend Pedersen, Kia Norell, “Deaf Pupils reasoning about scientific Phenomena: School Science as a Framework for understanding or as fragments of factual knowledge”, Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education Volume 6, Number 3 Pp. 200-211. 2001.11. Harry G. Lang, “Best Practices: Science Education for Deaf Students”, A Review of Research, 2005.12. National Science Teachers Association (May/June 2000). Survey indicates high teacher turnover, job dissatisfaction. NSTA Reports, pp 5, 15.13. R. M. Ingersoll, “The Problem of Under Qualified Teachers in
Conference Session
New Areas of Ethical Inquiry
Collection
2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access
Authors
Joseph Benin, U.S. Coast Guard Academy; William Randall, U.S. Coast Guard Academy
Tagged Divisions
Engineering Ethics
of moral conduct in both physical andvirtual realms include showing respect for others, being honest, etc. [24], and (c) drawing in real-world examples of ethical discussions in law enforcement currently occurring in the cyber-world.This goes well beyond “following the rules” to understanding morals and discussing theprinciples of right and wrong and how that is determined. Let us now explore the process thatwas utilized in the development of this cyber ethics course.2. MethodologyThe course was developed in two parts and was designed to give students a chance to both reflecton the social and professional impacts of computer technology by focusing on the rules and theethical issues faced in our evolving cyber world and to meet a portion of