Conference Session

International Division Technical Session 7

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Larry J. Shuman, University of Pittsburgh; Renee M. Clark, University of Pittsburgh; Scott Duplicate Streiner, University of Pittsburgh; Mary E. Besterfield-Sacre, University of Pittsburgh

Tagged Divisions

International

programs best provide students from diverse backgrounds with a variety ofinternational experiences to maximize their global preparedness? These are questions we haveset about to answer as part of a large, multi-university study5.Specifically, in this NSF funded study of the effectiveness of various forms of internationalexperiences, we have used a nationally recognized and normed instrument to survey both firstyear and senior engineering students initially at four partner institutions, and more recently at anadditional dozen engineering programs throughout the U. S. In doing this, questions arose thatwe needed to address if we were going to better understand the impact of the various forms ofinternational educational experiences available to

Conference Session

Methodological & Theoretical Contributions to Engineering Education 2

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kenneth Stafford Sands II, Virginia Tech; Denise Rutledge Simmons, Virginia Tech

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

Paper ID #9827Utilizing Think-Aloud Protocols to Assess the Usability of a Test for EthicalSensitivity in ConstructionMr. Kenneth Stafford Sands II, Virginia Tech Kenneth S. Sands II is a doctoral candidate and graduate assistant in Environmental Design and Planning at Virginia Tech. His research focus is on professional ethics and its pedagogy.Dr. Denise Rutledge Simmons, Virginia Tech Denise R. Simmons, Ph.D., is an assistant professor in the Myers-Lawson School of Construction & Civil and Environmental Engineering at Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. She holds a B.S., M.S., and Ph.D. in civil

Conference Session

Manufacturing and Machine Component Design

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ali R. Mohammadzadeh, Grand Valley State University; Salim M. Haidar, Grand Valley State University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

26.470.5rate of rotation. Figure 3 depicts this situation.21 X G S 𝜔𝑡 r θ O

Conference Session

Promoting Engineering and Technological Literacy

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kenneth W. Van Treuren, Baylor University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Technological and Engineering Literacy/Philosophy of Engineering

Paper ID #13634ENCOURAGING STUDENTS TO SEE THE ROLE OF SERVICE COURSESIN THEIR MAJORDr. Kenneth W. Van Treuren, Baylor University Ken Van Treuren is an Associate Professor in the Department of Engineering at Baylor University. He received his B. S. in Aeronautical Engineering from the USAF Academy in Colorado Springs, Colorado and his M. S. in Engineering from Princeton University in Princeton, New Jersey. After serving as USAF pilot in KC-135 and KC-10 aircraft, he completed his DPhil in Engineering Sciences at the University of Oxford, United Kingdom and returned to the USAF Academy to teach heat transfer and propulsion

Conference Session

Engineering Physics & Physics Division Technical Session 1

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Teresa L. Larkin, American University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Physics & Physics

assignment was utilized to allow students an opportunity to creatively expresstheir understanding of a particular topic(s) that had been discussed in class. This activity wasgiven near the end of the semester and in some ways served as a “capstone” project for thestudents. Students were allowed to select a topic(s) based on the course readings, class lecturesand discussions, any of the video segments, or topics brought up through the guest lectures. Inaddition, students were encouraged to consider the topic of their short paper as a springboard fortheir creative projects.Students were required to submit a proposal, in 250 words or less, that included an overview oftheir proposed project. Abstracts were submitted electronically through Blackboard. In

Conference Session

Environmental Engineering Division Technical Session 2

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Steven J. Burian, University of Utah; Manoj K. Jha, North Carolina A&T State University; Gigi A. Richard, Colorado Mesa University; Marshall Shepherd, University of Georgia; John Taber, Incorporated Research Institutions for Seismology

Tagged Divisions

Environmental Engineering

  hybrid water supply systems in the context of urban water management: challenges and opportunities. Water,  7: 153‐174. 5 Gran, S. B., Saphores, J., Feldman, Hamilton, A. j., Fletcher, T. D., Cook, P. L. M., Stewardson, M., Sanders, B. F.,  Levin, L. A., Ambrose, R. F., Deletic, A., Brown, R., Jiang, S. C., Rosso, D., Cooper, W. J., and Marusic, I. (2012)  Taking  the  “Waste”  out  of  “Wastewater”  for  human  water  security  and  ecosystem  sustainability.  Science,  337(6095): 681‐686. 6 Rahman, S., Khan, M.T.R., Akib, S., Din, N. B. C., Biswas, S. K., and Shirazi, S. M. (2014) Sustainability of rainwater  harvesting system in terms of water quality. The Scientific World Journal, 2014. 7 Jhansi,  S.  C.  and

Conference Session

COED: Online and Blended Learning Part 1

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Swaroop Joshi, Ohio State University; Neelam Soundarajan, Ohio State University; Jeremy Morris, Ohio State University

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

graded homeworks are returned to thestudents. The class discussion helps some students, but others remain unclear about the distinctionsbetween the notions of domain, problem in the domain context, and solution. The key questionthat motivated our work was, how do we help students overcome such misconceptions and developdeep understanding?In the CONSIDER approach, following the lecture(s) on the topic, the instructor would post thehomework on the CONSIDER system. The instructor will also specify a deadline by which eachstudent will be required to submit her answer. The homework may be similar to the one abovebut, for this discussion, we assume there is only one question, item (3) from the example. Oncethe instructor has posted the homework, each

Conference Session

Teacher Attitudes, Beliefs, & Self-efficacy

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Rebekah J. Hammack, Albert Einstein Distinguished Educator Fellowship Program

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Pre-College Engineering Education

addition of engineeringcontent and practices to NGSS does not add additional requirements to the science standardsalready being taught. Although NGSS is not adopted in Oklahoma, the new OklahomaAcademic Science Standards, OAS-S, mirror NGSS. Further, many participants stated that eventhough they did not receive any resources for teaching engineering, they were satisfied with thisbecause they did not teach engineering anyway. This reveals that teachers do not understand thescience standards they are required to teach as part of OAS-S, which require them to beengineering teachers. Some participants’ responses indicated that teachers held misconceptions about thedifficulty or nature of engineering. For example, a few participants mentioned

Conference Session

Professional Development for Pre-Service and In-Service Teachers

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jeremy Dylan Smith M.S., Virginia Tech; Vinod K. Lohani, Virginia Tech

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Pre-College Engineering Education

teachers. These teachers will expand ontheir previous research and assist other teachers with their own curricular development to preparefor final publication to www.teachengineering.org. We will document at least twenty curricularpieces.AcknowledgementThis material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant No.1609089. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this materialare those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National ScienceFoundation.This work has also been supported by the Institute for Critical Technology andApplied Science (ICTAS) at Virginia Tech.References [1] V. Lohani and T. Younos, “Implementation and assessment of an interdisciplinary

Conference Session

Track: Graduate - Technical Session 9

Collection

2019 CoNECD - The Collaborative Network for Engineering and Computing Diversity

Authors

Eunsil Lee, Arizona State University; Jennifer M. Bekki, Arizona State University; Adam R. Carberry, Arizona State University; Nadia N. Kellam, Arizona State University

Tagged Topics

Diversity, Graduate Education

resulting in a call to view the concept of belonging as complex,multi-faceted, and impacted by extra-institutional factors [6]. Recent research on sense of belonging among graduate students has begun to consider demographicattributes and characteristics of the academic environment [7-10]. Gardner et al.’s [8] exploration ofdoctoral students’ sense of belonging across different disciplines indicates that engineering doctoralstudents reported a relatively lower sense of belonging within their academic department compared tostudents in other disciplines. Recent work by O’Meara et al. [11] echo this claim, reporting that fewerfacilitators of sense of belonging exist within STEM doctoral program environments than in non-STEMprograms. These

Conference Session

First-Year Programs: Major Choice

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Laura Hirshfield, University of Michigan; Stacie Edington, University of Michigan; Michael Dailey, University of Michigan

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

, and A. S. Malik, “The influences of emotion on learning and memory,” Front. Psychol., vol. 8, no. 1454, 2017.[3] M. J. Riemer, “Integrating emotional intelligence into engineering education,” World Trans. Eng. Technol. Educ., vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 189–194, 2003.[4] D. Kim and B. K. Jesiek, “Work-in-Progress: Emotion and intuition in engineering students’ ethical decision-making and implications for engineering ethics education,” 2019.[5] A. Bandura, Self-Efficacy: The Exercise of Control. New York, NY: Freeman, 1997.[6] F. Pajares, “Self-efficacy in academic settings,” in American Educational Research Association, 1995.[7] D. W. McMillan and D. M. Chavis, “Sense of community: A definition and theory,” J

Conference Session

Women in Engineering Division Technical Session 2

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Robyn Paul, University of Calgary; Laleh Behjat P.Eng., University of Calgary; Bob Brennan P.Eng., University of Calgary

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering

., & Leifer, L. J. A1 (2005). Engineering design thinking, teaching, and 1613 learning. Journal of engineering education, 94(1), 103-120. Atman, C. J., Adams, R. S., Cardella, M. E., Turns, J., Mosborg, S., & Saleem, J. (2007). Engineering design processes: A comparison A2 433 of students and expert practitioners. Journal of engineering education, 96(4), 359-379. Carberry, A. R., Lee, H. S., & Ohland, M. W. (2010). Measuring A3 engineering design self‐efficacy. Journal of Engineering 192 Education, 99(1), 71-79

Conference Session

Mechanical Engineering Technology Curriculum

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kathleen Kitto, Western Washington University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

and active exercise would be to calculate the longitudinal speed ofsound in aluminum, point out the E/ is also the specific stiffness of a material, and thendemonstrate how easy it is to initiate both the longitudinal and transverse waves in a rodby hitting them with a hammer (a rubber mallet) parallel and perpendicular to the end ofthe aluminum rod14. The typical speed of sound in aluminum is 5150 m/s while in steel itis about 5100 m/s. 2.84 x10 9 N / m 2v? = 1551.4 m/s (Average Values, Extruded Acrylic11) 1.18 x10 3 kg / m 3 12.0 x10 9 N / m 2v? = 5855 m/s (measured values, soundboard Engelmann Spruce) 0.35 x10 3 kg / m 3The calculated speed of a longitudinal wave in a

Conference Session

K-12 Activities

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Dean Aslam, Michigan State University

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

is represented by green Lego plates.Red areas are n-Si and are called source (S) and drain (D). S/Dregions, in an actual Si microfabrication process, are created by No Channel (a)introducing n-type impurities (such as phosphorous) into a p-Siwafer using silicon dioxide (SiO2) as a diffusion mask. This is LED in S/D Circuit (b)possible because the diffusion constant of phosphorous in SiO2 isvery low as compared to that in Si. Thus, the presence of SiO2makes sure that the n-type impurities are introduced in red areas(S/D) only. Following the thick white arrows (see b1 through b4),the next step is to make metal contacts (blue plates) to form S/Dleads

Conference Session

Assessing Perceptions of Engineers and Engineering

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Reginald Hobbs, Tufts University; Nataliia Perova, Tufts University; Igor Verner, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology; Chris Rogers, Tufts University

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

20 10 0 1 (Explanation) 2 (Demonstration) 3 (Hands-on) ScaleFigure 3: Results from the Post-Questionnaire: What part of the instructional unit helped you the most tounderstand the concept of cardio-vascular system? These results are based on the following scale:(1) Explanation (2) Demonstration (3) Hands-on Activity W h a t P a r t o f t h e I n s t r u c t i o n a l U n i t H e l p e d t h e mo s t t o U nde r s t a nd t he C onc e pt of P r e s s ur e ? 80 70 60 50

Conference Session

Climate Issues for Women Students

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Elizabeth Litzler, University of Washington; Sheila Edwards Lange, University of Washington

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering

. This research study conducted at a PacificNorthwest university sought to understand the extent to which assumptions about climate at theundergraduate and graduate level are true. The study found that while undergraduate andgraduate women in engineering deal with some of the same climate issues, the contextualdifferences relative to faculty interactions and classroom experiences were significant in howclimate is perceived. The differences in perceptions about climate speak to the fact that a one-size solution does not fit all, and policy changes must account for the contextual differences inthe education of female undergraduate and graduate students.IntroductionFirst coined by Hall & Sandler in the early 1980’s to describe the classroom

Conference Session

Embedded Computing

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Anshuman Panda, Polytechnic University; Hong Wong, Polytechnic University; Vikram Kapila, Polytechnic University; Sang-Hoon Lee, Polytechnic University

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

advanced feedback control algorithms.In recent research, we have developed a low-cost DAC platform which allows microcontrollers 3to be programmed by Matlab and Simulink thus providing an inexpensive tool for dataacquisition and control tasks. This platform is well suited for tasks that require graphical user Page 11.1354.2interface and/or advanced computational capabilities, but do not require stringent hardwareperformance. It uses the advanced computing power of Matlab, the graphical user interface ofSimulink, and Parallax Inc.’s Basic Stamp 2 (BS2) microcontroller4 to provide an environmentwhich allows users to implement

Conference Session

Integrating Engineering & Liberal Education

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Dominic M. Halsmer PE, Oral Roberts University; Peter Wesley Odom, Oral Roberts University; Jessica Fitzgerald, Oral Roberts University; Taylor Gipson Tryon, Oral Roberts University

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education/Engineering & Society

year 1612. It was in this station that Harvey began to start hisresearch and further his understanding about the anatomy of the human body. Harvey spent theseyears focused upon the circulatory system of the body. He was fascinated with the process ofblood circulation, and was continually searching for the truth behind the process. As “physicianextraordinary” to James I, Harvey had some access to cadavers by which to conduct his research.This access to the human body proved invaluable in Harvey’s research, however he began to seethings that did not match up to the commonly held teachings of the time.During the 1600’s the view of the circulatory system was that of a body full of veins which couldpump blood both to and from the heart

Conference Session

Design Based Energy Education

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jennifer M Peuker, University of Alaska, Anchorage; Steffen Peuker, University of Alaska Anchorage

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

Heat Exchanger In-Class ActivityDirectionsIn groups of two solve the following heat exchanger design problem using EES.DeliverablePer group, fill out one solution sheet (attached). The answer sheet is set up such that you can fillit out as you go, and gives you a hint to the order of equations you can solve as you determine asolution, i.e. you can solve as you go along, not just at the end.ProblemA counter flow heat exchanger is used to heat 1.25 kg/s of water form 35 to 80◦ C by coolingan oil (specific heat of 2.0 kJ/kg◦ C) from 150 to 85◦ C. The overall heat transfer coefficient is850 W/m2◦ C. A similar arrangement is to be built at another plant location, but it is desired tocompare the performance of the single counterflow heat exchanger

Conference Session

Addressing the NGSS, Part 2 of 3: Supporting K-12 Science Teachers in Engineering Pedagogy and Engineering-Science Connections, Part 2 of 3

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Christine Schnittka, Auburn University; George Edward Turner Jr., Auburn University; Randall William Colvin, Auburn University; Mary Lou Ewald, Auburn University

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

-the- Nation.pdfCullum, J., Hailey, C., Householder, D., Merrill, C., & Dorward, J. (2008). Formative evaluation of a professional development program for high school teachers infusing engineering design into the classroom. Paper presented at the meeting of the American Society for Engineering Education, Pittsburgh, PA.Donna, Joel D. (2012) A model for professional development to promote engineering design as an integrative pedagogy within STEM education. Journal of Pre-College Engineering Education Research (J-PEER), 2(2), Article 2. Downloaded from http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314866Garet, M. S., Porter, A. C., Desimone, L., Birman, B. F., & Yoon, K. S. (2001). What makes

Conference Session

Methods, Techniques, and New Programs in Graduate Education

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Dominic R. Primé, Arizona State University; Bianca L. Bernstein, Arizona State University; Amy K. Way, Villanova University; Liza Cohen Hita Hita, Arizona State University; T Michael Liddell, CareerWISE, Arizona State University; Arti R. Sarma, Arizona State University; Jennifer M Bekki, Arizona State University, Polytechnic campus

Tagged Divisions

Graduate Studies

modules engage visitors in learning to express their needs assertively,negotiate effectively when interests and positions may diverge, and manage conflict as it arisesin their environment(s). The Advanced Strategies rely on the mastery of the Essential Skills andunderstanding of Communication Elements. The Advanced Strategies modules and associatedskills are presented in Table 3. The following is a sample of text taken from the Introductionsection of the Advanced Strategy entitled, Negotiation: Negotiation is a discussion between two or more people that involves two main functions: identifying a common ground and reaching an explicit agreement regarding a matter of mutual concern. It’s an advanced strategy that relies on the

Conference Session

The Role of Engineering in Integrated STEM--uh STEAM--uh Education!

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Bettina J. Casad, California State Polytechnic University, Pomona; Mariappan Jawaharlal, California State Polytechnic University, Pomona

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

guided discovery approach posits that any subject can be taught effectively in someintellectually honest form to any child at any stage of development. A constructivist approach tolearning and teaching is based on the notion that learners construct their own knowledge ratherthan knowledge being transferred into learners‟ brains.8-10 Learners‟ construction of knowledgeis based on their past knowledge, the timeliness of new knowledge, and the learner‟s ability tounderstand the connections. This process forces learners to either modify existing knowledge ordevelop new knowledge. Learning experiences based on constructivism are reflected in popularinstructional strategies such as inquiry based learning11-12, problem based learning (PBL) 13-14

Conference Session

Graduate Education in ETD

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Enrique Barbieri, University of North Texas; Vassilios Tzouanas, University of Houston, Downtown

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology, Graduate Studies

Technology (ETEC), with at least 50 sustainingenrollments of 200+ students in fall 2010 according to ASEE data. On the other hand, since the1980’s only about 14 institutions have created master’s degrees in ETEC. Some M.S. programshave evolved from Master of Science in Technology (M.S.T.) or Master of Technology (M.T.)versions. One fundamental question posed in the debate is whether ETEC curricula rise to thenecessary scientific rigor of traditional M.S. degrees. This paper asserts that the M.S. in ETECshould stand on equal footing with M.S. programs in any other field and particularly inengineering when viewed from the perspective of (i) the scientific level of graduate ETECcourses; (ii) the roles that ETEC graduates perform in the engineering

Conference Session

Entrepreneurship Teaming and Collaboration

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

David Pistrui, Acumen Dynamics, LLC; John K. Layer, University of Evansville; Sandra L. Dietrich, Eastern Michigan University

Tagged Divisions

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation

. The Behavior latent variable is defined by the DISC instrument as a measurement model,where the four manifest variables Dominance (D), Influence (I), Steadiness (S), and Compliance(C) are depicted in Figure 3 [18] [19]. D I BEHAVIOR S C Figure 3. Hypothesized KEEN-TTI DISC Measurement ModelIn a similar fashion the Motivation and Skills latent variables are described by specific manifestvariables derived from TTI questionnaire items. The Motivation latent model is described by sixmanifest variables: Theoretical (TH), Aesthetic (AE

Conference Session

The Best of Design in Engineering Education

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Nicole Genco, University of Massachusetts Dartmouth; Katja Holtta-Otto, University of Massachusetts Dartmouth; Carolyn Conner Seepersad, University of Texas, Austin

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

developing their original three concepts and 10 minutesmodifying other students’ concepts according to the modified 6-3-5 method.Measuring Creativity and Feasibility of the ConceptsIn this study we chose to measure the creative outcome rather than the creative personality of anindividual because the outcome is usually most important in engineering applications. There areseveral ways of measuring the creative outcome of a concept. Shah et al.’s novelty metric36 iscommonly used in engineering and was thus chosen for the innovative measurement criteria ofthis study. Before the metrics could be applied, each concept was analyzed holistically anddecomposed into a set of features. Once a set of features was identified it was then divided into a

Conference Session

Thermal Systems

Collection

2005 Annual Conference

Authors

Pamela J. Théroux; Gary Gabriele; Brad Lister; Deborah Kaminski

. Page 10.508.7 Proceedings of the 2005 American Society for Engineering Education Annual Conference & Exposition Copyright 2005, American Society for Engineering EducationFigure 3Distribution of Learning Styles Overall 8.67% Learning Styles Acco m m oda ting As s im ilating C onverging D iverging 11 .22 % 29 .34

Conference Session

ECE Laboratory Development & Innovations

Collection

2004 Annual Conference

Authors

Ahmed Rubaai

the terminals corresponding to input voltage, Vi, output voltage, Vo, one inductor current,iL, and controlled switch, S. The controller output variable is the switch duty cycle, δ.2.1 Fuzzy Controller Design Primarily, students will decide on the state variables of each converter topology that can betaken as the input signals to the controller. The controller-input variables include, output voltageerror, inductor current error, and inductor current, which will be used for current limiting only.Consequently, the input to the converter unit would be a signal proportional to the converter dutycycle that is actually the output of the controller. After choosing proper fuzzy variables as inputand output of the FLC, students must decide on the

Conference Session

IS and IT Education

Collection

2004 Annual Conference

Authors

Thomas Cullinane; Baris Yanmaz; Ronald Perry

. Six question items were identified as important outcomes: overall satisfaction (OS),feeling of being rewarded for efforts (RE), feeling of being stimulated and challenged (SC), op-portunities for career advancement (CA), length of time in an IT job (TJ), and salary (S). Thus,twelve regression equations were developed: six for the first job and six for the current job. Ta-ble 1 lists the outcome and predictor variables used for these analyses (All tables appear at theend of the paper). SPSS software was used in all of the analyses. The straight-forward approach to developing these relationships would be to offer all ofthe candidate predictor variables to SPSS and let it select the subset which provides the bet fit asmeasured by the

Conference Session

Ethics & HSS in Engineering

Collection

2004 Annual Conference

Authors

David Shaw; James Gidley

Session 3261 Ethics & HSS in Engineering Addressing the Liberal Arts in a Core Engineering Class: Theology, Philosophy, Social Ethics, and The Second Law of Thermodynamics Dr. David W. Shaw and Dr. James S. Gidley Department of Engineering, Geneva College, Beaver Falls, PAIntroductionCan an engineering professor address theological, philosophical, and social issues in a coreengineering class in a way that is relevant to the core content of the class? Our answer is yes.We have been addressing such issues for more than a decade in an introductory thermodynamicsclass required of all students in the general engineering program

Collection

2000 Annual Conference

Authors

Domingo L. Uy

consideration will be incomplete,and it will lead to possible going out of context and the outcomes may be undesirable; 3) Also, one can embed or built-in the design context within the MDT itself.Note that for each decision point the branches of the tree are generated in the same way as in theDTA. The basic question to ask is: How many ways can I accomplish this task? An example of athree-level deep Modified Decision Tree (MDT) for the system S ( Figure 3) is shown inFigure 4. The square nodes are the decision points (DPs). The circular nodes are the outcomes. Eachoutcome consists of a set of alternatives. For example, in Figure 5, the outcome node SS2 contains thealternatives m, p, and u. Also, in Figure 4, the outcomes SSj, j = 1,2,..8, can