Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session II

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Emad Habib, University of Louisiana, Lafayette; David G Tarboton, Utah State University; Matthew Wayne Deshotel, University of Louisiana at Lafayette; David J Farnham, Columbia University

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

relations in the processes and the dynamics connecting climate andecosystems. The overarching goal of this study is to address the needed paradigm shift inundergraduate education of engineering hydrology and water resources to reflect paralleladvances in hydrologic research and technology, mainly in the areas of new observationalsettings,1,2 data and modeling resources,3,4,5 professional practice, and web-based technologies6,7.This paper presents efforts to develop a set of learning modules that are case-based, data andsimulation driven, and delivered via a web user interface. The modules are based on real-worldcase studies from three regional hydrologic ecosystems: Coastal Louisiana, Florida Everglades,and Utah Rocky Mountains. Each ecosystem

Conference Session

Chemical Engineering Division Poster Session

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Elizabeth M. Hill, University of Minnesota - Duluth

Tagged Divisions

Chemical Engineering

discussionasynchronously on the class management system’s blog style message board and are asked tobring any questions to the next laboratory period [reflective/global]. Requires physical or chemical hazard removal. Elimination/ Substitution s es en Requires a physical change to the work place iv EngineeringControls ct fe Ef ng si

Conference Session

CAPSTONE (SENIOR) DESIGN AND UNDERGRADUATE PROJECTS

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Andrew H. Rosenthal, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, Daytona Beach; Yan Tang, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical Univ., Daytona Beach

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

Watt Solar PanelsThe first and most vital instrument that was purchased using the Phase II P3 Grant was apyranometer with a digital output shown in Figure 8. This instrument allows for themeasurement of Beam and Diffuse irradiance as well as reflected irradiance. A Pyranometer isan instrument that has a 180° field of view so it absorbs all the solar irradiance from itssurroundings and delivers a digital reading that can be logged with a micrologger (not shown).The micrologger used is capable of measuring a change in voltage as low as one microvolt. Thespecific reason in which this instrument and supporting equipment were purchased was to allowfor solar panels to be tested during similar solar conditions. This validated our work by makingsolar

Conference Session

Innovation in Engineering Leadership Education

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Cindy Rottmann, University of Toronto; Robin Sacks, University of Toronto; Mike Klassen, Institute for Leadership Education in Engineering, University of Toronto; Doug Reeve, University of Toronto

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Leadership Development Division

< 1 hour commute: 20% variable > 1 hour commute: 21%Our sample reflects the population of undergraduate students enrolled in the faculty ofengineering in terms of year, program and sex. No population level data was available in thefaculty’s annual report on our other two demographic variables: ethno-cultural identity andcommuting distance.FindingsOverall, we found that undergraduate engineering students who engaged in a range of non-classroom activities reported significant gains in their engineering skills, leadership skills,engineering identity and leadership identity. We present our findings in greater detail

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session I

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Vann Priest, Rio Hondo College; Gisela Spieler-Persad, Rio Hondo College; Ryan Taylor Bronkar, Rio Hondo College

Tagged Topics

Diversity, NSF Grantees Poster Session

otherneighboring cities of Montebello, Downey, La Puente, Norwalk, City of Industry, and easternLos Angeles. It is a federally designated Hispanic Serving Institution (HSI).The total enrollment (unduplicated annual headcount) is approximately 27,000. As its district ismore than two-thirds Hispanic, the students reflect the demographic; 67.7% of the studentsidentify as Hispanic. Among first-time students, 76% state that an academic degree or transfer toa four-year institution is their educational goal; however, 98% of them assess into a basic skillsmathematics course.2 The college is ranked 24th nationally for the number of Associate degreesawarded to Hispanic students.3STARSS ObjectivesThe purpose of STARSS is to support academically talented, financially

Conference Session

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering Division: Professional Development for Students and Teachers

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Matthew Moorhead, New York University; Colin Hennessy Elliott, New York University; Jennifer B. Listman, New York University; Catherine E. Milne, New York University; Vikram Kapila, New York University

Tagged Divisions

Pre-College Engineering Education Division

with the help of teachers to address problems they identified. Figure 1: Final, collaboratively designed, activity-bot.Besides the individual lesson refinement, the structure of the PD was adapted to increase teacherinvolvement in the construction of the lessons. With a few examples of fully developed lessonsthe teachers were involved in cognitive apprenticeship and, through reflection, were able to seehow an expert would create lessons using the robotic kit.31,32 The important consideration wasthat the teachers worked through all three units from a novice’s perspective of integratingrobotics activities into the development of a lesson.Week 2At the beginning of the second week, the teachers were introduced to DBR and given

Conference Session

Developing Systems Engineering Curriculum and Programs

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Bruce Harmon, Colorado Technical University; John M Santiago Jr, Colorado Technical University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Systems Engineering

, improvements to reflect updates to industry-academic curriculumrecommendations subsequently published by IEEE Computer Society, INCOSE (International Council onSystems Engineering), and others as well as improvements to better address faculty and student inputssuch as a richer treatment of Bayesian, and future plans to embrace industry advisory board inputs suchas treatment of Big Data Analytics.In the BeginningBoeing approached us in 2002 with the observation that the US defense and aerospace industry wouldbe experiencing a large number of retirements of systems engineers in the very near future and thatAcademia needed to step up to the challenge and provide the education needed by their replacements.Conversations were held then with representatives

Conference Session

Engineering Physics Technical Session 1

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Bala Maheswaran, Northeastern University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Physics & Physics

physics concepts. This is indeed a positive outcome for this new effort.  In Figure 2, the results of question 4 indicate student response to the final group activity. This rating was lower than for other questions, and students were less enthusiastic about a lengthy group activity close to the end of the semester, especially for this accelerated course. 4 5.00 Figure 2 4.50 4.00 3.50 3.00 2.50 2.00 1.50 1.00 0.50 0.00 q1 q2 q3 q4Figure 3, response to questions 5 and 6:  In Figure 3, question 5 reflects the students’ view regarding the

Conference Session

Environmental Engineering Division: Sustainability and Hands-On Engineering Education

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Angela R. Bielefeldt, University of Colorado - Boulder

Tagged Divisions

Environmental Engineering

mapsseemed useful to judge the success of different instructional methods, and provided anassessment of students’ sustainability knowledge.IntroductionIt is important for engineering students to consider sustainability in their designs. Sustainabilityshould be among the standard criteria used to judge the quality of design options.13 Sustainabilityis a complex idea, and therefore multiple criteria are likely needed to reflect a sustainable design.The ABET Engineering Accreditation Commission (EAC) program-specific criteria for civil,architectural, and environmental engineering require educational content related tosustainability.1 However, proposed changes to the general ABET EAC outcomes appear to placeless emphasis on the importance of

Conference Session

Flipped Classrooms in Mechanical Engineering

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

John-David S Yoder, Ohio Northern University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

because they can be created in a more focused manner that moredirectly relates to the material on the final exam.Second, students greatly prefer this to a traditional textbook. This is reflected both in thequantitative and qualitative responses on course evaluations, and anecdotally in discussionswith students. This is despite the fact that the new approach meant that most days therewas a quiz to begin the class, to hold them accountable for having watched the video orread the article before class. It should also be noted that in a class of 50 students, movingfrom a traditional textbook to this approach has saved the students approximately $10,000.Third, about half of the students say they agree or strongly agree that they will continue towatch

Conference Session

Student Success II: Self-Regulatory, Metacognitive, and Professional Skills

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Justine Chasmar, Clemson University; Lisa Benson, Clemson University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

reflections about their SRLstrategy use. While the intervention may have impacted student self-report of their SRL strategyuse, two benefits occurred: improved rapport with the researcher, who provided the intervention,and a greater fluency of SRL strategies in the reflections and interviews30.The survey distributed at the end of semester included four sections with 86 items. Some itemswere adapted to be applicable to an engineering course from the Motivated Strategies forLearning Questionnaire (MSLQ)31,32. Other survey items were written in three sections16: a 13item goal orientation section, a 28 item FTP section, and 16 items on task and course specificproblem-solving self-efficacy33. The MSLQ31,34,35 has been well-documented, and the MSLQ andMAE

Conference Session

Make It!

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Stephanie Hladik, University of Calgary; Emily Ann Marasco, University of Calgary

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

of the art car. The seven individual stars were notconnected by wires and could therefore move independently of each other and be easilyrearranged into different constellations. For example, the stars were placed in the Ursa Major(Big Dipper) constellation that would be recognizable to the festival attendees. Audiencemembers were encouraged to name the constellations, and to arrange their stars in other patterns.The material colours were chosen to reflect the ranges found in star formations as they age,providing the attendees with additional information about astronomy.The operation of the stars was that of a simple circuit containing the four basic circuitcomponents: a power source, wires, a load, and a switch. The battery was connected by

Conference Session

Make It!

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Javaid S. Siddiqi, Lone Star College; Sheng-Jen Hsieh, Texas A&M University

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

in this material are those of the author(s) and do notnecessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation.References1. AT89C52 Datasheet; Atmel Corporation. Modified May, 2000. www.microchip.com.2. Hicks, F., Tyler, G.; & Edwards, T.W. (1971), ‘Pump Application Engineering’. McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York.3. Khaled Reza, S.M., Shah Ahsanuzzaman Md. Tariq, S.M. Mohsin Reza (2010), ‘Microcontroller Based Automated Water Level Sensing and Controlling: Design and Implementation Issue’. Proceedings of the World Congress on Engineering and Computer Science, pp 220- 224.4. Venkata Naga Rohit Gunturi (2013), ‘Micro Controller Based Automatic Plant Irrigation System’, International Journal of Advancements

Conference Session

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering Division Poster Session: Works in Progress

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Gina Navoa Svarovsky, University of Notre Dame; Marjorie B. Bequette, Science Museum of Minnesota; Lauren Causey

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Pre-College Engineering Education Division

Movement isdefined by the Maker Media brand may be excluding the culturally-embedded making practicesfound in communities of color. Early analysis of focus group and interview data with membersof communities of color reflect this lack of alignment between their perceptions of making intheir every day lives and what is commonly portrayed as Making within the Maker community.Using Gee’s theory on Discourses, it is possible that the branding of Making by MAKEMagazine results in a limited definition of making focused heavily on electronics andmechanics. We argue that a return to a more inclusive view of making – one characterized bycreative, innovative, and generative processes found within all cultures, and values andhighlights examples of innovation

Conference Session

Ethics Instruction in Context: Civil and Construction Engineering and Engineering Technology

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Angela R. Bielefeldt, University of Colorado, Boulder

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Ethics

unfolded. Although theresponses varied, most students did an excellent job on this discussion. The in-class discussionlikely helped the students with their responses to this question. Overall, most students appeared to have devoted thoughtful consideration to the assignment.This was reflected in the strong grades received by the majority of the students: 63% of thestudents received an A (>90%) and 26% of the students received a B (80-90%); there was only asingle student who earned a C (70-80%) and one who received an F (50%). In order to encouragethe students to more fully explore these complex issues, they were instructed on four of the sixquestions that their answers should exceed a full page in length (single-spaced, 12-point font).Thus

Conference Session

Works in Progress: Innovation Through Propagation

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Susan M. Lord, University of San Diego; Denise Rutledge Simmons P.E., Virginia Tech; Larry J. Shuman, University of Pittsburgh

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

betterunderstanding of racism in the same way sociologists do, for example. However, by not namingracism, we allow racism to persist.Data Driven ResearchData driven research is crucial to elucidate many pathway impediments in engineering, informthe community and move toward strategies for improvement. It is important that this researchtakes multiple forms: large quantitative studies, small qualitative investigations and personalself-reflections. We need to expand the categories of data we collect, where possible, includinggeneration in college status, veteran status, disability, LGBTQA (lesbian, gay, bi-sexual,transgender, queer or questioning, and ally or asexual). We also need to collect demographicvariables aligned with our current understanding of

Conference Session

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation Division Technical Session 8

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Stuart G. Walesh P.E., S. G. Walesh Consulting

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation

the last class and the cue is thetelevision. The routine is to turn it on, and the result is to relax and catch up on things.This leads to the next cue, which is hunger and the routine is to go out for a quick mealand the result is feeling good. Late that night, he/she finally gets to work on somehomework and it is probably that which is due tomorrow. The work is difficult, given thelate hour, and the quality reflects neither the student’s ability nor desire. Therefore, youadvise the student to use the method shown in Figure 6 to replace his/her bad homeworkhabit with a good one. Learning a new Habit Recognize cue: conscious mind decides

Conference Session

College-Industry Partnerships Division Technical Session II: Curriculum

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

David Schmueser, Clemson University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

College Industry Partnerships

final step was to have OEM engineers lecture on the importance and relevance of theintegration of analysis and experimental techniques. The students’ reflection on collective learningwrapped up the course, and helped to prepare them for competence and relevance in their ownautomotive engineering careers.Course Project PreparationIn order to accomplish the previously described course objectives, two of the faculty membersworked in collaboration with a professional engineer and two additional participants from theOEM research lab. A test setup mimicking the OEM laboratory was constructed (Figure 2), andall components were checked for safety as a practice run was performed in attendance of theprofessional engineer. With the support of the

Conference Session

PBL and Flipped Classrooms in Civil Engineering Education

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Heather Noel Fedesco, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Cary Troy, Purdue University, West Lafayette

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

passivelearning is actually associated with a decrease in course performance.2,3 Conversely, activelearning includes the use of pedagogical strategies that encourage student engagement withcourse material. Research shows that when students reflect, discuss, ask questions, or pose andresolve problems, they stand a better chance of actually learning and understanding coursematerial, compared to a traditional lecture wherein they passively receive information from theinstructor.4 More specifically, when students are actively involved in their learning process, theyreceive a host of benefits including improvements in retention of information,5,6 examperformance2,7 and thinking and writing skills8 to name a few.Of course there are some challenges associated

Conference Session

Biomedical Division Poster Session

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Margo Cousins, University of Texas, Austin; Lynda K. Gonzales, University of Texas, Austin; Erin Dolan, University of Texas, Austin; Kathryn E. Flowers, Texas 4000 for Cancer; Courtney Becker, Texas 4000 for Cancer; Laura Suggs, University of Texas, Austin; Mia K. Markey, University of Texas, Austin

Tagged Divisions

Biomedical

cards. The program sent all thecards together in a package ahead of the riders, so they would receive them when they stoppedfor lodging.Social media interactions between BME CUReS REU participants and current Texas 4000 ridersThe Texas 4000 students on the bike ride post photos and notes to the Texas 4000’s websitethrough a social media aggregator. Similarly, the BME CUReS REU participants post to theREU program’s website through a blog with photos and commentary. Blog post content variesfrom reflections on research and the impact of cancer, to letters to the Texas 4000 student riders,to fun photos from local social trips. The program shares this blog and relevant postings with theTexas 4000 throughout the 10 weeks.Adoption of Texas 4000

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session II

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Charles Lam, California State University, Bakersfield; Melissa Danforth, California State University, Bakersfield; Ronald Hughes, California State University, Bakersfield

Tagged Topics

Diversity, NSF Grantees Poster Session

this materialare those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National ScienceFoundation.Bibliography[1] S. G.-O. a. E. O. Sheybani, "Retaining Minority Students in Engineering: Undergraduate Research in Partnership with NASA," in ASEE Annual Conference, San Antonio, Texas, June 2012.[2] C. a. Z. D. Alvarado, "Women in CS: an evaluation of three promising practices," in Proceedings of the 41st ACM technical symposium on Computer science education, 2010.

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session II

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Stephanie M. George PhD, East Carolina University; Nathaniel Paul von der Embse, Temple University; Zachary J Domire, East Carolina University

Tagged Topics

Diversity, NSF Grantees Poster Session

contactwith their home mentors throughout the summer program. Following the program, homeinstitution mentors continue mentoring by helping to reflect on the summer experience andprepare for conference presentations. The REU faculty members continue to mentor their REUstudents after the program, but students have direct access to their home institution mentors. Toencourage collaboration with the home institutions, we submitted press releases with a shortstudent biography and information on their REU research and national presentations. Thesereleases were well received.AssessmentInteractions with home institution mentors are self-reported by students in a pre-program surveyand include mode and frequency. Students are requested to meet with their home

Conference Session

Biomedical Division Poster Session

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mikayle A. Holm, Arizona State University; Sarah E. Stabenfeldt, Arizona State University; Casey Jane Ankeny, Arizona State University

Tagged Divisions

Biomedical

aortic valve dis- ease. Currently, she is investigating cyber-based student engagement strategies in flipped and traditional biomedical engineering courses. She aspires to understand and improve student attitude, achievement, and persistence in student-centered courses. c American Society for Engineering Education, 2016 Work in Progress: Evaluation of the Concept Mapping in a Student-centered Biomaterials CourseIntroductionConcept mapping is a reflective technique used for teaching practices in science and engineeringclassrooms. It requires students, either individually or part of a team, to create an intellectualframework that shows major ideas and emphasizes their

Collection

2016 Spring ASEE Middle Atlantic Section Conference

Authors

Rachael Bevill; Srineil Nizambad; Chung Hyuk Park; Myounghoon Jeon; Ayanna M. Howard

 hereinafter as Romo. Romo is an iPhone rover type robot which focuses on demonstrating emotion through facial expressions.  The Romo character was modified from a bright blue monster to a baby penguin character, in order to be more appealing to children. Both Romo’s expression and the background color can be changed to reflect the appropriate emotion. Children with autism often see colors at a higher intensity than neurotypical children [5]. For this reason, all emotions are associated with pastel colors.      Figure 1 (left). ​ The emotional color wheel is used to help young children identify distinct emotions [3]. Figure 2 (right).​  Romo’s separate

Collection

2016 Spring ASEE Middle Atlantic Section Conference

Authors

Suzanne Keilson

. • There are still some mention of other traditional informal educational settings, such as Cub Scouts or Boy Scouts or jobs. • Women are still under-represented and not receiving the kinds of experiences that would allow them to be on a par with their hands-on male peers.V. What to do?It is difficult to know if these results are particular to this educational institution, or where ittends to draw students from (the East Coast) or reflects general trends in American informalculture and K-12 experiences. If they are typical then we are still not effectively reaching themajority of American students formally or informally with exposure and knowledge ofengineering. These data can provide ideas for outreach and action, such as more

Conference Session

Innovative Graduate Programs and Methods, Developing Master's & Ph.D. Programs and Graduate Teaching Assistants

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Thomas J. Connolly, University of Texas - Austin

Tagged Divisions

Graduate Studies

developed under the guidance of the following design principles:  The workshop should entail approximately six hours of professional learning time  Facilitators should include experts, practitioners, and seasoned TAs  Participants should work in table groups of approximately eight people  Sessions should make use of a diverse set of delivery modes, such as individual reflection and planning, small-group collaboration, and whole-group discussions  Sessions should model what effective learning environments look like  Participants’ experience and expertise should be acknowledged and leveraged  Content should be based on research and proven educational practices  A majority of the activities should be

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session II

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Howard L. Greene, Ohio State University; David L. Tomasko, The Ohio State University; Rachel Tuttle, The Ohio State University ; Jan Upton, Institutional Research Consultants, Ltd.

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

coursework compared to only 40 percent in the GES group. Three quarters(75%) of the HES students reported that scholarships allowed them to pursue their preferredmajors and made it possible for them to do research or participate in service learningopportunities (significantly higher than the GES group). While 60 percent of the GES studentsagreed that scholarships allowed them to pursue their preferred majors, no GES studentsindicated that the scholarships made it possible for them to pursue research or service learningprojects, which was a statistically significant difference. Another significant gap between the twogroups is reflected in the 55 percent of HES students who affirmed that scholarships had giventhem more time to research graduate

Conference Session

Instructional and Learning Assessment in Chemical Engineering

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kevin D. Dahm, Rowan University; Mariano Javier Savelski, Rowan University; Mary Staehle, Rowan University; Joseph Francis Stanzione III, Rowan University

Tagged Divisions

Chemical Engineering

Paper ID #14472Is Student Performance in CHE Core Courses Affected by Time ElapsedSince Completion of Material and Energy Balance Course Sequence?Dr. Kevin D. Dahm, Rowan University Kevin Dahm is a Professor of Chemical Engineering at Rowan University. He earned his BS from Worces- ter Polytechnic Institute (92) and his PhD from Massachusetts Institute of Technology (98). He has pub- lished two books, ”Fundamentals of Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics” and ”Interpreting Diffuse Reflectance and Transmittance.” He has also published papers on effective use of simulation in engineer- ing, teaching design and engineering

Conference Session

Proven Strategies in Classroom Engagement Part I: Artifacts for Creative Pedagogy

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

S Alireza Behnejad P.E., University of Surrey, UK

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

support this, Hithcock & Hughes also argue that reflecting, criticising and putting forward a more informed view to the educational process would be possible by doing research in education. Consequently, the educational practice could benefit from the outcomes of such research. Also, there has been strong links between research in education and the research traditions of the social sciences which both are complex and complicated themes 15. v. The final shift entitled the influence of ‘Information, Computational and Communication Technology (ICCT)’ on engineering education.Having the above shifts in engineering education in mind, it is believed that individuals differin regard to what mode of instruction

Conference Session

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation Division Technical Session 3

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kathryn A. Neeley, University of Virginia; Douglas Muir, University of Virginia; Elizabeth P. Pyle, University of Virginia

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation

become a valued resource for business incubator programs throughout Virginia and her success as a business consultant is reflected in the successful outcomes of her clients. c American Society for Engineering Education, 2016 Beyond "The Innovator's DNA:" Systematic Development of Creative Intelligence in an Engineering Entrepreneurship ProgramIn a seminal paper published in the Harvard Business Review in 2009 and titled “The Innovator’sDNA,” Dyer, Gregersen, and Christensen argue that there are "five discovery skills thatdistinguish the most innovative entrepreneurs from other executives." The specific skills theyidentified through their research were (1) associating, (2) questioning, (3