Conference Session

Engineering Design: Implementation and Evaluation

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Xaver Neumeyer, Northwestern University; Ann McKenna, Northwestern University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

student and faculty perceptions of productive conflict. Themain conflicts that were reported in our study included conflicts of commitment, differentideas about the project direction as well as different working styles.Results from this research will enable us to rethink common models of team conflict anddevelop direct and indirect intervention strategies that can help students to better integrateemotion and intellect in engineering design and innovation.IntroductionAlthough design projects and course structures may vary, there has been a consistentattempt to integrate team experiences into the engineering design curriculum 1-5. Whilethere has been significant work that describes instructional approaches for integrating andassessing teamwork

Conference Session

Think Outside the Box! K-12 Engineering Curriculum

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Brittany Luken, Georgia Institute of Technology; Stacey Mumbower, Georgia Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

follow, detailed descriptions of each activity are provided, along with extramaterials that can be used as handouts for each activity. This is followed by a brief descriptionof the environments that the activities have been used in, as well as lessons learned.Activity 1: Tradeoffs between Different Modes of TransportationThe goal of this activity was to help the students understand tradeoffs between four differentmodes of transportation (car, train, airplane, and bus) for a long trip. Students were charged withthe task of comparing the cost, duration of travel, and pollution produced by each mode for a tripfrom Atlanta to Orlando for a family of four. To facilitate the comparisons, students were givenhandouts with supplementary information that

Conference Session

Student Attitudes and Perceptions

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jennifer Atchison, Drexel University; Dorothea Holmes-Stanley, St. Cyprian's School; Adam Fontecchio, Drexel University; Eli Fromm, Drexel University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

fromgroups traditionally underrepresented in science and technology fields. Seventy percentof the participants qualified for Title I remediation and the school ranked in the top 12%of the bottom tier in the district-wide standardized test. The current 7th and 8th gradeclasses have had a NSF GK-12 fellow in the science class for 13 months. The 5th and 6thgrade classes have only had 3 months of dedicated science class with the GK-12 fellowand this is their first long term project in science. To date the 6th, 7th and 8th grade classes Page 15.1325.3have completed their graphic novel. The completion percentages per class are tabulatedin table 1. As

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kemper Lewis, State University of New York, Buffalo; Kevin Hulme, State University of New York, Buffalo; Edward Kasprzak, Milliken Research Associates; Deborah Moore-Russo, State University of New York, Buffalo; Puneet Singla, State University of New York, Buffalo; Kenneth English, State University of New York, Buffalo

integratingexperience-based system simulation modules into a series of vehicle dynamics courses. We alsopresent experiential modules to integrate the motion simulation system into a required junior-level mechanical engineering course and in a required senior-level flight dynamics aerospaceengineering course. This paper reports on work done under National Science Foundation grantDUE-0633596 in the Course, Curriculum, and Laboratory Improvement (CCLI) program.1 Background and Motivation: Cyber-enhanced EducationIn engineering education, relating theoretical and analytical results to real-world phenomena isone of the most difficult tasks. While text, equations, diagrams, and graphs are an efficientmeans of presenting large amounts of information, such

Conference Session

Assessment and Evaluation in Design

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sarah Lockwood, University of Calgary; Daryl Caswell, University of Calgary; Marjan Eggermont, University of Calgary

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

broad and varied curriculum of ENGG 251/253, a traditional lecture/labstructure is not truly practical. Instead, 251/253 rely on long and intensive lab periods94.5 hours a week, divided into two blocks, one of 1.5 hrs and one of 3 hrs) with shortlectures (1 hr. per week). In addition, the course work is divided into projects or‘challenges’, with students working on three challenges in the fall semester (251) and twochallenges in the winter semester (253). Students work in groups for all challenges, withless than 50% of their course marks coming from individual assignments (43%).As ENGG 251/253 are first year courses, students enter with minimal knowledge of thedesign process; in addition, most have little to no experience with sketching and

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Yongpeng Zhang, Prairie View A&M University; Cajetan Akujuobi, Prairie View A&M University; Yonghui Wang, Prairie View A&M University; Suxia Cui, Prairie View A&M University

support of federal agencies to make progress toward a diverse,competitive and globally engaged US workforce of scientists, engineers, technologists and wellprepared citizens, as well as to better fulfill its departmental primary purpose to prepare studentsfor a successful professional career in engineering technology and related fields, authors are nowcollaborating on 4 external grants, including 3 from NSF and 1 from Dept of Education, topropel the curriculum development and laboratory enhancement. And this paper introduces thecurrent progress and following implementation strategies on the undergraduate laboratoryenhancement plan. Page 15.497.2

Conference Session

Improving Mechanics & Structural Modeling Courses

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Timothy Doughty, University of Portland; Steven O'Halloran, University of Portland

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

the temperature(centerline and surface) of a small aluminum cylinder and a small acrylic cylinder was assignedto introductory heat transfer students. The project demonstrates heat transfer concepts ofconduction and convection as well as numerical solutions to time-dependant partial differentialequations. The geometry of the cylinder is shown in Figure 1. Page 15.23.3Page 15.23.4Page 15.23.5Page 15.23.6 90 Centerline 80

Conference Session

Fulfilling the CE BOK2 - Case Studies

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

George List, North Carolina State University

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

 eye toward finding the best ways for BOK2 outcomes to be integrated into civil engineering curricula. In a recent survey, the BOKEdFC asked how well programs are achieving the BOK2 educational outcomes as well as those from the first edition of the BOK 1 . Based on the responses, the BOKEdFC concluded that several BOK2 outcomes may be “challenging” for many programs to achieve in today’s civil engineering curricula. These include outcomes related to categories 3 – Humanities, 4 – Social Sciences, 10 – Sustainability, 11 – Contemporary Issues & History, 12 – Risk & Uncertainty, 17 – Public Policy, 18 – Business & Public Administration, 19 – Globalization, and 20 – Leadership. In addition, the committee identified Outcome 5

Conference Session

Special Session: Innovation through Improv

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Peter Ludovice, Georgia Institute of Technology; Lew Lefton, Georgia Institute of Technology; Richard Catrambone, Georgia Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

responsible for its lack of effectiveness in technical areas, such as engineering.IntroductionThe importance of creativity was aptly described by Dr. Joseph Bordogna, Deputy Director andChief Operating Officer of the National Science Foundation as “what societal progress… is allabout,” in a 2002 speech at the Rochester Institute of Technology.1 Numerous others haveextolled the importance of creativity, including the Editor in Chief of “Power ElectronicsTechnology” who points out that Engineering Innovation requires creativity.2 Given recentscience and technology challenges for new enabling technologies in the fields of energy, healthand the environment, it is generally agreed that creativity is of critical importance to produce thisrequired technical

Conference Session

Student Learning and Assessment

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Michele Miller, Michigan Technological University; Anna Pereira, Michigan Technological University; Margot Hutchins, Michigan Technological Universtiy; William Helton, Michigan Technological University; Leonard Bohmann, Michigan Technological University; Chris VanArsdale, Michigan Technological University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

,seldom, occasionally and frequently. For the questions that involved course work, the choiceswere: no courses, one course, two courses, and more than two courses. One hundred fifty-sixstudents completed both the MAT and the PEQ.Table 1 shows the prior experiences that correlated most highly and positively with MAT score.The list is limited to the activities that had statistically significant correlation (with p<0.05).Some themes are apparent: working with tools, outdoor activities, and instrumental music. Notethat the correlation coefficients are quite low which is likely due to the large number of possibleprior experiences. In other words, a student comes to engineering school with a wide array ofprior experiences, and many different prior

Conference Session

Communication - Needs and Methods

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sarah Lockwood, University of Calgary; Daryl Caswell, University of Calgary; Marjan Eggermont, University of Calgary

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education

team drawn from all divisions of engineering, fine arts andcommunications. This paper serves to examine the role and work of the communicationsinstructor within that interdisciplinary team, and to offer some insight into the ways thatcommunications can be integrated into the engineering curriculum, as well as the benefitsthat communications brings to the instructor team.Because of the unique interdisciplinary structure of these courses, the communicationsinstructor holds a tri-partite position as a solo instructor, a team instructor, and as thecourse technical writer.As a solo instructor, the communication instructor delivers 6-8 1-hour lectures persemester, on a combination of communication theory and practical writing and oralpresentation

Conference Session

Robotics in Education

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Chiraag Nataraj, Conestoga High School; Sanjeev Reddy, Radnor High School; Mark Woods, Villanova University; Biswanath Samanta, Villanova University; C. Nataraj, Villanova University

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

robotic platform for the project. Fourkits were procured; at any time three were used, and the fourth was kept as a stand-by. The maincomponent of a NXT kit is the NXT intelligent brick. There are two microcontrollers embeddedinside the brick. One brick can take inputs from four sensors and can control up to three motorsat once. The NXT kit comes with four sensors, namely, light, sound, touch and ultrasonicsensors. In this project only two of these sensors, touch and ultrasonic sensors were used. Two ofthe motors were used for driving the robot. The third motor was used to rotate the ultrasonicsensor through a geared mechanism. Figure 1 shows the photograph of two assembled NXTmobile robots. For communication with a PC laptop, the wireless

Conference Session

Potpourri of First-Year Issues

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Benjamin Flores, UTEP; James Becvar, UTEP; Ann Darnell, UTEP; Helmut Knaust, UTEP; Jorge Lopez, UTEP; Josefina Tinajero, UTEP

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

management.Motivated by a successful experience in a general chemistry course, we have implementedworkshops based on the Peer Led Team Learning (PLTL) model that engages every engineeringstudent enrolled in the introductory chemistry, mathematics, and physics courses through aguided-process and inquiry-based strategy utilizing small group settings. For this purpose wereplaced one hour of lecture with a two-hour small-group workshop. Workshops are guided byan advanced undergraduate peer leader who has successfully completed the course with a gradeof A or B. The courses included in this project are pre-calculus, general chemistry 1 and 2,mechanics, and fields and waves. We anticipate that the implementation of PLTL will result inimprovements in learning that

Conference Session

BME Laboratory and Project Experiences

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Purvis Bedenbaugh, East Carolina University

Tagged Divisions

Biomedical

,in addition to controlling the refractory period after action potential generation.Before entering this course, they have completed physics, general chemistry, calculus,engineering math, one semester of statistics, and statics. Students and were concurrently enrolledin courses in mechanical dynamics, and beginning electrical circuits. A basic background in axonbiophysics was supplied by a reading from standard introductory biomedical engineeringtextbook [1]. To develop research skills, students were supplied with an influential researcharticle [2] relevant to the project, and instructed on how to use PubMed and ISI Web of Scienceto find articles related to a key publication. They also received a patent application [3] in thefield of their

Conference Session

Mentoring First Year Students

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Dan Budny, University of Pittsburgh; Alaine Allen, University of Pittsburgh; Jeremy Tartt, University of Pittsburgh

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

to help the freshman cope with academic failure. This paper discusses anapproach to address the emotional issues that the freshmen students endure due to theiracademic failure. It was determined through this research that the freshmen engineeringstudents must adjust their unrealistic, preconceived academic expectations transferred from highschool, as well as accept academic failure and learn to react in a positive manner to theirclassroom performance.Index Terms ℵ Freshman Retention, Academic failure.INTRODUCTIONNumerous studies document the importance of educating new students about their new academicsetting [1 - 5]. Indeed, helping students anticipate and understand life changes can help theuniversity realize a significantly higher first

Conference Session

Information and Network Security

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Hetal Jasani, Northern Kentucky University

Tagged Divisions

Information Systems

variouscommands, students find the name of Ethernet, radio and BVI interfaces, SSID, MAC address,BIA (burned-in address), bandwidth (BW), default IP address of Ethernet, radio and BVIinterfaces. Students setup password to access control the AP for enhanced security. Students alsosetup IP address, SSID, and authentication method using command line interface. In addition,students setup http secure server using various Cisco commands on Cisco AP to access it viabrowser securely. Figure 1 and Figure 2 show the general network diagram for this lab setup andsome of the later discussed labs.In this lab activity, students get to know the basic commands of Cisco IOS that students areexpected to know from their first network administration course (i.e., prereq

Conference Session

Improving Student Entrepreneurial Skills

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Daniel Ferguson, Ohio Northern University; Michele Govekar, Ohio Northern University; Amanda Stype, Ohio Northern University

Tagged Divisions

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation

point scale, thereare two commonly used ways to measure interrater agreement.The first of these is the rWG index developed by James, Demaree and Wolf (1984). Although this method is themore common, it has several drawbacks including scale dependency, the assumption that a uniform distributionmodels perfect disagreement, the need for a distribution to model disagreement, and dependence on the numberof judges (Kozlowski and Hattrup 1992, Brown and Hauenstein 2005). The aWG index developed by Brown andHauenstein corrects for these problems and measures consensus among judges. It calibrates itself according tothe scale and the number of judges. The equation for aWG is: aWG = 1 - 2*Sx2/{[(H+L)*X-X2-(H*L)]*[K/(K-1

Conference Session

Improving Mechanics & Structural Modeling Courses

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Robert Soutas-Little, Michigan State University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

materials texts.There are two problems with the Macauley functions; first, they are very limited in the type ofload functions that they model and second, for orders above n=1, they are difficult to stop if theregion of application is only between a ∞ x ∞ b , where b is less than the length of the beam. Thedifficulty arises in introducing the negative of higher order polynomials at the point b. A methodwill be presented to analyze any continuous load function w(x) applied on the interval between a ∞ x ∞ b . Therefore, a single expression will be written for any beam loading. This expressionwill be integrated to determine the shear, moment, slope and deflection. Examples of differentbeam loadings are presented for a complete use of discontinuity

Conference Session

Knowing our Students, Faculty, and Profession

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Anna Pereira, Michigan Technological University; Michele Miller, Michigan Technological University; William Helton, Michigan Technological University; Leonard Bohmann, Michigan Technological University; Chris VanArsdale, Michigan Technological University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

traditionalmale traits and is male dominated, women often attempt to assimilate by disqualifying theirfemininity and by matching the male styles of behavior12.Survey Version 1In the first survey, we asked respondents to rate the relative importance of various attributes(including hands-on ability) for new engineering hires. Our list of nine attributes looks similar tothose compiled by various engineering organizations, including the NAE. The surveys wereadministered to exhibitors at an engineering conference in October 2008 and to recruiters at an Page 15.149.3on-campus career fair in February 2009. Respondents rated the nine traits on a scale of 1

Conference Session

Mentoring Graduate Students, Diversity, and Assessment

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Carla Purdy, University of Cincinnati

Tagged Divisions

Graduate Studies

formal assessmentis in order. Thus we have embarked on a project to survey past participants (there arewell over 100 "graduates" since the program began in 1999) to see what changes will bemost beneficial for future participants. We are also setting up a website for current andpast participants to encourage mentoring of newer participants by PFF in Engineeringgraduates. The survey of past participants is still ongoing, since contact information forsome past participants has been difficult to obtain. But we do have data for recentparticipants and some anecdotal evidence to present at this time.Survey Results—Recent ParticipantsSurvey questions are shown in Figure 1 below. Complete survey results from the pastyear are available. Ten students, from

Conference Session

Experiences in Teaching Energy Courses

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

James Riddell, Baker College Of Flint; Anca Sala, Baker College Of Flint

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

inquiry.1. IntroductionAlternative energy (AE) has continued to be a hot-button topic for a number of years. Manycolleges and universities have consequently introduced courses on this topic, having a variety offormats: with1,2 or without3 experimental laboratories, project based4, or based on amultidisciplinary approach5. One issue when covering such a broad field is that many studentsnever get a complete picture on all that is involved or related to a given technology. To that end,with the support of our institution’s curriculum committee, it was decided to develop and offeran overview or introductory class for Mechanical Engineering students. The course must be insupport of the Program Outcomes adopted by our program (included in the Appendix

Conference Session

Conceptual Learning

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Aidsa Santiago Roman, University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez; Ruth Streveler, Purdue Universtiy; Paul Steif, Carnegie Mellon University; Louis DiBello, University of Illinois at Chicago

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

the Fusion Model toCATS. Each phase had a specific objective that was tied to a primary research question. Thispaper focuses on phase 1 – the generation of a Q-matrix that relates a set of cognitive attributesto specific CATS questions. The process used in this phase of the study consisted of analyzingthe items in CATS and determining the cognitive attributes required for students to choose thecorrect answer. These attributes were identified based on Minstrell’s framework – facets ofunderstanding. Results from this study led to the development of a Q-matrix in which 13attributes were identified among the 27 items. Six of those attributes were identified andexpected to be more problematic. Identification of these attributes provide an

Conference Session

Innovative Instructional Strategies and Curricula

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kingsley Reeves, University of South Florida; Bill Blank, University of South Florida; Victor Hernandez-Gantes, University of South Florida; Maniphone Dickerson, University of South Florida

Tagged Divisions

Mathematics

learning. Forexample, one exercise enables students to build upon previously acquired knowledge related tocounting techniques and the concept of statistical independence and, through self-discovery,derive the probability mass function for the binomial distribution. Data were collected from botha control group and a treatment group. Preliminary results regarding the efficacy of such anapproach are presented.1. IntroductionThe need for a strong engineering workforce in the United States has been affirmed by severalnational studies including some sponsored by both the National Science Foundation and theNational Academy of Engineering1-3. Existing research on learning and teaching offerspedagogical approaches that have proven to be effective in

Conference Session

Student Poster Session

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Joe Jien-Jou Lin, Purdue University; P.K. Imbrie, Purdue University; Qu Jin, Purdue University

Tagged Divisions

Students Constituent Committee

students in eachyear. Several modeling methodologies have been applied to develop competing predictivemodels. These methods include neural networks, logistic regression, and structural equationmodeling (SEM). These methods’ strength and weakness were studied and compared.To be presented in this poster:1) The motivation for developing Model of Student Success (MSS) in engineering.2) The structure of MSS, with various cognitive and non-cognitive factors as inputs, anddifferent measures of student success as outcomes.3) The most important cognitive and non-cognitive factors on student persistence/retentionidentified by different modeling methods.4) A comparison of modeling methods for student retention in engineering

Conference Session

Special Session: Next Generation Problem-Solving

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Tamara Moore, University of Minnesota; Brian Self, California Polytechnic State University; Margret Hjalmarson, George Mason University; Judith Zawojewski, Illinois Institute of Technology; Barbara Olds, Colorado School of Mines; Ronald Miller, Colorado School of Mines; Heidi Diefes-Dux, Purdue University; Richard Lesh, Indiana University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

. Page 15.1085.2© American Society for Engineering Education, 2010 Model-Eliciting Activities: A Construct For Better Understanding Student Knowledge and SkillsIntroductionThe ABET criteria for engineering programs include that students should have “an ability toapply mathematics, science and engineering”, “an ability to design a system, component, orprocess to meet desired needs”, “an ability to identify, formulate and solve engineeringproblems”, and “an ability to communicate effectively”, and “a knowledge of contemporaryissues”1. One manner of integrating teamwork and engineering contexts in undergraduateengineering is through the educational construct of Model-Eliciting Activities (MEAs). MEAsare a class of

Conference Session

BME Course and Curriculum Development

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Lily Laiho, California Polytechnic State University; Nikki Adams, California Polytechnic State University; Kristen Cardinal, Cal Poly, San Luis Obispo; Matthew Burd, California Polytechnic State University; Daniel Walsh, California Polytechnic State University; Trevor Cardinal, California Polytechnic State University

Tagged Divisions

Biomedical

Award1, we have developed a unique interdisciplinary MS degree specialization inStem Cell Research. This paper describes the structure of this new program. Theinterdisciplinary nature of our program stems from the involvement of faculty and students fromthree departments that span three academic units at our university - Biomedical Engineering,Biological Sciences, and Animal Science. The goals of our program are to prepare students forcareers in stem cell research by providing them with 1) broad technical skills, 2) critical thinkingand problem solving skills, 3) familiarity with current research, 4) familiarity with the ethics andtheory of stem cell investigation, and 5) presentation and communication skills.To accomplish these goals, students

Conference Session

Computational Tools and Simulation III

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Anca Stefan, Lawrence Technological University

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

Conference Session

Innovative Courses/Pedagogies in Liberal Education II

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Katherine Wikoff, Milwaukee School of Engineering

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education

: Lessons on Innovation from Creative Communities “If you are lucky enough to have lived in Paris as a young man, then wherever you go for the rest of your life, it stays with you, for Paris is a moveable feast.” ~ Ernest HemingwayIn his commencement address to Stanford University’s graduating class of 2005, Appleco-founder Steve Jobs recalled how, after dropping out of Reed College in his freshmanyear, he stuck around campus and experienced what can arguably be described as one ofthe most fortuitous learning experiences in the history of the world [1]: Reed College at that time offered perhaps the best calligraphy instruction in the country. Throughout the campus every poster, every label on ever

Conference Session

Educational Research & Methods Poster Session

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Robert Ryan; Nhut Ho; Shelley Bartenstein

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

; defining specific learning objectives for the course;and assigning a rating of student performance from 1 to 4 for each of the program outcomes andlearning objectives. A rubric has been developed to assist with the assignment of scores for theprogram outcomes. Other aspects of the Department’s assessment plan include senior exitinterviews, review of course assessments by members of our Industrial Advisory Board (IAB),and senior design presentation reviews by IAB members. One of the weaknesses of theassessment process has been a lack of consistency among faculty members in terms of therubrics used for evaluation of student work. The development of the rubrics discussed in thispaper is an effort to create consistent instruments which can be used for

Conference Session

Pedagogical Innovations in Laboratory Education

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Anna Pereira, Michigan Technological University; Michele Miller, Michigan Technological University; Margot Hutchins, Michigan Technological Universtiy; William Helton, Michigan Technological University; Chris VanArsdale, Michigan Technological University; Leonard Bohmann, Michigan Technological University

Tagged Divisions

Division Experimentation & Lab-Oriented Studies

anothersupervised all electrical engineering tasks. For the mechanical engineering task, the labinstructor was the female and for the electrical engineering task the instructor was male. The labinstructor was intentionally preoccupied with work, but stated they were available for questions.Typically, the lab assistant would only become involved if the student asked a question. Page 15.859.2 Figure 1: Mechanical Engineering Study Flow Chart Figure 2: Electrical Engineering Study Flow ChartPage 15.859.3However, if the student detoured significantly from the lab procedures the lab assistantintervened. The students were not given any preparation