Conference Session

Innovations to Curriculum and Program

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ralph Ocon, Purdue University; Opal McFarlane, Hadady Corporation

Tagged Divisions

Environmental Engineering

TestBefore discussing environmental concerns and to assess learning, students were given a pretestbefore beginning the topic and posttest after discussing the case studies. The questions asked onboth test were the same and reflect a sample of the various creative thinking and environmentalissues covered in the case study discussions. Table 4 lists the results from last semester’senvironmental pretest and posttest, and Table 5 lists selected questions asked on the pretest andposttest. Incidentally, the results from last semester’s pretest and posttest were consistent withthose of previous semesters.Table 4: Results from the environmental pretest and posttest for OLS 350 (Fall 2007)Pretest: Posttest:Number of

Conference Session

Teams and Teamwork in Design II

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jonathan Weaver, University of Detroit Mercy; Karim Muci-Küchler, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

unlimited time) from the pure brainstormingactivity. Perhaps to gather statistically significant data, a class could be subdivided and only half Page 13.723.11given the bisociation half of the talk with the others simply given three more minutes to logideas. Then the numbers of ideas could be compared between the groups. The authors haveconjectured about doing this but have stopped short due to small class sizes and a concern thatthe variability person to person would most likely statistically mask the general trend without avery large sample size.Bisociation: Teaching PointsThe authors like to ask the students to reflect on how their thinking

Conference Session

Web-Based Education

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mahmoud Quweider, The University of Texas at Brownsville; Fitra Khan, U of Texas at Brownsville; Juan Iglesias, The University of Texas at Brownsville

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

practices, and more. The vast amount ofapplications developed for the Internet, like the Web, make computer networking an integral partof our daily life. These new trends and applications, including concepts and disciplinesencompassed, have introduced new research and educational requirements demanded by industryand/or society that are reflected in work force demands, employment figures, research grantopportunities, and enrollment in educational programs related to computer networking.Tying in concepts and techniques from networking and distributed processing (NDP) into thecurricula will better prepare students for future work force, and is therefore a major componentof this application. The goal of the lab was to incorporate elements of NDP into

Conference Session

Engineering in the Elementary School

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Elizabeth Parry, North Carolina State University; Laura Bottomley, North Carolina State University; Elizabeth Miars, Rachel Freeman Elementary School; Lizette Day, Rachel Freeman Elementary School

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

assigned to schools in the area in which they live, the school demographics ofcourse reflect those of the surrounding community. In urban areas, this often results in studentpopulations with high needs. This is the case with Rachel Freeman. The unintended consequencesof such an assignment policy are numerous and daunting. The simultaneous implementation of anengineering curriculum with a predominantly new staff takes a strong administrator and hugesupport. The principal of Freeman is a very experienced administrator who is well regarded by herstaff, colleagues and central office personnel.The biggest challenge was in acclimatizing the students to a disciplined environment with highexpectations for behavior and academics. As stated, the children

Conference Session

Teams and Teamwork in Design I

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Daniel Schrage, Georgia Institute of Technology; Michael Richey, The Boeing Company; Kenneth McPherson, The Boeing Company; Xavier Fouger, Dassault Systemes; Cedric Simard, Dassault Systemes

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

Engineering (PLE), supported by PLM and Simulation Lifecycle Management(SLM). An initial implementation step is centered on the GIT Integrated Product Life-Engineering (IPLE) Laboratory, School of Aerospace Engineering (AE), to develop thenecessary digital support environment and to introduce PLM into its graduate andundergraduate aerospace systems design courses. Figure 1. The new educational research program architecture for lifelong learningAs illustrated in Figure 1 the new educational research program includes both educationand research. Its major focus is on introducing PLM seamlessly along the studentlifecycle. The yellow oval labeled GT Design Courses reflects graduate courses in theGIT School of AE graduate program in Aerospace Systems

Conference Session

Graphics and Visualization

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jennifer McDonald, Daniel Webster College; Sonja Crowder, Daniel Webster College; Christopher McInnis, Daniel Webster College; Stavros Yanakis, Daniel Webster College; Nicholas Bertozzi, Daniel Webster College; David Kaplan, Daniel Webster College; Michael D'Ambra, Harvard Medical School

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Design Graphics

consistency of ballistic gel is very similar to tissue, but the gel is homogeneouswhich does not provide a good image on an ultrasound. Tissue is inconsistent which results in auseful image because the sound waves are reflected adequately. To make the gel less consistent,particulate was added while the gel was setting. As a result, the image of the model neckappeared similar to the image of a human neck (Figure 2). Figure 1: Gel model of a neck without vessels Figure 2: Ultrasound of gel neck modelFor the tracking system, stationary fluid was used in the vessels; however, when the Dopplerfunction is implemented, the use of a pump system will need to be added to circulate the fluidthrough the vessels in opposite directions in a controlled

Conference Session

Collaborative & New Efforts in Engineering Education

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Asad Azemi, Pennsylvania State University

Tagged Divisions

International

residing overseas at FerdowsiUniversity. The course structure format was designed to reflect the level and maturity of thestudents. Class met online twice a week. Hybrid e-learning methodology was used in the designand delivery of this course.Summer2006A programming course for engineers (CMPSC 201), a 3-week course meeting everyday for 3.5hours, was delivered according to the flexible delivery model. None of the students took Page 13.535.8advantage of connecting from home, but many of them downloaded the recorded lectures.Fall 2006Two courses were delivered using the described model: CSE 121 (new number for CSE 103),with an enrollment of 7 students

Conference Session

Research in Multidisciplinary Education

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Carol Barry, University of Massachusetts-Lowell; Jacqueline Isaacs, Northeastern University

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering

participants four months after thesession to determine the value and usage of the model to students. The post-test and sessionevaluation results (Table 2) reflected the attendees’ initial perceptions of the workshop and theAIR model. The usefulness of the workshop was directly related to the perceived relevance ofethical thinking in the student work. Not only are the statistics for Questions 1 (usefulness) and2 (relevance) exactly the same, but looking at individual responses, the majority of ratings forQuestions 1 and 2 were usually the same. While the results are positive, it still indicates thatsome students do not see any relevance in having a concrete ethical problem solving schema fortheir work in nanotechnology. The students also appreciated

Conference Session

Introductory Materials Science Course

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Stephen Krause, Arizona State University; Amaneh Tasooji, Arizona State University

Tagged Divisions

Materials

2007 team-baseddiscussions and, occasionally, concept sketching31-34 was used to supplement lectures. In the2007 course concept sketching was used for the topic of metal deformation but not for the topicof annealing of work hardened material. On the MCI there was one question that reflected eachof the two topics. The questions and results for each of the two topics are presented belowThere are many types of macroscale-property/atomic-scale-structure material misconceptionsthat exist. One is the inappropriate attribution of a macroscale property to an atomic-scalefeature. For example if a softer, lower strength, annealed metal is cold worked by die drawing,extrusion or cold rolling, dislocation multiplication and pinning occurs which will

Conference Session

Focus on High School Girls in Engineering

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mary Brake, Eastern Michigan University; Kaninka Bhatnagar, Eastern Michigan University

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering

. The knowledge oftechnology for the purpose of this study consisted of practical, technical skills and knowledge oftechnical products. Undoubtedly the one major change in technology since the PATT study in1986 is the ubiquitous presence of computers at all levels of our society and the educationsystem. Therefore the knowledge and the comfort level of working with computers becomes amajor aspect of defining technology. In today’s society the two are often found to besynonymous however we have used a broader definition to reflect the interdisciplinary nature oftechnology that applies to more careers than that of computer science.This research investigated the reasons behind a student’s perception as well as their intent to notonly attend college

Conference Session

Issues in the Professional Practice of Faculty Members in Civil Engineering

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Andrew Rose, University of Pittsburgh -Johnstown; Norman Voigt, Penn State, New Kensington

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

, consideration ofhow other professions, such as law and medicine, utilize practicing professionals in theireducational processes is warranted. The American Bar Association12 (ABA) establishes aset of standards for programs of legal education. Their curriculum requirements given inStandard 302.(b) state: “A law school shall offer substantial opportunities for: (1) live-client or other real-life practice experiences, appropriately supervised and designed to encourage reflection by students on their experiences and on the values and responsibilities of the legal profession, and the development of one’s ability to assess his or her performance level of competence; …”12In describing the instructional role of faculty, Standard 403(c) states: “A

Conference Session

Biological & Agricultural Technical Session

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kumar Mallikarjunan, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Anand Lakshmikanth, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; John Cundiff, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Andrew Fulton, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University

Tagged Divisions

Biological & Agricultural

the remaining tworesponses.From the survey question analysis it was ascertained that questions 1 and 3 indicated significantchanges from pre- to post-test, and questions 1, 2, and 3 showed 50% of the students respondingpositively to the module. Upon comparison of the quiz results to the pre- and post-test surveydata analysis, it was found that their performance on the first three questions of the quizconformed to their responses in the surveys. Questions pertaining to precision and accuracy andcontrolling a system, that were answered correctly by 10 out of 14 students in the quiz showedpositive response in the survey analysis. While the quiz reflected that only 7 out of 14 studentsanswered the question on sensitivity correctly, it was

Conference Session

New Ideas for ChEs II (aka ChE Potpourri)

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Michael Birnkrant, Drexel University; Matthew Cathell, Drexel University; Priscilla Blount, Martha Washington Elementary School; Jean Robinson, Martha Washington Elementary School; Adam Fontecchio, Drexel University; Eli Fromm, Drexel University

Tagged Divisions

Chemical Engineering

. Fontecchio is the recipient of a NASA New Investigator award, the International Liquid Crystal Society Multimedia Prize, and the Drexel ECE Outstanding Research Award. He has authored over 35 peer-review publications on Electro-Optics and Condensed Matter Physics. His current research projects include developing liquid crystal polymer technology for optical film applications including electro-optic virtual focusing optics, reflective displays, flexible displays, power generating MEMS arrays, and photonic crystal structures with tunable defects. Page 13.798.1Eli Fromm, Drexel University Eli Fromm is

Conference Session

Innovations to Curriculum and Program

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Angela Bielefeldt, University of Colorado at Boulder

Tagged Divisions

Environmental Engineering

: Engineering for 13 13 7 EDC 14 15 EDC Developing Communities 23 uncertain 48 uncertain (EDC), sustainability, etc.The final assignment in 2006 and 2007 (HW6) required students to write a reflective essay onEVEN. The students were asked to indicate if they were interested in earning a degree in EVEN,and the sub-topic of greatest interest. The percent of the students stating an interest in varioussub-discipline areas is shown in Table 4. In 2006, 21% of the students stated that they wereunlikely to select EVEN as their major. Of those interested in EVEN, results indicated asignificant shift in stated areas compared to homework 1, although almost half were simplyuncertain

Conference Session

Focus on Under-Represented Women

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Susan Donohue, University of Virginia; Larry Richards, University of Virginia; Carolyn Vallas, University of Virginia

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering

programs, all located in Historically Black Colleges and Universities(HBCUs), reveals five factors that encourage female persistence. The HBCUs were selected forthis analysis due to the relative homogeneity of their student populations, which helps to reducethe impact of confounding factors on the analysis. In addition, they have managed to besuccessful with limited resources; the identified factors reflect institutional will and missionrather than economics and therefore are more universally adoptable. The results, obtainedprimarily through document review, are verified via triangulation with other data sourcesincluding interviews and representative sources from the literature. The success of these sixprograms in enabling female undergraduates to

Conference Session

Innovations to Curriculum and Program

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Angela Bielefeldt, University of Colorado at Boulder

Tagged Divisions

Environmental Engineering

important to recognize cultural differences. Future studies will expand on thiswork by surveying more students and try to combine the quantitative responses to these surveyswith qualitative information that reflects cultural competency.AcknowledgmentsThe authors recognize Marie L. Miville for providing the MGUDS-S survey and scoring guide.This material is partially based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation underDepartment Level Reform Planning Grant No. 0431947. This material is also based on worksupported by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. ESI-0227558, which funds the Page 13.345.11Center for the Advancement of

Conference Session

Mobile Robots in Education

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Anthony Reed, Louisiana Tech University; Taylor Creekbaum, Louisiana Tech University; Matthew Elliott, Louisiana Tech University; David Hall, Louisiana Tech University; Davis Harbour, Louisiana Tech University

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

) program under Award No. 0618288. Anyopinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those ofthe authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation.Bibliography1. Cropley D. H. and Cropley A. J., “Fostering Creativity in Engineering Undergraduates,” High Ability Studies, The Journal of the European Council for High Ability, Carfax Publishing, Taylor & Francis Ltd. UK, 11 (2), 2000, 207-219.2. National Academy of Engineering, “The Engineer of 2020.” The National Academies Press, Washington DC, 2004. www.nap.edu3. Parallax, Parallax Home Web Site, http://www.parallax.com/, 2007.4. Kelley, T., Littmann, J., and Peters, T., The Art of Innovation : Lessons in

Conference Session

Design in Freshman and Sophomore Courses

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

David Shaw, Geneva College; Murat Tanyel, Geneva College

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

Page 13.848.5Table 1: Weekly laboratory/project activities in 2005 - 2007.Other aspects, considered informally during team selection, included placing at least oneenthusiastic (based on classroom participation) member in each team.The problem statement distributed to the students was also altered to reflect the new emphasis onbudgeting. In 2005 the students were required to build all of their electronics circuits, LabVIEWVIs, and release mechanisms from basic components that were provided. As the end of theproject approached these requirements were relaxed and the teams were allowed to usecommercially available photogates provided by the instructor and a solenoid-based releasemechanism designed by the instructor. In 2006, a budget of 2,000

Conference Session

Student Engagement and Motivation

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Stephen Crown; Arturo Fuentes; Bob Freeman

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

defining, designing for, and planning for assessment ofstudent motivation is the QFD. This method has been effectively used to design learningactivities that motivate students and ultimately produce positive measureable results in academicsuccess. Learner centered games that focus on student interests provide an effective pathway tostudent motivation and academic success. Successful games include simple web based gamesthat may take only a few hours to create to complex gaming environments that form a frameworkfor an entire course. Students that are motivated through specifically designed course activitiescan not only provide opportunities to create environments that motivate and engage students tothink reflectively about engineering content and to

Conference Session

Engineering Professional Development for K12 Teachers

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sean Brophy, Purdue University; Gemma Mann, Purdue University

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

," American Behavioral Scientist, vol. 47, pp. 1507-1527, 2004.(22) S. Jeffrey, "Breaking the Ethnographer's Frames: Reflections on the Use of Photo Elicitation in Understanding Sri Lankan Monastic Culture," The American Behavioral Scientist, vol. 47, pp. 1528, 2004.(23) M. J. Mayhew, "Exploring the Essence of Spirituality: A Phenomenological Study of Eight Students with Eight Different Worldviews," NASPA Journal, vol. 41, pp. 647-674, 2004.(24) A. V. Sampson-Cordle, "Exploring the relationship between a small rural school in northeast Georgia and its community: An image-based study using participant-produced photographs." United States -- Georgia: University of Georgia, 2001.(25) M. Besterfield-Sacre, L. J

Conference Session

Experiments and Laboratories in Mechanical Engineering

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Alexander Colletti, The College of New Jersey; Joseph Monaghan, The College of New Jersey; Bijan Sepahpour, The College of New Jersey

Tagged Divisions

Division Experimentation & Lab-Oriented Studies

obtaining the practical range of parameters that are both suitable for a laboratory environment and are preferably available stock items 5. To provide a means to collect and interpret data recorded through experimentation. 6. To share the schematics and parts required to fabricate additional units via a website accessible through Vjg"Eqnngig"qh"Pgy"Lgtug{Óu"website. 7. To develop appropriate instruction for experimentation to optimize the function of the apparatus.III - BACKGROUNDA comprehensive review of literature (1-6) was conducted on Single Degree of Freedom (S-D-F)Vibrations as well as the existing pertinent laboratory apparatuses. Appendix (B) reflects on acollection of the relevant equations for the study of S-D-F

Conference Session

Capstone Design II

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

R. Keith Stanfill, University of Florida

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

integrity. Once students are accepted into the program and assigned to projects, informationon each student (phone numbers, e-mail addresses, student ID numbers, disciplines, teamassignment, et cetera) would have to be manually keyed into a database. Data entry errors taketime to find and correct—especially if 150 students are involved.Revision control. Curriculum updates occur frequently across the nine participating departmentsand these changes often affected the published IPPD prerequisites. Often these changes wouldnot be reflected in the paper applications for several years. This delay was due to lack ofcommunication between the departments and IPPD. Further complicating the confusion was theproliferation of out-of-date application forms kept

Conference Session

Novel Courses and Content for ChEs II

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ruben Morales-Menendez, Tecnologico de Monterrey; Tomas Lopez, Tecnologico de Monterrey; Ricardo Ramirez Medoza, Institute Tecnologico De Monterrey; Luis E Garza, Tecnologico de Monterrey

Tagged Divisions

Chemical Engineering

Tecnológico de Monterrey. Page 13.451.6Following these directions, an educational model was developed at the Tecnológico deMonterrey, Figure 1. This educational model has been characterized by its richness oninformation technologies (i.e. Blackboard suite7) and the systematic incorporation of teachingtechniques.Students assume an active role in their learning process and build knowledge on the basis of theirown experience and by reflecting on the same, under the direction and guidance of theirprofessors.Professors rely on teaching techniques that enrich students’ curricular education on the basis of apractical, professional approach achieved through

Conference Session

Capstone Design III

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mohamed El-Sayed, Kettering University; Steven Beyerlein, University of Idaho

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

apply knowledge gained in their major3 or to be a cumulative and integrating experience4 and should be both a synthesis – reflection and integration – and a bridge – a real-world preparatory experiences, with emphasis on integration, experiential learning, and real-world problem solving.1,5 • In another developing view, a capstone course is "demonstration". To elaborate a capstone course is an opportunity for students to demonstrate that they have achieved the goals for learning established by their educational institution and major department.6 Since, in addition to cognitive skills, learning can occur in two other domains (affective and psychomotor,) a capstone course allows for a mix of

Conference Session

Instrumentation and Laboratory Systems

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jonathan Hill, University of Hartford; Akram Abu-aisheh, University of Hartford

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

for any one term to dominate its value must be significantly largerthan the others. To = Ttx 2 + Tf 2 + Trx 2 (4) • To = Overall response time • Ttx = Transmitter response time • Tf = L ⋅ ∆ t = Fiber spreading • Trx = Receiver response timeWe next consider the actual fiber. According to Weinert10, optical dispersion is the spreadingthat occurs to a light pulse as it travels along an optical fiber, as in Figure 5. Here we considerdispersion due to the various optical modes that appear in a plastic fiber. The idea is that a lightray traveling straight down a fiber follows a shorter path and will arrive at the receiver soonerthan a ray that reflects along

Conference Session

Focus on IE Course Design and Assessment

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Paul Kauffmann, East Carolina University; Cathy Hall, East Carolina University; Gene Dixon, East Carolina University; John Garner, East Carolina University

Tagged Divisions

Industrial Engineering

, p < .001. 16 In addition, a seven-year longitudinalstudy using the full NEO-PI-R tested long-term stability. For the five-domain scale, coefficientalphas that ranged from 0.63 to 0.81 were found for both men and women.15The second instrument was the Ten Item Personality Inventory (TIPI).17 The TIPI wasdeveloped to provide a brief measure of the Big-Five personality dimensions and has been foundto have adequate convergence with widely used Big-Five measures in self reports; test-retestreliability; and, patterns of predicted external correlates. This tool was selected to evaluate a testinstrument which may provide a more compact tool for engineering educators.Rotter17 is credited with the original locus of control concept which reflects a

Conference Session

Assessment and Evaluation of Graphics Programs

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Renata Gorska, Cracow University of Technology; Sheryl Sorby, Michigan Technological University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Design Graphics

middle school grades. The items assessstudent understanding of basics in isometric sketching and orthographic projection. However, upon careful examinationof the test items it was determined that most problems did not conform to engineering standards of graphicalrepresentation. The test items were modified to reflect standard conventions. Figure 11 shows an original item from theLappan test and Figure 12 shows the item after modification. In this case, students are presented with an isometric viewof an object and are asked to identify a specific view (in this case the Back View) from five choices given. Figure 11. Original Isometric Item from Lappan Test Figure 12. Modified

Conference Session

Emerging Issues in Engineering Education Research and Pedagogy

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ann McKenna, Northwestern University; Robert Linsenmeier, Northwestern University; Matthew Glucksberg, Northwestern University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

presentation and discussion of technical and computational issues projects should address 3. Follow-up Reflection Assignment 4. Review computational approaches in final reports Figure 2. Schematic of the instruction and assessment in BME design class.Details about each of the numbered steps are provided below.1) The invention activity is given as a homework assignment. Students are asked to review a previous team’s report with a critical eye regarding the technical/computational components of the team’s work. The homework includes two invention activities. In the first, students are asked to generate a list of the technical details that all design

Conference Session

Trends in Engineering Education

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Lynette Osborne, The George Washington University

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering

4women’s sense of self-esteem and self-worth were derived more from their perceivedattractiveness to men than from their academic prowess. Peer culture also reflects organizational culture. The culture of engineering has beendescribed as a “masculine culture” (Hacker, 1981; Wajcman, 1991) where quantitative, analyticskills are considered more valuable than social skills. Students are socialized into the culture ofengineering by their professors and by peers. Women are confronted with an assumption thatbeing women makes them inherently less qualified than men to become engineers. Hacker (1981) spent a year researching the culture of engineering, gathering data throughparticipant observation and interviews at an elite engineering

Conference Session

Institutional and Curricular Reform

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

John Gardner, Boise State University; Pat Pyke, Boise State University; Cheryl Schrader, Boise State University; Janet Callahan, Boise State University; Amy Moll, Boise State University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

bydegree requirements, availability of suitable textbooks, and other resource and pedagogicalissues. So the perception that faculty don’t immediately respond to good assessment data maysimply reflect the conservative nature of the academy in responding to curricular issues.In addition to the work on institutional change models, other authors have attempted to addressfactors that support or hinder institutional change. For example Litzer6 reports that affectedfaculty and administrators must clearly perceive value in the changes proposed.New Elements to the Change ModelWhat seems to be missing from these change models is the role time plays in institutionalization.Responding to faculty prudence regarding change, an important aspect of sustaining