Conference Session

Multidisciplinary Capstone

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Glen Dudevoir, United States Air Force Academy; Andrew Laffely, United States Air Force Academy; Alan J. Mundy, United States Air Force Academy

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering

, the team‟s overall success. Withappropriate attention, all but the most determined students can be deterred from this behavior.The resulting peer evaluations provide an effective way of assessing how well students havedeveloped the ability to function on multidisciplinary teams.Bibliography:1. Criteria for Accrediting Engineering Programs. Published by The Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology (ABET), Baltimore, Maryland. Last accessed on January 5, 2005; http://www.abet.org/Linked Documents-UPDATE/Criteria and PP/E001 09-10EAC Criteria 12-01-08.pdf (criteria approved November 1, 2008)2. Brown, R.W., "Autorating: getting individual marks from team marks and enhancing teamwork," Frontiers in Education Conference

Conference Session

Learning by Doing

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Deborah McAvoy, Ohio University

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

AC 2010-1193: A REPEATED EXPOSURE EXPERIMENT TO IMPROVEKNOWLEDGE RETENTIONDeborah McAvoy, Ohio University Deborah McAvoy is an Assistant Professor in the Civil Engineering Department within the Russ College of Engineering and Technology at Ohio University. Her research interests are in the field of traffic engineering, specifically driver behaviors, human factors, highway safety and traffic operations. Page 15.81.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2010 A Repeated Exposure Experiment to Improve Knowledge RetentionIntroduction and BackgroundImproving

Conference Session

Advances in Engineering Economy Pedagogy

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Christopher Jablonowski, University of Texas, Austin

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Economy

AC 2010-3: INCORPORATING UNCERTAINTY INTO LEARNING CURVES: ACASE STUDY IN OIL DRILLING ESTIMATESChristopher Jablonowski, University of Texas, Austin Christopher Jablonowski is Assistant Professor of Petroleum and Geosystems Engineering at the University of Texas at Austin where he performs research on decision-making under uncertainty, industrial organization, and safety management systems. Prior to joining the University of Texas at Austin, he worked as an upstream project analyst with IPA, Inc., an economist with the US Government, and as a drilling engineer with Shell Offshore Inc. He holds a B.S. in Civil Engineering from Virginia Tech, a M.B.A. from Tulane University, and a Ph.D. in

Conference Session

Learning by Doing

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Andrea Welker, Villanova University

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

AC 2010-1398: A HANDS-ON APPROACH TO GEOLOGY FOR ENGINEERSAndrea Welker, Villanova University Page 15.614.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2010 Geology by touch: the first iteration of integrating overarching examples and laboratories into an introductory geology classAbstractAll civil engineering students at Villanova University are required to take geology in theirsophomore year. About one half of the course is devoted to historical geology and the other halfis devoted to physical geology. In the past, the class has been lecture-based with four laboratoriesthroughout the semester. In the fall of 2009, a plan was implemented to build upon the

Conference Session

The New ABET CE Criteria - Program Development

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

M. Brett Borup, Brigham Young University; Jessica Hanson, Brigham Young University; Gabriel Smith, Brigham Young University

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

schoolstudents participate in the program each year. As a part of this program, Civil Engineeringstudents go to each class participating in the program and teach the high school students simplestructural engineering concepts that can be used in the design of their bridges. These educationaloutreach programs have been a win-win situation. K-12 students respond very positively touniversity students in their classrooms and interest in engineering and technology is stimulated.Engineering students learn a great deal when they have to teach a complex concept to students Page 15.125.4with very little technical training.Since this large body of students is a

Conference Session

Advances in Engineering Economy Pedagogy

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Paul Kauffmann, East Carolina University; Stephanie Sullivan, East Carolina University; Gene Dixon, East Carolina University; B.J. Kim, East Carolina University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Economy

and web-based distance learning. Page 15.780.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2010 Integration of Engineering Economics, Statistics, and Project Management: Reinforcing Key ConceptsAbstractEngineering economics, statistics, and project management are courses which have significantworkplace application. Consequently, it is important that they prepare graduates with essentialskills which complement the technical engineering content of engineering programs and makenew engineers more effective in applying technology and solving problems. These courses areoften offered independently and the

Conference Session

Fulfilling the CE BOK2 - Case Studies

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

George List, North Carolina State University

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

  creative  and imaginative would be stressed if not diminished. So this author suggests: keep the BOK2, keep it up to date. Continue the dialog. Ensure that the BOK is kept up to date, leave it as a moving target, do not allow it to become stationary, refine it as time, technology, and the demands of the profession change, and embrace an expectation that programs should be prepared to explain how they are or are not meeting those expectations, and where  they  are  not,  why.  Healthy,  informed  dialogs  are the  way  in  which  progress  is  made,  in academia as well as everywhere else. Bibliography  3 1.  ASCE Body of Knowledge Committee of CAP  . 2004. Civil Engineering Body of Knowledge for the

Conference Session

Poster Session

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Lily Laiho, California Polytechnic State University; Richard Savage, California Polytechnic State University; James Widmann, California Polytechnic State University

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering

AC 2010-1735: A NEW FULL YEAR MULTIDISCIPLINARY ENGINEERINGSENIOR DESIGN PROJECT COURSE: STRUCTURE, CONTENT AND LESSONSLEARNEDLily Laiho, California Polytechnic State UniversityRichard Savage, California Polytechnic State UniversityJames Widmann, California Polytechnic State University Page 15.65.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2010 A New Full Year Multidisciplinary Engineering Senior Design Project Course: Structure, Content and Lessons LearnedAbstract A new full-year multidisciplinary senior design project course has been implemented atCalifornia Polytechnic State University. This course series utilizes externally sponsoredcomprehensive

Conference Session

Implementing the CE BOK into Courses and Curricula

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Wilfrid Nixon, University of Iowa

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

relating to bridges (the “bridge of the day” and the “bridgefailure of the day” have been used to enhance student learning, in particular with regardto outcome 11 of the ASCE BOK2. Based on student survey it would appear that studentsfeel the presentations have enhanced their learning in a number of ways. However, morerigorous measurement of student learning will be required in the future. Nonetheless, theresults suggest that presentations of this sort would be of value in helping studentsachieve outcome 11.Bibliographic Information1. “The Engineer of 2020: Visions of Engineering in the New Century,” (2004) NationalAcademy of Engineering.2. Criteria for Accrediting Engineering Programs, (2008). Accreditation Board forEngineering and Technology

Conference Session

Trends in Mechanical Engineering I

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Hakan Gurocak, Washington State University, Vancouver

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

AC 2010-986: HYBRID COURSE FORMAT FOR PROJECTS IN ROBOTICSHakan Gurocak, Washington State University, Vancouver Hakan Gurocak is Director of School of Engineering and Computer Science and Associate Professor of Mechanical Engineering at Washington State University Vancouver. His research interests are robotics, automation, fuzzy logic, technology assisted distance delivery of laboratory courses and haptic interfaces for virtual reality. Dr. Gurocak is an ABET Program Evaluator for mechanical engineering. Page 15.659.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2010 HYBRID COURSE FORMAT

Conference Session

Thermodynamics, Fluids, and Heat Transfer II

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Amir Karimi, University of Texas, San Antonio; Randall Manteufel, The University of Texas at San Antonio

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

ASME, senior member of AIAA, and holds membership in ASEE, ASHRAE, and Sigma Xi. He is the ASEE Campus Representative at UTSA, ASEE-GSW Section Campus Representative, and served as the Chair of ASEE Zone III (2005-07). He chaired the ASEE-GSW section during the 1996-97 academic year.Randall Manteufel, The University of Texas at San Antonio Randall D. Manteufel is Associate Professor of Mechanical Engineering at The University of Texas at San Antonio where he has taught since 1997. He received his Ph.D. degree in Mechanical Engineering from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1991. His teaching and research interests are in the thermal sciences. He is the faculty advisor for ASHRAE

Conference Session

Demonstration and Project Enhancements in Chemical Engineering Education

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Baba Abdul, Washington State University; David Thiessen, Washington State University; Gary Brown, Washington State University; Bernard Van Wie, Washington State University; Paul Golter, WSU

Tagged Divisions

Chemical Engineering

annually to the most innovative teacher at WSU. (509) 335-4103 (Off); (509) 335-4806 (Fax); bvanwie@che.wsu.edu.Gary Brown, Washington State University Dr. Gary R. Brown obtained a PhD in Education from Washington State University in 1994 and is currently the Director for the Center of Teaching, Learning and Technology at Washington State University. 208-818-1413; browng@wsu.edu.Paul Golter, WSU Paul B. Golter obtained an MS from Washington State University and is currently pursuing his PhD while working as the Laboratory Supervisor in the School of Chemical Engineering and Bio-engineering at WSU. He is married with two children.509-338-5724

Conference Session

Student Learning and Assessment

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Josh Coffman, University of Arkansas; Joseph Rencis, University of Arkansas; Daniel Jensen, United States Air Force Academy; Christina White, Columbia University; Ashland Brown, University of the Pacific; Jiancheng Liu, University of the Pacific; Kristen Kaufman, University of Texas, Austin

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

Director, Engineering Directorate, National Science Foundation, Dean of Engineering at the University of the Pacific; Dean of Engineering Technology at South Carolina State University; Engineering Group Manager at General Motors Corporation: and Principal Engineering Supervisor, Ford Motor Company and Research Engineer, Eastman Kodak Company. He received his B.S. in Mechanical Engineering from Purdue University and M.S. and Ph.D. in Mechanical Engineering from the University of Connecticut. He has authored over 40 referred and propriety publications in automotive design, finite element modeling of automobile body structures, and photographic film emulsion coating instabilities. His most

Conference Session

Teaching Mechanical Systems: What's New

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Raghu Echempati, Kettering University; Richard Dippery, Kettering University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

AC 2010-1006: TEACHING AND ASSESSMENT EXPERIENCES OF ANUNDERGRADUATE MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DESIGN COURSERaghu Echempati, Kettering UniversityRichard Dippery, Kettering University Page 15.1166.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2010 TEACHING AND ASSESSMENT EXPERIENCES OF AN UNDERGRADUATE MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DESIGN COURSEAbstractTeaching and learning a fundamental core course such as Mechanical Engineering Design (orMachine Design) continues to be fun but a challenging task for many instructors, as well as forstudents. It certainly helps if an instructor has both hands on and/or professional consultingexperience to share their rich and real-life knowledge to keep

Conference Session

Trends in Mechanical Engineering II

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

David Benson, Kettering University; Ada Cheng, Kettering University; Odesma Dalrymple, ASU Polytechnic

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

wherelearning breaks down or where gaps exist in student prerequisite knowledge. It is believed thatexamining modes of failure (or types of errors) will both inform faculty on the baselinecapability of their student clients and guide the creation of remedies specific to these differenttypes of failures.Background and Relationship to Prior EffortsAs a tool for evaluating student learning within a given curriculum, the mode of failure analysisand the content/skill trajectories proposed are invariably compared to other existing programsand criteria: most notably ABET (Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology) andSUCCEED (Southeastern University and College Coalition for Engineering Education).Within the SUCCEED structure two methods of

Conference Session

Sustainability, Service Learning, and Entreprenuership

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Steven Northrup, Western New England College

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering

, manyengineering programs have incorporated international service projects4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11.. In his Ph.D.dissertation regarding humanitarian aspects engineering in the engineering curriculum, Page 15.896.2Vandersteen provides and eloquent history of the evolution of engineering education discussinghow the profession has evolved to see the interconnection between technology and humanity.He further states that the “2000s (have seen an) increased interest in social, environmentalimpact of engineering”12. In fact, six years after the advent of ABET‟s EC-2000, thefundamental change in engineering accreditation, the International Journal for Service

Conference Session

Innovations in Civil Engineering Education III

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ronald Welch, University of Texas, Tyler

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

AC 2010-1392: HOW JUST IN TIME LEARNING SHOULD BECOME THE NORM!Ronald Welch, University of Texas, Tyler Ronald W. Welch is Professor and Chair for the Department of Civil Engineering at The University of Texas at Tyler in Tyler, Texas. Until Jan 2007, Dr. Welch was at the United States Military Academy (USMA) where he held numerous leadership positions within the Civil Engineering Program and the Department of Civil and Mechanical Engineering. He is a registered Professional Engineer in Virginia. Ron Welch received a B.S. degree in Engineering Mechanics from USMA in 1982 and M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in Civil Engineering from the University of Illinois in Champaign-Urbana IL in 1990 and 1999

Conference Session

Understanding and Measuring the Impact of Multidisciplinarity

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Eli Patten, University of California at Berkeley; Sara Atwood, University of California, Berkeley; Lisa Pruitt, University of California, Berkeley

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering

Page 15.1305.6 k) Recognize contemporary and historic bioengineering issues and technological advances, and their impact in a global, economic, environmental, and societal contextResultsOverall, we think the groups performed very well. Their final projects were creative and of highquality. On average, the class was highly visual, mostly active, and slightly sensing andsequential, (Figure 1). This is comparable to what has been found in other studies,8,11-15 althoughthe students in this study were slightly more active and slightly less sensing. The bioengineeringstudents and mechanical engineering students displayed similar learning styles. Fraction of

Conference Session

Thermodynamics, Fluids, and Heat Transfer II

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Michael Maixner, United States Air Force Academy; William Parker, Air Force Research Laboratories

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

AC 2010-48: DESIGN OF A MULTI-MODE FINITE-DIFFERENCE HEATTRANSFER PROJECTMichael Maixner, United States Air Force AcademyWilliam Parker, Air Force Research Laboratories Page 15.358.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2010 Design of a Multi-Mode Finite-Difference Heat Transfer ProjectAbstract: The development of a comprehensive inite-difference project at the end of a heattransfer curriculum is described. The problem requires evaluation of the school’s football ieldturf heating system, incorporates all of the major heat transfer modes (convection, conduction,and radiation), and requires students to investigate both steady state and transient versions ofthe problem

Conference Session

Student Learning and Assessment

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Nicholas Harlow, Western Kentucky University; Robert Choate, Western Kentucky University; H. Joel Lenoir, Western Kentucky University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

, designing telecommunication, data communication and information technology equipment.H. Joel Lenoir, Western Kentucky University Joel Lenoir is the Layne Professor of Mechanical Engineering at WKU, and primarily teaches in the dynamic systems and instrumentation areas of the curriculum. His industrial experience includes positions at Michelin Research and Oak Ridge National Laboratory, as well as extensive professional practice in regional design and manufacturing firms. Page 15.570.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2010 Extracurricular Project Enhances Student Learning

Conference Session

IE and the Classroom

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Lizabeth Schlemer, California Polytechnic State University; Daniel Waldorf, California Polytechnic State University

Tagged Divisions

Industrial Engineering

the test itself. The Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering Department at CaliforniaPolytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo has used a content exam for several years. Thispaper will discuss test development, administration, and the role it plays in the assessmentprocess. In addition, the test is evaluated using the standard psychometric techniques ofreliability and validity. The results of the evaluation are used to refine the test. The importance ofthe evaluation of these types of instruments cannot be overstated as they often are used to guidecurricular or other program improvements efforts.INTRODUCTIONThe Accrediting Board for Engineering and Technology (ABET) 1 encourages programs to usedirect measures of performance when

Conference Session

Frontiers in Engineering Economy

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ted Eschenbach, TGE Consulting

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Economy

Analysis 3rd, Prentice Hall, 2005.4. Cooley, Philip L., and J. Louis Heck, "Establishing Benchmarks for Teaching the Undergraduate Introductory Course in Financial Management," Journal of Financial Education, Vol. 22, Fall 1996, pp. 1–10.5. Eschenbach, Ted G., and Neal A. Lewis, “Calculators vs. Factor Tables and Reducing the Financial Arithmetic,” Proceedings of the 2010 IERC National Conference, Cancun, June 2010, CD (submitted).6. Eschenbach, Ted G., Engineering Economy: Applying Theory to Practice 3rd, Oxford University Press, 2011 (in press).7. Gibbons, Michael T., “Engineering by the Numbers,” American Society for Engineering Education, from Profiles of Engineering and Engineering Technology Colleges, 2009.8

Conference Session

Multidisciplinary Capstone

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

James Palmer, Louisiana Tech University; Hisham Hegab, Louisiana Tech University

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering

Research Experience For Undergraduates Program In Nano-Technology, Proceedings of the American Society of Engineering Education 2006.6. D. Cordon, B. Williams, S. Beyerlein, D. Elger, Distinguishing Among Processes of Problem Solving, Design, and Research to Improve Project Performance, Proceedings of the American Society of Engineering Education 2007.7. B. Otis, L. Whang, Effect of Library Instruction on Undergraduate Electrical Engineering Design Projects, Proceedings of the American Society of Engineering Education 2007.8. C. Co, B. Turner, and A. Cheville, A Pre-Capstone Course Designed to Improve Student Performance on Open- Ended Design Projects, Proceedings of the American Society of Engineering Education

Conference Session

Outstanding Contributions - Mechanical Engineering Education

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

David Willis, Southern Methodist University; Paul Krueger, Southern Methodist University; Alice Kendrick, Southern Methodist University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

texturing, and laser-induced forward transfer. He has received the ASME North Texas Young Engineer of the Year Award, the SMU Rotunda Outstanding Professor Award, and the SMU Golden Mustang Award. He is currently an Altshular Distinguished Teaching Professor at SMU.Paul Krueger, Southern Methodist University Paul Krueger received his B.S. in Mechanical Engineering in 1997 from the University of California at Berkeley. He received his M.S. in Aeronautics in 1998 and his Ph.D. in Aeronautics in 2001, both from the California Institute of Technology (Caltech). In 2002 he joined the Mechanical Engineering Department at Southern Methodist University where he is currently an Associate Professor. He

Conference Session

Design Projects in Mechanical Engineering II

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Brent Nelson, Northern Arizona University; Constantin Ciocanel, Northern Arizona University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

AC 2010-1852: CONNECTING EXPERIMENT, THEORY, AND PHYSICALINTUITION IN HEAT TRANSFER WITH A LOW-COST SOLAR WATERHEATER DESIGN PROJECTBrent Nelson, Northern Arizona University Brent Nelson completed his PhD at GeorgiaTech performing interdisciplinary research at the intersection of thermal transport, materials science, and nanofabrication. Before joining the faculty at NAU in 2008, he served as a postdoctoral fellow in engineering education with the National Academy of Engineering CASEE program, during which he worked with the Center for Biologically-Inspired Design at the Georgia Institute of Technology. There he studied the use of Biologically-Inspired Design as a context for studying

Conference Session

Understanding and Measuring the Impact of Multidisciplinarity

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mysore Narayanan, Miami University

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering

AC 2010-2388: ASSESSMENT OF INSTRUCTIONAL SYSTEMS DESIGNMysore Narayanan, Miami University DR. MYSORE NARAYANAN obtained his Ph.D. from the University of Liverpool, England in the area of Electrical and Electronic Engineering. He joined Miami University in 1980 and teaches a wide variety of electrical, electronic and mechanical engineering courses. He has been invited to contribute articles to several encyclopedias and has published and presented dozens of papers at local, regional, national and international conferences. He has also designed, developed, organized and chaired several conferences for Miami University and conference sessions for a variety of organizations. He is a senior

Conference Session

CE Capstone: Innovations in Learning & Assessment

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ronald Welch, University of Texas, Tyler; Michael McGinnis, University of Texas, Tyler

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

experience centers around a multidisciplinarydesign project (typically a building and site development that also incorporates trafficconsiderations). Ideally, this project is aligned with an actual project being designed orconstructed in the local area, so that at the end of the project students can review parallelplans and designs that have been professionally produced.CENG 4115 begins with a review of the 9 step engineering design process9, andprimarily revolves around targeted submittals at typical early project milestones – 10%and 35%. A discussion of nine primary constraints to engineering design (sustainability,environmental, constructability, economics, ethics, political, social, technology, andpublic health and safety) follows, and these are

Conference Session

Fulfilling the CE BOK2 - Case Studies

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kenneth Fridley, University of Alabama

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

vice chair of the BOK committee and chair of the BOK educational fulfillment committee. Prior to joining the University, Fridley served as the associate dean for research and information technology at the Howard Hughes College of Engineering at the University of Nevada. He also served in various faculty positions at Washington State University, the University of Oklahoma and Purdue University. Page 15.654.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2010 How the Civil Engineering BOK2 Is Being Implemented at The University of AlabamaAbstractThe

Conference Session

Attracting Young MINDS in Engineering - Part I

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Laura Bottomley, North Carolina State University; Jerome Lavelle, North Carolina State University; Louis Martin-Vega, Saigal

Tagged Divisions

Minorities in Engineering

fundamental engineering skill areas, we are able toimprove interest, excitement and pursuit of engineering as a plan of study and career in newways. This effect is particularly needed among historically under-represented populations inengineering.IntroductionIn the current engineering environment we are faced with several distinct problems with respectto the future development of our workforce. One is that students graduating from our K-12school system, although excellent in recall of fact, are not technologically literate in the broadestsense of the term1. (Note, that this does not mean that US students are not technically capable.Technological literacy equips an individual to confront life situations and enables them toidentify the technological

Conference Session

Construction Classroom Development

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Namhun Lee, East Carolina University; Eddy Rojas, University of Washington

Tagged Divisions

Construction

AC 2010-1243: INNOVATIVE AND TRANSFORMATIVE LEARNINGENVIRONMENTS IN CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENTEDUCATIONNamhun Lee, East Carolina UniversityEddy Rojas, University of Washington Page 15.740.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2010 Innovative and Transformative Learning Environments in Construction Engineering and Management EducationAbstractMost of today’s students have grown up with technology including computers, theInternet, video games, digital recorders or players, and mobile phones.Consequently, it can be argued these students are fundamentally different fromprevious generations in how they learn. Today’s students prefer instantly seeing