Conference Session

Potpourri

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

William J. Schell IV P.E., Montana State University; Paul J. Kauffmann P.E., East Carolina University

Tagged Divisions

New Engineering Educators

judgment on the new, industry experiencedfaculty member during the tenure process. Additionally, few practicing engineers have hadformal instruction in being an effective teacher and, despite the occasional student request in theother direction, no amount of good stories alone will ensure students effectively learn the coursematerial needed to be successful in their future endeavors.23,24Value in ResearchUnless the experienced candidate spent their industry time in a Research and Development roleor working in a laboratory setting, it is difficult to imagine that others will see their experience asvaluable for the research component of the typical academic appointment. However, thosemaking the transition should not despair, for there is a great

Conference Session

Miscellaneous Topics in Energy Education

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Chris Foreman, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Karina Clarissa Halim, Purdue University; Rajeswari Sundararajan, Purdue University, West Lafayette

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

. Page 24.1219.13 17. Wikipedia, “Fossil-fuel power station,” found at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal_power, Dec 2013. 18. Wikispaces, “How Coal Power Works,” found at http://coalpower.wikispaces.com/How+Coal+Power+Works, Dec 2013.19. Duke Energy, “How IGCC Works,” found at http://www.duke-energy.com/about-us/how-igcc-works.asp, Dec 2013.20. National Energy Technology Laboratory, “Pinon Pine IGCC Power Project ,” Project Fact Sheet, Process Flow Diagram, found at http://www.netl.doe.gov/technologies/coalpower/cctc/cctdp/project_briefs/pinon/pinondemo.html, Dec 2013.21. Discover Physiks, found at http://fisikamir.blogspot.com/2012/02/change-of-phase.html, Dec 2013

Conference Session

Cooperative & Experiential Education Division Technical Session 2

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kathleen M. Short, University of the District of Columbia- CC, Workforce Development and Lifelong Learning ; Annie R. Pearce, Virginia Tech; Christine Marie Fiori P.E., Virginia Tech; Tanyel Bulbul, Virginia Tech; Andrew McCoy, Virginia Tech

Tagged Divisions

Cooperative & Experiential Education

Inter-Disciplinary, Mulit-Cultural Teams: Lessons from the Field.”Construction Research Congress 2012, Construction Institute of ASCE, West LaFayette, IN.6 Yates, H.N. (2010), op cit.7 Caine, R.N. & Caine, G. (1991). Making connections: Teaching and the human brain. Association for Supervisionand Curriculum Development, Addison Wesley, Alexandria, VA, 80- 87.8 Learning Point Associates (LPA). (2010). “Constructivist teaching and learning models.” North Central RegionalEducational Laboratory, (August 22, 2010).9 Monson, C. (2011). “Concepts of inquiry, constructivist learning, and the potentials of studio in constructioneducation.” 47th ASC Annual International Conference Proceedings, Associated Schools of Construction, Omaha,NE.10

Conference Session

California on the Move: A Robust Array of Student Success Initiatives

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sharnnia Artis, University of California, Berkeley; Catherine T. Amelink, Virginia Tech

Tagged Divisions

Two Year College Division

improve the self-efficacy of community college students as it relates to research andwhether this has an impact on their long-term career plans to pursue a STEM career.Transfer-to-Excellence Research Experiences for Undergraduates ProgramIn 2011, the University of California, Berkeley developed the Transfer-to-Excellence ResearchExperiences for Undergraduates program (TTE REU), a summer research program forcommunity college students that is catalyzed by early hands-on involvement in research projectsthat apply nanotechnology and biotechnology to address energy problems in a high caliberresearch environment. The program objectives are to: 1) provide challenging science andengineering research projects in leading edge research laboratories; 2

Conference Session

Architectural Design Topics in Architectural Engineering

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ahmed Cherif Megri, North Carolina A&T State University

Tagged Divisions

Architectural

questions regarding the course. A detailed questions need to be surveyed in thefuture to recognize the importance and also how to improve different aspects of this course.In parallel with the self-evaluation of each course by the instructor, we also conduct a course evaluationby students. This topic is a part of the HVAC laboratory course. The course objectives introduced earlierin the course are again provided to the students at the end of the semester. The students’ input on whetherthe materials offered have met the objectives is then complied and used in the program outcomeassessment process. Results of instructor course evaluations (conducted by students) are reviewed by theDepartment Chair and the Dean and shared with the faculty

Conference Session

The Nature of Innovation and Entrepreneurship Session 4

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Daniel Michael Ferguson, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Senay Purzer, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Matthew W. Ohland, Purdue University and Central Queensland University; Kathryn Jablokow, Pennsylvania State University

Tagged Divisions

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation

study approach an appropriate research method (8, 17, 20) because we areaddressing the general research question, "What is or is not engineering innovativeness?" toengineers who have successfully experienced the innovation process and demonstrated that theyare engineering innovators. We are also extending the understandings that emerged from ourengineering innovativeness pilot study (9, 17). Page 24.1247.8This study was conducted with a grounded theory analysis approach because the results of thisstudy were generated inductively from interviews of experienced and recognized engineeringinnovators rather than from experiments in a laboratory or from

Conference Session

Innovations in Pedagogy

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Catherine Langman, Illinois Institute of Technology; Eric M. Brey, Illinois Institute of Technology; Judith S. Zawojewski, Illinois Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Biomedical

. A major focus of this program is on tiered-mentorship, whereby graduate students alsomentor the undergraduates. In the model of graduate student mentors, the graduate student andundergraduate have periodic meetings with the faculty member to report their progress anddiscuss data/results. Depending on the structure of the laboratory, the undergraduate studenteither works directly with the faculty member or the faculty member assigns a graduate studentto work with the undergraduate student. Under the guidance of the faculty member or facultymember/graduate student, the undergraduate students conduct a research project focused onengineering approaches to study the treatment of diabetes or its complications

Conference Session

Teaching Dynamics

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Matthew D. Lovell P.E., Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology; Sean P. Brophy, Purdue University, West Lafayette

Tagged Divisions

Mechanics

.   For this reason, research  teams  comprised  of  engineers  and  scientists  quickly  respond  after  a  major  earthquake  by traveling to the impacted cities to inspect the post‐earthquake status of its structures.  They may also instrument  the  structure  to  measure  the  structure’s  behavior  to  any  potential  aftershocks.  One  such research group is the NEES@UCLA Mobile Laboratory. (www.nees.ucla.edu). The  NEES@UCLA  team  recently  finished  a  field  monitoring  program  in  Christchurch,  New  Zealand following  the  2011  earthquake.    The  team  was  able  to  set‐up  instruments  on  several  structures  and measured several aftershocks.  They have requested that you help them with data analysis since they are  overwhelmed

Conference Session

ECE Distance Education

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Bonnie H. Ferri, Georgia Institute of Technology; David Michael Majerich, Century for 21st Century Universities; Nathan VerDon Parrish, Georgia Institute of Technology; Aldo A. Ferri, Georgia Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

hereinattempts to supply this much needed assessment data. The course was taught as a pilot to 130 on-campus students during the summer of 2013.Based on the feedback of the pilot group, the course was fine-tuned prior to offering it full-scalein Fall 2013. Over 16,000 students signed up for the open version of the course withapproximately 3000 students active in the course on a weekly basis. This research is based onthe modifications made to blended elements of the course (MOOC, in-class laboratory activities,in-class problem solving) from the pilot study and examines how students’ conceptualunderstanding of circuits topics changed over seven weeks.3. MethodologyDescription of Circuits and Electronics Course Circuits and Electronics is a 2

Conference Session

Capstone Courses and Project Based-Learning

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Vincent Wilczynski, Yale University; Corey S. O'Hern, Yale University; Eric R. Dufresne, Yale University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

. Wilczynski served in fellowships at the MIT Charles Stark Draper Laboratory and at the Harvard School of Public Health, and was the National Director of the FIRST Robotics Competition. His professional interests are in the areas of data acquisition and analysis, mechanical design and virtual teams for product development. He presently serves on the Executive Advisory Board of the FIRST Foundation and on the Naval Engineering in the 21st Century Committee of the National Academy of Engineering. Previously he served as the Vice President of Public Awareness for the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, as a national officer of the American Society for Engineering Education, and as an evaluator for the New England

Conference Session

K-12 and Pre-college Engineering Curriculum and Programming Resources, Part 1 of 2

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jose M. Garcia, Purdue University (Statewide Technology); Yury Alexandrovich Kuleshov, Purdue University, West Lafayette; John H. Lumkes

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

STEM fields. The goal was to determine if exposing the students to a roboticworkshop would influence them to consider a career in a STEM discipline.The questionnaire used a Likert scale for the intrinsic motivation inventory (IMI) assessmentproposed in McAuley et al.8. IMI is used to measure participants' subjective experience as it isrelated to a specific activity in a laboratory setting, or as in our case, the robotics workshop. Thequestions in this survey measure four major dimensions of internal, or intrinsic, motivation.These dimensions are 1) interest/enjoyment, 2) perceived competence, 3) effort/importance and4) tension/pressure. The questions listed in the appendix are based on these four dimensions.With this questionnaire the

Conference Session

Best of NEE

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Stephen M. Williams P.E., Milwaukee School of Engineering; Robert W. Hasker, Milwaukee School of Engineering; Steven Holland, Milwaukee School of Engineering; Adam Redd Livingston, Milwaukee School of Engineering; Kerry R. Widder, Milwaukee School of Engineering; Josiah A. Yoder, Milwaukee School of Enginering

Tagged Divisions

New Engineering Educators

billing. He holds a Ph.D. in Computer Science from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.Dr. Steven Holland, Milwaukee School of Engineering Steven S. Holland (M ’13) was born in Chicago, IL, in 1984. He received the B.S. degree in electrical engineering from the Milwaukee School of Engineering (MSOE), Milwaukee, WI, in 2006, and the M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in electrical and computer engineering from the University of Massachusetts Amherst, in 2008 and 2011 respectively. From 2006 to 2011, he was a Research Assistant working in the Antennas and Propagation Laboratory (APLab), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst. He was then a Senior Sensors Engineer with the

Collection

2014 Fall ASEE Middle Atlantic Section Conference

Authors

James Solderitsch

of these offering of new forms of security monitoring embedded in thecapabilities into a cohesive instructional program. back-end, and probably cloud-based, operations control center.Note: An early draft of this paper and was created while the In this paper we want to acknowledge the significant challengesauthor was a member of the Cyber Security R&D group within that need to be understood to create a safe and secure world ofAccenture Technology Laboratories that was supporting a recently smart things and smart systems. We want to raise awareness in theestablished company-wide strategic innovation initiative on the context of an engineering student's educational program of howIndustrial

Collection

2014 ASEE Zone 1 Conference

Authors

Keith M. Gardiner

changes in technology since with a concomitant focus on explanations, descriptions andthe eras of log tables and slide rules there has been less change well-structured laboratory notes to be created by the student.in testing, grading and pedagogy. The academic workplace is This would incorporate ‘Project-Based Learning’ (PBL) orvery different and disparate from the industrial workplace ‘Learning by Doing.’ This ‘Experiential Learning’ defines aenvironment. Our present pedagogical systems have barely pedagogic method going back to the time of Confucius aroundchanged in a structural and format sense; ‘Yes,’ there are 450 B.C. [20].additions, and extras inserted into an overloaded curricula but

Collection

2014 ASEE Zone 1 Conference

Authors

Carolyn Jean Sher-DeCusatis; Casimer DeCusatis

developed by Stanford University andvirtual laboratory for networking and distributed systems contributed to the open source repository. Students canresearch and education. GENI has created a nationwide download this and other design elements from the open sourcenetwork interconnecting Linux-based compute resources at repository, or program their own applications using Xilinx ISEmajor universities; a recent example of the GENI backbone is Design Suite software (donated by Xilinx Corporation). Theshown in figure 1. Academic membership is available at no NetFPGA cards have four connections for SFP+ optical orcost, and provides access to this equipment and a supporting copper transceivers, which we have

Collection

2014 ASEE Zone 1 Conference

Authors

Katherine Aho; Kavitha Chandra; Ed Roberts

how the computer revolutionized physics research andintroduced into the classroom. We will discuss the design investigated how to use computers as tools to emphasizeof the programming lesson modules and how they are physical concepts. They tested the using computers in physicsincorporated into the physics curriculum. The difficulties, courses at the University of Maryland and concluded that thesuccesses, and failures of this experience will be presented. students scored better on laboratory reports and felt more satisfied with the nature of the work. They also stated that Keywords—R programming; high school; physics

Collection

2014 ASEE Zone 4 Conference

Authors

Kathryn Bohn; Jeff Georgette; Brian Self; James Widmann

first hand.Similarly, toy gyroscopes can be used to help teach students about precession and demonstrate howgyroscopic navigational devices operate. These hands-on laboratories can be much more powerful thandemonstrations and lecturing – the students can actually feel the gyroscopic moments generated. TheIBLA was assessed through two problems on the final examination. The first asked what happens to themotion of a gyroscope when you push gently on the outer gimble. The second involved the action-reaction moments involved with gyroscopic motion (e.g., if you are riding your bike and lean to the left,which way to do you have to push on your handlebars). Scores on these different problems along withsubjective survey results were used to assess the

Collection

2014 ASEE Zone 4 Conference

Authors

Mudasser Wyne; Alireza Farahani

). Improving laboratory effectiveness in online and onsite engineering courses at National University. Journal of Research in Innovative Teaching, 26-38.6. Accreditation Board of Engineering and Technology. (2013). http://www.abet.org/ Proceedings of the 2014 American Society for Engineering Education Zone IV Conference Copyright © 2014, American Society for Engineering Education

Conference Session

DEED Melange

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jennifer Wang, University of California, Berkeley; Alice Merner Agogino, University of California, Berkeley

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

Science on their engineering exhibits and works to improve the facilitation and design of the exhibits. Her research focuses on how science center visitors engage and tinker at engineering activities and the impacts of these open-ended tinkering activities in terms of STEM learning and engineering understanding.Dr. Alice Merner Agogino, University of California, Berkeley Alice M. Agogino is the Roscoe and Elizabeth Hughes Professor of Mechanical Engineering and affli- ated faculty at the Haas School of Business in their Operations and Information Technology Management Group. She directs the Berkeley Expert Systems Technology /Berkeley Energy and Sustainable Technolo- gies (BEST) Laboratories and is a member of the

Conference Session

FPD 6: Course Content and Educational Strategies

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Lydia Prendergast, Rutgers, School of Engineering; Eugenia Etkina, Rutgers University

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

electricity. See the appendix for the complete project. In designing this circuit,students had to utilize physics concepts within engineering constraints. Borrowing fromprinciples of problem-based and collaborative learning, in this semi-structured project, in groups,students were expected to make a self-assessment of what they already knew, what they neededto know, and where to go to find obtain information needed to solve the problem.There are multiple expected outcomes that students can use in their design of the semi-structuredproject, but they do not have to use any particular design element or any combination of designelements. Also, because the class is not held in a laboratory with specialized equipment,students’ design decisions are limited

Conference Session

Computers in Education Division Poster Session

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Petr Johanes, Stanford University; Larry Lagerstrom, Stanford University

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

and for onlineplatforms. A number of classrooms are available that are outfitted with full video capturecapabilities and staffed by student operators. A video studio with a green screen is alsoavailable for instructor use.The instructors were given great leeway in how they chose to structure and develop theonline versions of their courses, including traditional classroom teaching supplemented withonline material, flipped classrooms, tutored online education (of which more below), and aMOOC. In the latter case, the MOOC was to be offered in addition to the regular for-creditcourse. The University views its MOOCs both as a public service and as laboratories forexploring online teaching and learning—the School of Education at the University has

Conference Session

Diversity Redefined: Nontraditional Views in Traditional Environments

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kendra Woodberry Brinkley, Virginia Commonwealth University; Falcon Rankins, Virginia Commonwealth University; Stevara Clinton, Virginia Commonwealth University Department of Chemistry; Rosalyn Hobson Hargraves, Virginia Commonwealth University

Tagged Divisions

Minorities in Engineering

offered duringthe regular semester. In addition to the textbooks, students were provided with housing incampus dorms and a meal plan (three meals a day) for the duration of the bridge program. Uponsuccessful completion of the program, students were given academic credit for the study skillscourse and a stipend credited to their school accounts, the amount of which was predicated ontheir performance in the classes. Students also participated in field trips, laboratory visits, socialactivities, and orientation activities. Page 24.5.4Table 2 outlines the financial obligations that the program assumed during the 2011 summerbridge program. This

Conference Session

Potpourri

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Waddah Akili, Iowa State University

Tagged Divisions

New Engineering Educators

Students, Linc. Fisch (ed.), “New Directions for Teaching and Learning,”no.66, Summer, 1966, pp.30-40.7. Organiz. for Economic Cooper. & Development (2003), “International comparison of math, reading, and science skills among 15-year olds” OECD, (http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0923110.html). Sept. 2005.8. Balfanz, R., and Legters, N., “How many central city high schools have a severe dropout problem, where are they located, and who attends them?” Harvard University Civil Rights Project, Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass, 2001.9. Barnett, L., and Greenough, R., “Regional needs assessment 2000.” Northwest Regional Educational Laboratory, Portland, Ore., www.nwrel.org/planning/ rna2000.html Accessed Sept

Conference Session

Mentoring Minorities: Effective Programs, Practices, and Perspectives

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Robert G. Ryan, California State University, Northridge; Nathan Durdella, California State University, Northridge; Teodoro Navarro

Tagged Divisions

Minorities in Engineering

important design considerations for this project. The drag coefficient wasdetermined using three different methods: software simulation of the flow around a SolidWorksmodel of the vehicle fairing, wind tunnel testing of a three dimensional model of the vehiclefairing, and field tests of the actual vehicle. The SolidWorks model was tested using the FlowSimulation tool in SolidWorks, which calculates the drag force, which can be used to evaluatethe drag coefficient, knowing frontal area, velocity, and air density. The SolidWorks model wasalso used to print a three dimensional model, which was then placed in the wind tunnel in ourfluids laboratory and tested at different velocities and heights. The drag was measured and usedto calculate the drag

Conference Session

New Course Development Concepts in ET I

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jorge Crichigno, Northern New Mexico College; Ivan Lopez Hurtado, Northern New Mexico College; Alfredo J. Perez, Northern New Mexico College; Raul R Peralta, Northern New Mexico College

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

tables includes: • Exams: midterm or final exams. • Quizzes: in-class or take-home assignments including mostly multiple-choice questions. • Hands-on Labs: activities developed in laboratory; some are performed in groups. • Simulation Labs: hands-on individual activities performed using a software simulator. • Projects: course projects, e.g., the Capstone project. • Homework: assignments that may include not only theoretical exercises but also hands- on exercises with software packages.The IET program relies on hands-on activities to increase the level of attainment of studentoutcomes. Thus, as illustrated in Tables 5-6, the level of attainment of all students outcomes aremeasured with a combination of traditional

Conference Session

College Industry Partnerships Division Technical Session 1

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ivan Lopez Hurtado, Northern New Mexico College; Jorge Crichigno, Northern New Mexico College; Alfredo J. Perez, Northern New Mexico College

Tagged Divisions

College Industry Partnerships

. Course or Event Term Deliverables Introduction to Databases Spring- • A manual with ten laboratory experiments Course Summer 2013 Calculus and Math Fall 2012 • Assignments Practicum • Homework • Final report with statistics of success New course: Data Spring • Homework assignments Analysis and Statistical 2013 • Mid-term project Learning Course • Final paper Math Foundation of Fall 2012 • Online lecture materials related to linear Computer Science Course

Conference Session

Curriculum Development and Assessment in Chemical Engineering

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Vincent Wilczynski, Yale University; Isabella M. Quagliato, Yale University: School of Engineering & Applied Science

Tagged Divisions

Chemical Engineering

Charles Stark Draper Laboratory and at the Harvard School of Public Health, and was the National Director of the FIRST Robotics Competition. His professional interests are in the areas of data acquisition and analysis, mechanical design and virtual teams for product development. He presently serves on the Executive Advisory Board of the FIRST Foundation and on the Naval Engineering in the 21st Century Committee of the National Academy of Engineering. Previously he served as the Vice President of Public Awareness for the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, as a national officer of the American Society for Engineering Education, and as an evaluator for the New England Association of Schools and Colleges. Dr

Conference Session

Leadership, Entrepreneurship and Ethics Education

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ronald W. Welch, The Citadel; Keith Plemmons PE, PMP, The Citadel

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

software was placed on all classroom and computer laboratory computers and used extensively on student projects and classroom demonstrations. Also, the four core project management courses utilize the same set of primary textbooks, thereby saving students a significant amount of money and enabling the faculty to coordinate and collaborate on course content.ImplicationsAlthough funding is currently very tight for academic institutions, there is a path to grow newprograms and establish new departments that align with the needs and interests of students andemployers. The Citadel’s MSPM and the Department of Engineering Leadership and ProgramManagement were built with one tenured faculty member, one visiting professor, and liberal useof

Conference Session

Design in Engineering Education Division Poster Session

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Stephen Ekwaro-Osire, Texas Tech University; Fisseha Meresa Alemayehu, Texas Tech University; Haileyesus Belay Endeshaw, Texas Tech University; Ricardo Cruz Lozano, Texas Tech University

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

, Page 24.468.18 complimenting what was already being done in the context of reliability.” • R8.13: “The required laboratory courses (Sophomore, Junior, Senior) emphasize statistics and uncertainty analysis in Design of Experiments. Students in the Junior level Machine Design course are taught to consider the variability of materials, manufacturing processes, and unpredictable factors of products in service such as variable loading, and the necessity for a factor of Safety. They analyze the empirical nature of fatigue analysis, and apply fundamental concepts of uncertainty in designing components.” • R8.14: “We focus on teaching them how to deal with uncertainty through prototyping and

Conference Session

Engineering Across the K-12 Curriculum: Integration with the Arts, Social Studies, Sciences, and the Common Core

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Leslie Wilkins, Maui Economic Development Board; Lesley Eva Bristol, Maui Economic Development Board; Graham R. DeVey, Maui Economic Development Board

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

then connected to a small electric water pumpwhich is itself driven by a photovoltaic panel. This gives students an opportunity to be sure theirsystem is working and to make preliminary observations of the water heating effect. As the initial system is observed and proven to be functional, student groups are asked todiscuss possible variables affecting performance, and select a variable to test during the follow-on lab the next day. This team discussion is critical in understanding how engineers reallydevelop their own investigations. From NGSS Appendix F - Science and Engineering Practicesin the NGSS: “In laboratory experiments, students are expected to decide which variables should betreated as results or outputs, which should