Conference Session

Engineering Collaboration: Faculty & Student in K-12 Programs

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Robert Edwards, Penn State Erie, The Behrend College; Kathryn Holliday-Darr, Pennsylvania State University-Erie, The Behrend College; Melanie Ford, Pennsylvania State University, Erie

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

course.They were split into four teams of two students each working on separate projects. The generaltopics were pulley systems, vibrations, alternative energy and thermoelectric devices. Some ofthe projects were more successful than others, as might be expected. The overall outcome was asuccess and resulted in several hands-on activities that have been used for students in grades 1-12.This paper begins with a brief overview of the outreach programs in the School of Engineering.The main topic of the paper is the independent study course. The course goals and generalproject requirements are included. Each of the four projects are discussed with an emphasis onthe project goals, activities that were developed, success levels, and ongoing efforts to

Conference Session

Robotics in Education

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kenny Fotouhi, University of Maryland; Susan Cooledge, University of Maryland Eastern Shore

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

AC 2010-1797: MICROCONTROLLER CONTROLLED WALKING ROBOTKenny Fotouhi, University of Maryland 1. Dr. K. M. Fotouhi is a professor of Electrical Engineering Technology Department at University of Maryland Eastern Shore. He received his MS from Oklahoma State University and his PHD from University Of Missouri- Rolla. He has published numerous papers in Electrical and Solid State Physics fields. He is actively involved in joint research in growth and developing new semiconductor. He was the recipient of 1990 University of Maryland Eastern Shore Presidential Distinguished Research Award and he is a member of the honor Society of Eta Kappa Nu.Susan Cooledge, University of Maryland Eastern Shore

Conference Session

Think Outside the Box! K-12 Engineering Curriculum

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Heath Tims, Louisiana Tech University; Krystal Corbett, Louisiana Tech University; Galen Turner, Louisiana Tech University; David Hall, Louisiana Tech University

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

“Science and mathematics education hasconcern regarding preparedness of our students to pursue truly reached a critical juncture. It isengineering and science degrees (for example, Rising imperative that we find creative ways to 1 2 improve the delivery of the fundamentalAbove the Gathering Storm , The Engineer of 2020 , and 3Educating the Engineer of 2020 ). Clearly, there is a well- math and science our children need in order to be competitive in the emergingdefined need for increased enrollment in and graduation global environment.” – Wayne Williamsfrom university science, technology

Conference Session

New Research & Trends for Minorities in Engineering

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Christina White, Columbia University; Richard Crawford, University of Texas at Austin; Kris Wood, University of Texas; Austin Talley, University of Texas, Austin

Tagged Divisions

Minorities in Engineering

support… engineering…and scienceeducation programs at all levels‖1; yet, half a century later, problems of access, achievement, andequity for females and ethnic minorities in these fields remain, resulting in a lack of diversity inengineering2-3.OverviewIn this paper, we consider a study with the goal of obtaining insights into diversity issues,including potential approaches for addressing diversity inequity4-14 (Fig. 1). This multiple-methods study is comprised of a survey of participants whose primary composition is as highereducation students currently studying engineering. The multi-question survey gathersanonymous demographic information and relative interests in humanitarian engineeringexperiences from 110 persons which consist of different

Conference Session

High School Engineering Education

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Douglas Oppliger, Michigan Technological University; Jean Kampe, Michigan Technological University; Valorie Troesch, Michigan Technological Univeristy

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

AC 2010-569: HIGH SCHOOL ENTERPRISE: AUTHENTIC ENGINEERINGEXPERIENCES IN SECONDARY EDUCATIONDouglas Oppliger, Michigan Technological UniversityJean Kampe, Michigan Technological UniversityValorie Troesch, Michigan Technological Univeristy Page 15.642.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2010 High School Enterprise: Authentic Engineering Experiences in Secondary EducationAbstractThe need for more, and better prepared, individuals entering STEM (science, technology,engineering, and math) education is well documented by several organizations.1 High SchoolEnterprise (HSE) is an extra- or in-curricular school activity in which students

Conference Session

Student Paper Presentation

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Adam Melvin, North Carolina State University

Tagged Divisions

Students Constituent Committee

hesitating to shoot for the stars. Also, while it is a good idea tohave a #1 choice, I advocate it is better to have groups or tiers of choices, so you are notdisappointed in the scenario where you don't get your #1 choice. Getting into a few of your toptier schools, while maybe missing out on your #1 choice, can still make you feel good about thewhole application process. Since I was not precisely sure what area of research I wanted to Page 15.1163.3study, I selected a school that had the widest breath of topics with the most promising research.My selection was also strongly weighted by cordial and friendly atmosphere coupled with asincere sense of

Conference Session

Faculty Development for Distance Learning

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Gene Dixon, East Carolina University

Tagged Divisions

Continuing Professional Development

identify both thefrequency and extent of how these forms of scholarship are used in P&T considerations atuniversities and colleges within the US. Social science models of SOES-l do not seem to fitprofessional disciplines such as E&T. For E&T programs, the SOES-l is of necessity focused onfaculty’s interaction with industry as well as traditional community partners needing atechnology centric consult. Student involvement comes in the form of projects, either episodicor continuous with both communities. Currently, the axis of control for faculty reward systemsare operationalized by the values placed on: 1. refereed journal publications 2. funded projects and grants that pay the federal overhead rate 3. outside

Conference Session

Student Learning

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Amani Salim, Purdue University; Heidi Diefes-Dux, Purdue University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

needfor refinement in the scale and changes in the GTA professional development. The point here isnot to test the reliability of a rubric but rather to understand how the GTAs are assessingstudents’ responses to the individual questions so that better assessment strategies can bedeveloped, where assessment strategies encompasses (1) professional development with problemformulation, (2) professional development with assessment, and (3) assessment rubrics andassociated training materials.II. MEAs DescriptionsModel-Eliciting Activities (MEAs) are client-driven, open-ended problems that require studentsto use one or more mathematical or engineering concepts that are unspecified by the problem,make sense of new knowledge and understandings delivered

Conference Session

Pedagogy and Assessment in ECE

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Brian Peterson, United States Air Force Academy; Anne Clark, USAF Academy, CO

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

microcomputer with 16 assembly instructions, an 8-bitaddress bus, four input and four output ports organized as shown in Figure 1. Thememory is broken into 176 nibbles of ROM and 80 nibbles of Random Access Memory(RAM). It uses port-mapped I/O with separate memory and input/output (I/O) selectsignals. Register-transfer-logic (RTL) design techniques were used to implement thecontroller and datapath. The controller is a relatively simple mealy state machine shownin Figure 2.Figure 1. PRISM Top-Level Diagram. Figure 2. PRISM Controller State DiagramThe datapath, shown in Figure 3, uses both combinational and sequential logiccomponents. An arithmetic logic unit (ALU) performs both arithmetic and logicoperations when program instructions demand

Conference Session

Engineering Collaboration: Faculty & Student in K-12 Programs

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Vikram Kapila, Polytechnic University; Magued Iskander, Polytechnic University; Noel Kriftcher, Polytechnic University

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

2003 Distinguished Teacher Award. In 2004, he was selected for a three-year term as a Senior Faculty Fellow of NYU-Poly’s Othmer Institute for Interdisciplinary Studies. His scholarly activities have included two edited books, 4 chapters in edited books, 1 book review, 40 journal articles, and 90 conference papers. Moreover, he has mentored 67 high school students, 86 high school teachers, 21 undergraduate summer interns, and 11 undergraduate capstone-design teams, and graduated seven M.S. and four Ph.D. students.Magued Iskander, Polytechnic University MAGUED ISKANDER is Associate Professor and Graduate Adviser of the Civil Engineering Department at Polytechnic Institute of NYU, Brooklyn

Conference Session

Robotics Curriculum

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Brian Peterson, United States Air Force Academy; Patrick Sweeney, United States Air Force Academy; Delbert Christman, United States Air Force Academy

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering

thetwo semesters of the student’s senior year. The requirements set forth for the capstone groupwas to produce an R2D2 robot which could move on flat surfaces via remote control,autonomous navigation, and a combined mode where manual remote control would beaugmented by collision avoidance capability. In the latter two modes, obstacles were to besensed and avoided, regardless of travel speed. Walls, objects and barriers were to be mappedand displayed on a retractable color screen on the R2 unit. In autonomous mode, those obstacleswere to be navigated around. The unit was to make appropriate sounds consistent with thosemade by the R2D2 in the movies. A battery lifetime of 1 hour between charges and a maximumspeed of 5 mph were expected. Kill

Conference Session

Build Diversity in Engineering Graduate Programs

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ali Ansari, Virginia State University; Jahangir Ansari, Virginia State University; Krishan Agrawal, Virginia State University; Arthur Fridrich, Virginia State University

Tagged Divisions

Minorities in Engineering

projectoutcomes are listed. Lessons learned from this project at VSU as well as the intellectual merit ofthe program are outlined. The broader impact of the project is discussed.IntroductionIn 2005, the National Science Foundation awarded a Historically Black Colleges and UniversityUndergraduate Program (HBCU-UP) Implementation grant to the Virginia State University(VSU).The HBCU-UP Implementation Project provides support to implement a comprehensiveinstitutional project to strengthen STEM education and research. The strategies should be theresult of an institutional STEM self-analysis, address institutional and NSF goals, and have thepotential to result in significant and sustainable improvements in STEM program offerings 1.The UniversityVirginia State

Conference Session

Past and Future of Manufacturing Education

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

C. Norman, Applied Research Associates, Inc

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

developing new research, development, and applications programs supporting government and private industry in product / process design improvements based on new rapid applications software, enhanced constitutive models using multi-scale concepts, and software verification and validation based on real world applications. 2003-2007: Director, Center for Advanced Vehicular Systems, Extension, Mississippi State University Developed and implemented strategic plan and operational concept for technology transfer of R&D products developed at Mississippi State University to Nissan, Tier-1 suppliers, and small to medium size industries in Mississippi. 2001-2003: R

Conference Session

New Methods and Tools

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Donald Reimer, Lawrence Technological University; Margaret Pierce, Lawrence Tech University

Tagged Divisions

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation

of thisexperience by stating that “Students who use their learning to solve real-world problems findthey not only gain a stronger understanding of material they have studied, they are betterprepared to absorb new information when they return to classes [1]. Work integrated learningexperiences allow students to better understand how skills and knowledge will be mostmarketable in assisting them to transition into their professional fields. In addition, students withprofessional experience gained through these types of experiences have a competitive edge overtheir counterparts in the job market. This is particularly important in today’s tight job marketwhere competition for opportunities can be intense and students find themselves

Conference Session

Conceptual Learning

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Marisa Orr, Clemson University; Lisa Benson, Clemson University; Sherrill Biggers, Clemson University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

requirements declare their major discipline. Discipline-specific courses begin in the Fall of the sophomore year.Statics as a Pre-requisite to DynamicsUnder the old curriculum, students were expected to take Statics in their first semester as amechanical engineering student, and then proceed to Dynamics in their second semester, asshown in the Figure 1. The curricular content in the first and second semesters was thereforequite limited because students would not yet have mastered the fundamentals of engineeringmechanics. Students were not fully immersed in mechanical engineering content until theirjunior year. Foundations of Mechanical Systems was taught co-requisite with Statics, thereforeinstructors had their hands tied, and were forced to limit the

Conference Session

Enhancing CE Learning Through Use of Technology

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Nadarajah Ravichandran, Clemson University; Brian Machmer, Clemson University

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

which was to developexperiments that would provide undergraduates with a firm grounding in structural dynamics.Numerous teaching models that were used to achieve this goal are on the UCIST’s website3.However, though the UCIST provided detailed structural dynamic experiments, they did notprovide soil dynamics experiments particularly those related to liquefaction induced damage tothe built environment.Liquefaction, which is the loss of strength of supporting soil, is one of the major factorscontributing to severe damage to the built environment in various forms such as groundsettlement and movement, slope failure, damage to buried utility lines. Figure 1 shows aphotograph of liquefaction induced damage to structures after 1964 Niigata earthquake

Conference Session

Materials Lab Experiments and Demonstrations

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Lori Rosario, Rochester Institute of Technology; Elizabeth Dell, Rochester Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Materials

soil.Biodegradability Testing Using Biometer FlasksEquipment / Reagents required to set up test: Page 15.231.5One (1) Biometer Flask assembly 250 mL10 mL Syringe15-gauge syringe needleScale to weigh samplesMoisture meterpH meter0.5N Potassium Hydroxide (KOH)Ascarite-20 mesh; 20-35 grams per biometer flaskSoilCompostTest SampleGlycerolProcedure to set up the test: 1. Obtain approximately 100 grams of soil that must be sieved to a particle size of at least 2mm. 2. Add 1 gram of compost to each 25 grams of soil. 3. Test soil's pH (pH must be between 6 and 8). 4. Test moisture content of soil (50-70%). 5. Obtain sample material (approximately 500 mg

Conference Session

Design in the ECE Curriculum

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Bill Yang, Western Carolina University; Phillip Sanger, Western Carolina University; Patrick Gardner, Western Carolina University

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

objectives such as to create a unique product or service, usually to bringabout beneficial change or added value. The primary challenge of project management is tosuccessfully achieve all of the project goals and objectives within the project constraints relyingon optimized allocation and integration of inputs and resources. The challenge of projectmanagement comes often in the form of nonlinear progresses typically with multiple iterations.Projects can be modeled to have some common structures such as project lifecycle as illustratedin Figure 1. Although the Fig. 1 shows a more linear progress of the project development, oftenthe Project Planning and Design, Execution, and the Monitor & Control interact with each otherresulting in a repetitive

Conference Session

Learning by Doing

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

James Morgan, Texas A&M University; Luciana Barroso, Texas A&M University

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

level capstone experience. This newcapstone course is coupled with two other required graduate courses: 1) a newly developedapplied finite elements (analysis) course, and 2) a pre-stressed concrete design course. Thisstructure requires the students to be a cohort through these courses and allows them to developlearning communities, to gain experience on high stakes teams, and to work on a larger projectthan normally available in an academic setting. These integrated projects allow for leveraging ofresources and just-in-time teaching and learning. The capstone design course is designed tofunction as a small structural engineering design office, where the class as a whole is developingalternative design solutions for a common client. A detailed

Conference Session

BME Course and Curriculum Development

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

James Sweeney, Florida Gulf Coast University

Tagged Divisions

Biomedical

) permits us to more easily incorporate time each week into in-class problem solving, aswell as running simulations, or carrying out the projects and experiments unique to our offering . Page 15.21.3Course Learning Outcomes and ContentLearning OutcomesLearning outcomes for this course involve five main themes as follows. After completing thiscourse, students will be able to: (1) demonstrate understanding of relationships in cell membranebiophysics which are pertinent to design and use of medical and laboratory devices anddiagnostic instruments; (2) use software tools for simulation of excitation and propagation incardiac and neural tissues; (3

Conference Session

Communication - Needs and Methods

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Christine Nicometo, University of Wisconsin, Madison; Kevin Anderson, University of Wisconsin, Madison; Traci Nathans-Kelly, University of Wisconsin, Madison; Sandra Courter, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Thomas McGlamery, University of Wisconsin-Madison

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education

identify the ways thatpracticing engineers developed their epistemic frame9.The first of three methods used to collect our qualitative data involved interviews andobservations with practicing engineers within six different organizations across a spectrum ofengineering employers. Specifically, we aimed to work with employers from government andindustry, from small to large-multinational conglomerates in size, and across a broad range ofwork sectors. For more information about the six organizations we worked with during ourstudy, see Table 1. Page 15.1391.3 Table 1: Study Sites Overview. In choosing sites, we focused on getting a range of

Conference Session

Exemplary Outreach Programs

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Stanley Hunley, Michigan State University; Joshua Whitman, Michigan State University; Seungik Baek, Michigan State University; Xiaobo Tan, Michigan State University; Drew Kim, Michigan State University

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

current projectbased on these assessments. Page 15.715.2 11. IntroductionThe Office of Recruitment and K-12 Engineering Education Outreach at Michigan Statedesigned to attract prospective engineering students from middle and secondary schoolsthrough a plethora of visiting opportunities and workshops, some of which include:Design Day, Grandparents University, Wireless Integrated Microsystems (WIMS) Pre-College Enrichment Programs, which includes WIMS for Teens and WIMS for Womenin Engineering [1]. At such venues, the visitors are exposed to actual research and areinvited to engage in hands-on

Conference Session

Historical Perspectives for Engineering Education

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Rachel Maines, Cornell University

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education

AC 2010-605: ENGINEERING AS LAW: INJURY EPIDEMIOLOGY ANDCONSENSUS CODESRachel Maines, Cornell University Page 15.477.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2010 1 Engineering as Law: Injury Epidemiology and Consensus CodesAbstract British Field Marshal John Slessor observed during World War II that the first socialservice a nation can provide for its people is to keep them alive.1 As the recent experience of theHaiti earthquake has forcefully brought home to us, engineering safety codes and standards playa major role in this vital function of government.2 ,3 From the point of view of keeping citizensalive, the

Conference Session

Learning By Doing in Chemical Engineering Education

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Peyton Richmond, Lamar University; John Gossage, Lamar University; Qiang Xu, Lamar University

Tagged Divisions

Chemical Engineering

students were also provided with the following table5 to help them determine theconsequence severity if the operator took no action when the potential alarm occurred:Category Consequence Consequence Consequence Severity: Severity: Severity: MINOR MAJOR SEVEREPersonnel Safety Slight injury (first aid) Injury affects work Lost time injury > 1 or health effect performance maximum week, or worker one week disabling or severe

Conference Session

Teaching Statics

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Masoud Rais-Rohani, Mississippi State University; Andrew Walters, Mississippi State University; Anthony Vizzini, Western Michigan University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanics

advanced mechanicscourses including Dynamics, Fluid Mechanics, and Mechanics of Materials. Students who havetrouble with Statics often face great difficulty learning the more advanced concepts insubsequent courses.In an effort to enhance learning, many educators have successfully developed and integratedmultimedia and computer technology in Statics instruction.1-4 Some of these tools are used toenhance the traditional (face-to-face) lecture format whereas others provide a framework forfully Web-based (online) or blended delivery of the course content. Although these tools help todiversify the delivery of instructional materials, the pedagogical paradigm of lecture-basedinstruction (on campus or distance) remains the same.Despite students’ mixed

Conference Session

Curriculum in Telecommunications Engineering Technology

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kim Nankivell, Purdue University, Calumet; Joy Colwell, Purdue University, Calumet; Jana Whittington, Purdue University, Calumet

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

. Skills thatneeded additional training according to the employers included both applied skills and basicskills. Skills which were listed as high need included Creativity/Innovation, Ethics/SocialResponsibility, Professionalism/Work Ethic, Lifelong Learning/Self Direction, and CriticalThinking/Problem Solving. Responding employers were grouped into four categories or industryclusters: manufacturing, financial services, non-financial services, andeducation/government/other non-profits.10 See Table 1 below for applied skills listed byemployers.11 Table 1. Applied Skills listed by Employers in 2009 Research Report • Creativity/Innovation • Ethics/Social Responsibility • Professionalism/Work Ethic • Lifelong Learning/Self

Conference Session

Teaching Technological Literacy - Engaging Students

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Thomas Howell, San Jose State University; Patricia Backer, San Jose State University; Belle Wei, San Jose State University

Tagged Divisions

Technological Literacy Constituent Committee

semiconductors to networking to software to webtechnologies. Because of its location, most SJSU graduates are employed by Silicon Valleyorganizations. The CoE has embraced technological literacy as part of its commitment to the Page 15.408.3local community. The faculty in the CoE have technological expertise which can benefit theoverall SJSU community through the GE program. This focus on technological literacy has ledto the development of a new GE course in engineering, Engr 5—Science of High Technology.This course attracts students from all of the colleges and programs (see Figure 1). It is widelypromoted in freshman orientation sessions and GE

Conference Session

Robotics Curriculum

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Richard Beach, Western New England College; Michael Gennert, Worcester Polytechnic Institute; William Michalson, Worcester Polytechnic Institute; James Van de Ven, Worcester Polytechnic Institute; Taskin Padir, Worcester Polytechnic Institute; Gretar Tryggvason, Worcester Polytechnic Institute; Gregory Fischer, Worcester Polytechnic Institute

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering

international aspect of the community building effort, d) Steering Committeeformation involving robotics industry members and university faculty, e) several student projectson social aspects of the RICC, f) setting the format and schedule for the conference, g) refiningthe competition format and scoring rubric, h) holding the First Annual 2009 RICC, i) conductinga survey of RICC attendees and assessing the results.We report on the extent to which the competition and conference achieved four major goals: (1)stimulating students to imagine new robotics applications and encourage them to develop theirideas into working prototypes; (2) bringing student work to the attention of industry leaders whomay see opportunities to further develop the students’ ideas

Conference Session

Spatial Ability and Visualization in Graphics Education

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sheryl Sorby, Michigan Technological University; Norma Veurink, Michigan Technological University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Design Graphics

orshop courses, a marginally significant factor was obtained.In various studies conducted through the years, many background factors have beenshown to be correlated with well-developed spatial ability. Although each study hasproduced slightly different results, it seems that activities that require eye-to-handcoordination are those that help to develop these skills. Activities that have been found todevelop spatial skills include: 1) playing with construction toys as a young child, 2)participating in classes such as shop, drafting, or mechanics as a middle school orsecondary student, 3) playing 3-dimensional computer games, 4) participating in sometypes of sports, and 5) having well-developed mathematical skills.In recent studies, the role of

Conference Session

Web-based Learning in ECE

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kathleen Meehan, Virginia Tech; Joshua Quesenberry, Virginia Tech; Justeen Olinger, Virginia Western Community College; Kevin Diomedi II, Virginia Western Community College; Robert Hendricks, Virginia Tech; Richard Clark, Virginia Western Community College; Peter Doolittle, Virginia Tech

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

undergraduatestudents to design, construct, and characterize electrical circuits. A unique featureof this laboratory course is that the students conduct much of their work using set of Page 15.636.2equipment, known as Lab-in-a-Box (LiaB), outside of a traditional classroomenvironment. 1 The LiaB kit contains an analog/digital trainer (shown in Figure 1), adigital multimeter, various electrical components including a set of 5% resistors, anumber of capacitors and light emitting diodes, an inductor, and several operationalamplifiers. The laboratory course has been offered by the department since 2004. Figure 1: The RSR/VT A and D trainer.Rationale for