Conference Session

Engineering Ethics: An Interdisciplinary Endeavor

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Joseph Herkert, Arizona State University Polytechnic; Jameson Wetmore, Arizona State University; Heather Canary, Arizona State University Polytechnic; Karin Ellison, Arizona State University

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education

AC 2009-1131: INTEGRATING MICROETHICS AND MACROETHICS INGRADUATE SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING EDUCATION: DEVELOPINGINSTRUCTIONAL MODELSJoseph Herkert, Arizona State University Polytechnic Joseph Herkert, D. Sc., P.E., is Lincoln Associate Professor of Ethics and Technology at Arizona State University. He has taught engineering ethics and related courses for more than twenty years. His work on engineering ethics has appeared in engineering, law, social science, and applied ethics journals. Dr. Herkert is the past Editor of IEEE Technology & Society and a founding Associate Editor of Engineering Studies. He received his BSEE from Southern Methodist University and his doctorate in Engineering and

Conference Session

Improving the Teaching Skills of Graduate Students

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Erin Crede, Virginia Tech; Maura Borrego, Virginia Tech

Tagged Divisions

Graduate Studies

. A training program developed in the Departmentof Mechanical Engineering and Engineering Mechanics at Michigan Technological Universitywas designed to achieve dual objectives: to improve the quality of undergraduate instruction byGTA’s and to develop leadership skills in graduate students for their professional growth 9.Arizona State University designed a two year program, consisting of an exploratory phase and aparticipatory phase. In the exploratory phase students visit partner campuses to get a generalidea of the institutions’ respective environments, selecting a mentor from the partneringinstitutions during their second year 10. Programs like these highlight many of the importantelements in preparing graduate students for the demands of

Conference Session

International Study Abroad Programs

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

William Hornfeck, Lafayette College; Antonia Gohr, Jacobs University Bremen

Tagged Divisions

International

semester prior toprogram; this course includes a culture component to complement language skills. At JacobsUniversity, students can take accredited German language classes at all levels - from beginners tobusiness German - in order to improve previously attained proficiency.Figure 2. Summary Organization Flow at Jacobs University. AT JACOBS UNIVERSITY Curriculum Set up Legal Work Arrival Courses and excursions Evaluation Fall Semester January Early Spring Later Spring May Accommodation Organisation Orientation Week Support Structures DepartureAssessmentThe Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology (ABET) requires continuousmonitoring of learning outcomes6. For students

Conference Session

Exploring Retention

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jeong Hwan Choi, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign; Jacob Marszalek, University of Missouri, Kansas City; Joyce Lee, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign; Susan Linnemeyer, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

. 2003(ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. CG032375).16. ASEE (American Society for Engineering Education). Profiles of engineering & engineering technology colleges. 2003.17. National Research Council. Foreign and foreign-born engineers in the unites states: Infusing talent, raising issues. 1988.18. Marshall L, Coffee T, Saalfedl FE, Colwell RR. The science and engineering workforce and national security. Defense Horizon April, 2004(Number 39):1-11.19. Leslie LL, McClure GT, Oaxaca RL. Women and minorities in science and engineering: A life sequence analysis. The Journal of Higher Education 1998 May - Jun.;69(3):239-76.20. Chu H. Being a female engineer: Identity construction and resistance of women in engineering

Conference Session

Learning as a Community

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Robert Ricks, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale; Rhonda Kowalchuk, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale; John Nicklow, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale; Loen Graceson-Martin, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale; Lalit Gupta, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale; James Mathias, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale; Jale Tezcan, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale; Kathy Pericak-Spector, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

AC 2009-1987: AN EVALUATION OF A NEW ENGINEERINGRESIDENTIAL-COLLEGE INITIATIVERobert Ricks, Southern Illinois University, CarbondaleRhonda Kowalchuk, Southern Illinois University, CarbondaleJohn Nicklow, Southern Illinois University, CarbondaleLoen Graceson-Martin, Southern Illinois University, CarbondaleLalit Gupta, Southern Illinois University, CarbondaleJames Mathias, Southern Illinois University, CarbondaleJale Tezcan, Southern Illinois University, CarbondaleKathy Pericak-Spector, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale Page 14.185.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2009 Evaluation of a New Engineering

Conference Session

Programming for Engineering Students I

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Melinda Hess, University of South Florida; Autar Kaw, University of South Florida; Corina Owens, University of South Florida

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

AC 2009-299: ON EVALUATING AND RATING ONLINE RESOURCES FOR ANUMERICAL METHODS COURSEMelinda Hess, University of South Florida Melinda R. Hess is the Director of the Center for Research, Evaluation, Assessment, and Measurement (CREAM) at the University of South Florida. She has written and presented over 30 papers at technology end education research conferences and has co-authored two chapters in educational methods books. She is the Editor of the Florida Journal of Educational Research.Autar Kaw, University of South Florida Autar K Kaw is a Professor of Mechanical Engineering and Jerome Krivanek Distinguished Teacher at the University of South Florida. He is the author of the textbook - Mechanics

Conference Session

High-School Engineering Education

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jan DeWaters, Clarkson University; Susan Powers, Clarkson University

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

energy issue – modes ofprivate vehicle transportation. The module was developed and modified by graduate studentsfrom Clarkson University with the support of an NSF GK-12 grant. The energy module wasdesigned based on themes from STS and project-based learning models of instruction, andcontains elements of instruction and practice in formal decision making. Module content iscorrelated to New York State (NYS) and National Learning Standards for Science, Mathematics,and Technology, with a focus on science inquiry and the “extended process skills” covered byNYS Standards 1, 2, 6, and 7: • Standard 1 - Analysis, Inquiry and Design. Students will use mathematical analysis, scientific inquiry, and engineering design, as appropriate, to pose

Conference Session

Preparing and Retaining Engineering Students

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Prue Howard, Central Queensland University

Tagged Divisions

Cooperative & Experiential Education

approving the program,recognised that a complete review of the program would be required to develop the professionalof the future. Engineering graduates, to be properly prepared for the workplace still requiredexplicit development of generic skills, such as problem solving, creativity, communication andteamwork.Faculty ReviewA number of the issues relating to the old program are identified in Jorgensen & Howard(20055). A summary of those issues is: ≠ Program overloaded with technical content (as technology changed, material was simply added to the program, with very little being removed) ≠ Students were overloaded with excessive class contact hours (29 hours per week in first year) ≠ High student attrition rates (up to

Conference Session

Issues of Persistence in Engineering

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Peggy Meszaros, Virginia Tech; Catherine Amelink, Virginia Tech

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering

AC 2009-213: A CROSS-INSTITUTIONAL COMPARISON OF EDUCATIONALFACTORS PROMOTING OR DISCOURAGING THE INTENT TO REMAIN INENGINEERINGPeggy Meszaros, Virginia Tech Peggy S. Meszaros is the William E. Lavery Professor of Human Development and Director of the research Center for Information Technology Impacts on Children, Youth, and Families at Virginia Tech.Catherine Amelink, Virginia Tech Catherine serves as the Assessment Coordinator for the Division of Student Affairs at Virginia Tech. Page 14.23.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2009 A Cross-Institutional Comparison of Educational

Conference Session

Women in K-12 Engineering

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Michelle Porche, Wellesley Centers for Women; Corinne McKamey, Wellesley Centers for Women; Peter Wong, Museum of Science

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

relative to studentselsewhere in the system.16 Page 14.961.4 Table 1. School Profiles from Data Provided by District Exam Theme Exam School/ School/ Theme Theme School/ Math & Health & School/ School/ Humanities Science Technology Engineering Non-STEM % % % % %Low Income 28.0 62.6 64.0

Conference Session

Issues of Persistence in Engineering

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Rose Mary Cordova-Wentling, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign; Cristina Camacho, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering

andmore likely to take advanced biology and chemistry. Although the pool of female students isstronger and they now have easier access to most engineering schools, there is a lingeringreluctance for women to choose education in engineering and technology related fields (Loftus,2007). Recruiting women into engineering is a crucial issue if we want to increase the numbersof women in technical fields. However, the story does not end with recruitment. Nationwideretention rates show that out of the very few women who enroll in engineering programs incollege, 22.7% dropout after completing only threshold courses in engineering; and 35.4%withdraw after taking engineering courses beyond threshold, but before getting a degree. Only41.9 percent of women

Conference Session

High-School Engineering Education

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mitchell Nathan, University of Wisconsin, Madison; Kyle Oliver, University of Wisconsin, Madison; Amy Prevost, University of Wisconsin, Madison; Natalie Tran, California State University, Bakersfield; Allen Phelps, University of Wisconsin, Madison

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

schools gradually became schools of physics andmathematics; medical schools became schools of biological science, business schools becameschools of finite mathematics” (p. 111). As Cajas5 noted, this is still true decades later: The way in which future technologists (e.g., engineers or medical doctors) are generally prepared is the following: Students first take science classes with the assumption that such classes can be applied to specific technological problems (e.g., engineering problems, medical problems). The justification of taking science classes (physics for example in the case of engineers or physiology in the case of medicine) is that these classes are the bases of their future professional

Conference Session

Global Engineering Education: Developments, Implementations

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Alan Parkinson, Brigham Young University; John Harb, Brigham Young University; Spencer Magleby, Brigham Young University

Tagged Divisions

International

competence. We report on the results of a survey of engineering educators andindustry representatives on the importance of these attributes. This survey was initiallyconducted as part of a National Science Foundation sponsored summit on global engineeringeducation.Introduction: Why Global Competence?In this paper we discuss what it means for engineers to develop global competence and whysuch competence is important. The globalization of engineering has been the result of aconfluence of forces and changes taking place over the past two decades. 1 Perhaps ironically,technology developed by engineers has been a main driving force acting to changeengineering practice. For example, advances in telecommunications now make possibleinexpensive, real-time

Conference Session

Issues of Persistence in Engineering

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Carol Burger, Virginia Tech

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering

AC 2009-595: FACTORS THAT ENCOURAGE OR DISCOURAGE THEPERSISTENCE OF FEMALE STUDENTS IN UNDERGRADUATE EDUCATIONCarol Burger, Virginia Tech Page 14.625.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2009 Factors that Impact Persistence of Female Students in Undergraduate EngineeringThe importance of engineering and technology to the economic and intellectual growth of theUnited States cannot be overstated. In today’s knowledge-driven society, and despite the recenteconomic downturn, the number of U.S. citizens with education and training in engineering andtechnology has barely kept up with demand. Women, racial and ethnic minorities, and

Conference Session

Global Engineering Education: Developments, Implementations

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Marissa Jablonski, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee; Christopher Papadopoulos, University of Puerto Rico-Mayagüez; John Reisel, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee

Tagged Divisions

International

, Mayagüez. His research interests include nonlinear structural mechanics, biomechanics, engineering education, and engineering ethics (with particular interest in appropriate technologies to serve impoverished and developing communities). He is an active member of the American Society for Engineering Education (ASEE), American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), and Association for Practical and Professional Ethics (APPE). He holds BS degrees in Civil Engineering and Mathematics from Carnegie Mellon University, and a PhD in Theoretical and Applied Mechanics, Cornell University. He was previously a faculty member in the Department of Civil Engineering & Mechanics at the University of

Conference Session

Software Engineering Teaching Techniques

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Clifton Kussmaul, Muhlenberg College

Tagged Divisions

Software Engineering Constituent Committee

AC 2009-1516: SOFTWARE PROJECTS USING FREE AND OPEN-SOURCESOFTWARE: OPPORTUNITIES, CHALLENGES, AND LESSONS LEARNEDClifton Kussmaul, Muhlenberg College Clif Kussmaul is Associate Professor of Computer Science at Muhlenberg College and Chief Technology Officer for Elegance Technologies, Inc., which develops software products and provides software development services. Previously he worked at NeST Technologies, and Moravian College. He has a PhD in Computer Science from the University of California, Davis, master's degrees from Dartmouth College, and bachelor's degrees from Swarthmore College. His professional interests and activities include software engineering, entrepreneurship, digital

Conference Session

Professional Development in Materials Engineering

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kalan Kucera, University of Kentucky; John Balk

Tagged Divisions

Materials

AC 2009-633: USING ENTRY-LEVEL ENGINEERING COURSES AS A METHODOF PROMOTING INDUSTRY AWARENESSKalan Kucera, University of KentuckyT. J. Balk, University of Kentucky Page 14.1321.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2009 Using Entry Level Engineering Courses as a Method of Promoting Industry AwarenessAbstractIn today’s service-based culture, certain industrial and manufacturing jobs have gained areputation for being dirty, boring, and outdated. Even more, due to the ingrained nature ofthis reputation, many students have learned very little to nothing about these jobs andindustries. Due to negative stereotypes, students may dismiss

Conference Session

Beyond the Engineering Classroom

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Gary Bailey, North Carolina A&T State University; Cindy Waters, North Carolina A&T State University

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

State University withspecific undergraduate Engineering major goals and objectives. In part two we willdescribe the origin and purpose of UNST 130. In part three we will describe the goals,objectives, and curriculum of UNST 130. In part four, we will highlight currentassessment of student learning strategies and data from UNST 130 Analytical Reasoningand describe future assessment strategies that will test our thesis: that UNST 130Analytical Reasoning is of positive value for the Engineering major curriculum. IUNST 130 Analytical Reasoning and the Engineering Major Curriculum at NCATSUEngineering graduates face new challenges because of the revolution in communicationand information technologies, the

Conference Session

Professional Development in Materials Engineering

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Barry Dupen, Indiana University-Purdue University, Fort Wayne

Tagged Divisions

Materials

choices do not cover all datapatterns, such as the S-curves for impact vs. temperature graphs.Student performance is assessed with a grading rubric which evaluates graphs within laboratoryreports. Low performance on three laboratory reports has led to instructional improvements,including additional focus in the lecture and detailed handouts. Subsequent assessment showscontinued improvement in skill levels from one laboratory report to the next, and from onesemester to the next.IntroductionTAC/ABET requires that engineering technology graduates have an ability to communicateeffectively (Criterion 3, Program Outcome g).1 The MET program at IPFW includes twocommunications courses and three English courses which develop students’ skills in

Conference Session

Professional Development in Materials Engineering

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mary Vollaro, Western New England College

Tagged Divisions

Materials

AC 2009-1264: STUDENT PERCEPTION OF A SERIES OF ACTIVITIES IN AMANUFACTURING PROCESSES COURSEMary Vollaro, Western New England College Page 14.1085.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2009 Student Perception of a Series of Activities in a Manufacturing Processes CourseGetting students involved in experiential activities in a manufacturing processes course isimportant to meeting the learning objectives; however, with limited facilities and classroom time,some creativity is required. Here, a series of activities was conducted during the entire semesterand students were asked to comment of the value of the activities. An

Conference Session

Software Engineering Teaching Techniques

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Janusz Zalewski, Florida Gulf Coast University; Andrew Kornecki, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University; Jerzy Nogiec, Fermi National Accelerator Lab

Tagged Divisions

Software Engineering Constituent Committee

, Fermi National Accelerator Lab Jerzy Nogiec is the Software Development and Support Group Leader at Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory and an adjunct professor of Computer Science at the Illinois Institute of Technology. His research interests, in addition to software engineering education, include distributed systems and data acquisition systems. Page 14.1152.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2009 Teaching Software Development for Modern Real-Time Data Acquisition and ControlAbstractModern data acquisition and control systems, in the most demanding

Conference Session

Issues of Persistence in Engineering

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Catherine Amelink, Virginia Tech; Elizabeth Creamer, Virginia Tech

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering

faculty and issues confronting underrepresented groups in the STEM fields. Catherine has served as the Coordinator of Special Projects for the Office of the Provost at Virginia Tech focusing on faculty work-life issues, diversity efforts, excellence in undergraduate education, and coordinating university planning activities and served as a doctoral intern with the State Council of Higher Education.Elizabeth Creamer, Virginia Tech Dr. Creamer is co-Principal Investigator of the Women and Information Technology project funded by the National Science foundation, Principal Investigator of a grant to investigate climate in undergraduate engineering programs, and Director of Research and

Conference Session

Educational Research

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Richard Layton, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology; Susan Lord, University of San Diego; Matthew Ohland, Purdue University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

AC 2009-315: REASONING ABOUT CATEGORICAL DATA: MULTIWAY PLOTSAS USEFUL RESEARCH TOOLSRichard Layton, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology Richard A. Layton is the Associate Director of the Center for the Practice and Scholarship of Education and an Associate Professor of Mechanical Engineering at Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology. His areas of scholarship include student team management, assessment, education, and remediation, laboratory reform focused on student learning, visualization of quantitative data, and engineering system dynamics. He is a guitarist and songwriter in the alternative rock band “Whisper Down”.Susan Lord, University of San Diego Susan M. Lord received a B.S

Conference Session

Programming for Engineering Students I

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ed Crowley, University of Houston

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

AC 2009-2275: RUNNING LINUX IN A WINDOWS COMPUTER LABEd Crowley, University of Houston Page 14.1039.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2009 Running Linux in a Windows Computer LabAbstractIn many courses, the effective use of Linux, or other open source software, can expandand enhance active learning opportunities for students. Since many institutions havestandardized on Windows Computer Laboratories, implementing Linux based learningexperiences may initially seem problematic. However, with a Live Linux CD, you canquickly and easily run Linux, and related open source tools, in an existing WindowsComputer Lab.In this paper, we will explain how Linux Live CDs

Conference Session

Systems Engineering Programs and Curricula

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Joanna DeFranco, Pennsylvania State University; Colin Neill, Pennsylvania State University

Tagged Divisions

Systems Engineering Constituent Committee

,solution planning, and system design tasks during collaboration. The model was initiallydeveloped to improve the effectiveness of engineers performing such tasks in teams and thisstudy posits that the model will be equally effective on student learning.A detailed statistical experiment to study the effect of this model on subjects collaborativelysolving an analysis and design problem was designed and executed. Randomly assigned teams ofstudents were presented with one of four design problems. Half the teams were then exposed tothe CCM while the remaining half was not. The effect on student learning was then measuredusing assessment of team deliverables.1. IntroductionIn a brief survey of the graduate engineering and technology courses offered at

Conference Session

Early Engineering Design Experiences

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Robert Prins, James Madison University

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

AC 2009-445: A TEAM-BASED DESIGN COMPETITION FOR FRESHMANENGINEERING STUDENTS THAT EMPHASIZES SUSTAINABLE DESIGNRobert Prins, James Madison University Robert Prins received his Ph.D. in Mechanical Engineering from Virginia Tech in 2005; he is currently an assistant professor in the School of Engineering at James Madison University (JMU). Prior to joining JMU, Dr. Prins was a faculty member at Virginia State University. Dr. Prins' industrial experience includes one year as a suspension engineer at Visteon, Inc. and five years as an engineer at Perceptron, Inc., a machine vision company. Page

Conference Session

Engineering Design: Implementation and Evaluation

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

John Layer, University of Evansville; Chris Gwaltney, University of Evansville

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

technologically advanced world. How can we have such a largepercentage of the world population separated from what we could consider basic services andinfrastructure?The issue of globalization has become such a focal point among some engineering educators thata recent paper stated, “As educators we must not only prepare students to understand thefundamentals of math, science and engineering, but must also prepare students to work within aglobal environment… to include … intercultural interaction”3. This emphasis on globalization iscontinued in the ABET engineering program outcome of providing “broad education necessaryto understand the impact of engineering solutions in a global, economic, environmental, andsocietal context”1. The Dominican Republic

Conference Session

Design in Engineering Education Potpourri

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Christine B. Masters, Pennsylvania State University; Samuel T Hunter, Pennsylvania State University; Gul Kremer, Pennsylvania State University

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

viewed as problematic in a rapidly changing technology-oriented world where Page 14.419.3generating new ideas is essential to survival 3, 4. Industry has also perceived new BS engineeringgraduates as lacking design capability or creativity, as well as an appreciation for consideringalternatives. In the past several years, universities have responded to these challenges by addingmore design content and introducing more open-ended design problems into their engineeringcurricula. As Liu and Schonwetter put it: “Since creativity emanates from problems, it seemsmore natural for engineering students to gain creativity through practice of problem

Conference Session

Design in Engineering Education Potpourri

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Katie Cadwell, University of Wisconsin, Madison; Greta Zenner, University of Wisconsin, Madison; Naomi Chesler, University of Wisconsin, Madison; Wendy Crone, University of Wisconsin, Madison

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

AC 2009-518: DEVELOPING UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS’ DESIGN SKILLSUSING ON-LINE VIDEO MODULES AND ACTIVE-LEARNING EXERCISESKatie Cadwell, University of Wisconsin, MadisonGreta Zenner, University of Wisconsin, MadisonNaomi Chesler, University of Wisconsin, MadisonWendy Crone, University of Wisconsin, Madison Page 14.460.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2009 Teaching Undergraduate Engineering Students Auxiliary Design Skills via Online Video Modules and Active Learning ExercisesAbstractBiomedical Engineering undergraduates at the University of Wisconsin-Madison participate insix semesters of engineering design. In addition to engineering design aptitude

Conference Session

Engineering Ethics: An Interdisciplinary Endeavor

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

John Brocato, Mississippi State University

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education

…”: The Story Behind the Space Shuttle Challenger Disaster. DVD. n.p.: Mark Maier, 1992. Page 14.1288.1012. Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology (ABET), “Criterion 3. Program Outcomes and Assessment,” Criteria for Accrediting Engineering Programs, ABET Engineering Accreditation Commission, Baltimore, MD, Nov. 2004, pp. 1-2. Page 14.1288.11