Conference Session

Problem- and project-based learning in environmental engineering

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Lupita D Montoya, University of Colorado, Boulder; Robyn Sandekian, University of Colorado Boulder; Daniel Knight, University of Colorado, Boulder

Tagged Divisions

Environmental Engineering

academic achievement and persistence,3,4,5 as hasintroducing the concept of engineering as a “servant of society.”6Within engineering education, the typical method of implementing service to society is throughservice-learning, which is defined as “a teaching and learning strategy that integrates meaningfulcommunity service with instruction and reflection to enrich the learning experience, teach civicresponsibility, and strengthen communities.”7 Service-learning in an international context,especially within developing communities, can be used to engage students who may not be asinterested in design projects that do not have a socially-useful purpose. Fulfilling community-based design needs contextualizes engineering education to make it relevant to

Conference Session

Trends in Engineering Education

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Leticia Anaya, University of North Texas

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

Conference Session

Electrical and Computer Engineering (ECE) Poster Session

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

David H Hoe, University of Texas, Tyler

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

articles. Part of this could be that theyhave more experience now with reading a journal article, but additional factors include the use ofa more introductory-type article and the students were given instructions on what areas to focuson in their readings this time. This is reflected in one student’s written comments in the survey,“I like the more focused nature when looking at this journal article this week. 4-6 pages isoptimum for general reading.” The students generally agree with the third statement on thesurvey, indicating the value they are seeing in learning nanotechnology concepts.During week nine, an extensive in-class exercise involved studying the tradeoffs found in variouslow-power architectures. The students were asked to read a

Conference Session

Computing in the classroom

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ryan R. Goyings, Civil & Mechanical Engineering Department at The United States Military Academy; James Ledlie Klosky, United States Military Academy, West Point; Bobby G Crawford, U.S. Military Academy

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

. 4. Based on the focus group results, student‟s actual use of and preference for the electronic textbooks was considerably greater than their perceived preference. No students really wanted or used a hard copy book when the electronic book was available. Student‟s stated dislike of electronic texts may be a reflection of long-observed student resistance to reading engineering textbooks and thus be totally unrelated to the platform or format of the reading assignments. Further study would be required to answer this complex question. 5. Recommending certain tools to the students, especially an application similar to iAnnotate, may help to jump-start the student‟s note-taking and e-text adoption process if

Conference Session

Engineering Leadership Development Division Technical Session

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kirsten S. Hochstedt, Penn State University ; Andrew Michael Erdman, Pennsylvania State University; Richard John Schuhmann, Gordon–MIT Engineering Leadership Program

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Leadership Development Division

and facilitator vs. “the sage onthe stage”), and the class is accompanied by a laboratory where students actively apply andpractice the material they learn in class. Anecdotally, student-written assessment comments tothe instructor at the end of the semester often reflected that students felt they had worked harderper credit in the leadership principles class than in their other classes, but that this extra effortwas worth it. Electively taking and working harder in a non-required class requires intrinsicmotivation. Given the rich literature on the power of intrinsic motivation17, 18 and its effect on Page 23.851.14passion, interest, and

Conference Session

Training and Support for NEEs

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Vishwas Narayan Bedekar, University of Arkansas; John DUPE Lee, University of Arkansas; Douglas E. Spearot, University of Arkansas

Tagged Divisions

New Engineering Educators

was useful for self-reflection and to gauge progressive improvement during thesemester. In addition to lecturing over the four week section of the class Mr. Lee was alsoresponsible for designing the exam to test the students’ knowledge of key concepts.Lastly, Prof. Spearot set a terrific example of how to interact with students. For students, it isessential that their professor be available for consultation during the semester. In addition to thestandard office hours, Prof. Spearot was available via email, with prompt response. Additionally,a number of drill and tutor times were provided to the students. Mr. Lee interacted with thestudents during the weekly drill session and was involved in discussions about make-up tests andlate homework

Conference Session

Tricks of the Trade II

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Adrian Ieta, State University of New York at Oswego; Rachid Manseur, Oswego State University College; Thomas E. Doyle, McMaster University

Tagged Divisions

New Engineering Educators

undergraduates are thrilled by the projects and their freedom to innovate and perform research. They usually perform outstanding work, presented at local and international conferences. Their attitude is also reflected in their evaluations of teachers. We are hopeful that our experience will provide useful ideas, particularly to new faculty. 1. INTRODUCTIONUndergraduate students go through a steep learning curve during their studies. They are likely toreach high theoretical knowledge and may expect everything to be clearly spelled out forinvestigation. A recent IBM study1 based on face-to-face conversations with more than 1,500chief executive officers worldwide concludes that creativity is the most important factor forfuture

Conference Session

NSF Grantees' Poster Session

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Lisa Benson, Clemson University; Adam Kirn, Clemson University; Beshoy Morkos, Florida Institute of Technology

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Monthly Email Advisor. 2008;6(8):2–3.22. Nickerson RS. The teaching and thinking of problem solving. In: Sternberg RJ, editor. Thinking and Problem Solving. 2nd ed. San Diego, CA: Academic Press; 1994. page 409– 49.23. Wankat P. Reflective Analysis of Student Learning in a Sophomore Engineering Course. Journal of Engineering Education. 1999;88(2):195–203.24. Jonassen DH. Toward a Design Theory of Problem Solving.pdf. Educational Technology Research & Development. 2000;48(4):63–85.25. Bowman D, Benson L. MuseInk : Seeing and Hearing a Freshman Engineering Student Ink and Think. ASEE Annual Conference Proceedings. Louisville, KY: American Society

Conference Session

Capstone Design

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kevin Schmaltz, Western Kentucky University

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

rubric for Criterion 3 (c) is shown in Tables 5 above. The samerubric is used for all years of student evaluation, allowing the comparison of varied levels ofprofessional competence as students progress through the curriculum. The expected Total Scoreindicated at the bottom of either rubric table changes, reflecting the increasing expectation forstudent performance as they move through the elements of the integrated ProfessionalComponent.For each sample of student work, faculty members independently assign scores of 0 – 3 (absentto proficient) for each attribute component in the rubric. The sum of these scores for all attributecomponents becomes the total score. Freshmen and sophomores are expected to attain a noviceto intermediate level, while

Conference Session

Methods, Techniques, and New Programs in Graduate Education

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Niaz Latif, Purdue University, Calumet ; Joy L Colwell, Purdue University, Calumet (Tech)

Tagged Divisions

Graduate Studies

Cyberstates8 report, Indiana’s high tech employment data afew years later in 2008 reflected that Indiana was the 23rd ranked cyberstate, with 73,700 hightech workers, and the state ranked 45th in high-tech private sector workers (30 out of every 1,000workers). On several indicators of high-tech employment, Indiana ranked no higher than 20th(payroll average wages for high tech workers, and number of high-tech establishments). Andaccording to the 2000 census data, only 5.5% of adults 25 or older in Lake County have attaineda graduate or professional degree.9 Page 23.375.4For Economic Growth Region 1in Indiana, the percentage of the population over age 25

Conference Session

Capstone Projects, Design Projects, and Teamwork

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Emil H Salib, James Madison University; Joshua Alfred Erney, James Madison University; Matthew Edwin Schumaker

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering

to be interconnected, and therefore collaboration and interactions amongthe other three sub-teams suffered significantly and reflected negatively on the entire project.The real solution “glue” and those who had to be “separated”This lack of leadership from the integration team resulted in other members stepping up to takethe integration of the project into their own hands. These members bypassed the integrationteam to work with other sub-teams directly. This direct communication created a situation wheresome members were no longer bound to their sub-teams and was viewed as the “real” integrationsub-team at least from a technical perspective. In specific case, there was one student, who wasvery skilled in his area as well as in other areas

Conference Session

Activities and Assessment for “Awkward ABET Outcomes”

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

William J. Davis P.E., The Citadel; Kevin C Bower P.E., The Citadel; Ronald W. Welch, The Citadel; Douglas H. Fehrmann, The Krause Center for Leadership and Ethics, The Citadel

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

faculty tenure and promotionprocess for working with students outside of class.Combined Mapping of Overall Program for Leadership DevelopmentUsing linkages and mapping previously described, Table 6 provides a comprehensive overviewof student leadership development for civil engineering students reflecting both curriculuminstruction and extracurricular activities. A total of 16 course goals evaluated using embeddedindicators are dedicated to CEE Department program outcomes that support leadershipdevelopment, excluding an addition 12 that are aligned with engineering design. As shown inTable 6, course goals covered in the curriculum are generally aligned with lower levels ofBloom’s Taxonomy, Level 3 or lower. With addition of representative mapping

Conference Session

Community Engagement Division Poster Session

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jessica Drennan MSW, Centers for Disease Control ; Mary Y. Lanzerotti, Air Force Institute of Technology; Maggie Varga, Southwestern Ohio Council for Higher Education; Sean J Creighton, Southwestern Ohio Council for Higher Education; Derrick Langley, Air Force Institute of Technology; Diana Lynn Cahill, Air Force Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Community Engagement Division

to move forward legally to upgrade a long-standing summer research program. The views expressed in this document are those of the authors and do not reflect the official policy or position of the United States Air Force, Department of Defense, or the U.S. Government. Page 23.395.4IntroductionThis paper introduces a novel and unique way forward to upgrade a long-standing summerresearch program at a government institution to include components that are now standard atcivilian programs, such as National Science Foundation (NSF) Research Experiences forUndergraduates (REU) programs. Critical to the success of this new paradigm

Conference Session

Global Competency and What Makes a Successful Engineer

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Nancy Healy, Georgia Institute of Technology; Lynn Charles Rathbun, National Nanotechnology Infrastructure Network, Cornell University

Tagged Divisions

International

) Avg. It allowed me to identify/perceive the world context of technology 4.7 It allowed me to see how technology can help improve the lives of under- 4.6 served populations It allowed me to put my research in the context of the global arena 4.1 It allowed me to have discussions with the foreign participants about 4.8 It opened upand technology mysociety understanding of technology and the impact on society 4.6 It has influenced my future in terms of my career choices 4.1 Reflection questions post experience (1+ years since iWSG) Avg. I believe that my iWSG experience

Conference Session

It's Elementary

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jessica E S Swenson, Tufts Center for Engineering Education and Outreach; Merredith D Portsmore, Tufts University

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

selected problem and were asked to decide which problem they wanted to solveusing engineering. The next two days were dedicated to making a stop-motion action movieusing SAM software [23] to explain their problem and proposed their solution to the class. Weeksseven and eight were spent designing, building, and testing. The materials students used to buildtheir prototypes consisted of whatever was available in the classroom and supplies obtained byrequest from the STOMP fellows. The last day of the unit was dedicated to reflection about theprocess.Data CollectionThe primary method of data collection was video of in-class student group work and largerclassroom discussions. Pictures of student artifacts were also collected to document the stages

Conference Session

Product Development and Manufacturing

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jay R Porter, Texas A&M University; Joseph A. Morgan, Texas A&M University; Wei Zhan, Texas A&M University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

, National Instruments, and 3M during the curriculum development process was critical in the creation of these courses. This sequence includes courses in device/system testing, engineering statistics and data analysis, leadership, and product development business/engineering best practices. In addition to revising the curriculum, the program name has now also been changed toElectronic Systems Engineering Technology (ESET) to better reflect the new emphasis onproducts and systems.New Course Development As part of the new curriculum, in addition to restructuring and augmenting existingcourses, three new courses were developed. These supported both the embedded systems and theproduct development tracks as discussed above

Conference Session

Beyond the Classroom: Summer and Scholarship Programs to Engage Minorities

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ivan Lopez Hurtado, Northern New Mexico College; Charles Knight, Northern New Mexico College; Raul R Peralta, Northern New Mexico College; Jorge Crichigno, Northern New Mexico College

Tagged Divisions

Minorities in Engineering

participated in field experiences to practice the topics learned in the classroom.Examples of such activities included: 1) 3-4-5 Rule in the Construction Trades and its relation tothe Pythagorean Theorem; 2) Proportional Triangles--determining the height of a street lamppost; 3) Slopes--determining the rise and run of a ramp (on campus). See Figure 1. Theseactivities were important as icebreakers and help students to reflect on the importance ofapplication of theoretical concepts. Page 23.55.7 Figure 1: Field Experiences (Applying the 3-4-5 Rule

Conference Session

Basic Concepts in Entrepreneurship

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Neelam Soundarajan, Ohio State University; Rajiv Ramnath, Ohio State University; Bruce W. Weide, Ohio State University

Tagged Divisions

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation

Teaching Presence (Structure/Process) Fig. 1. Community of Inquiryeducational systems, it is also appropriate for learning environments that are (mostly or entirely)face-to-face. The three principal elements of the CoI model are social presence, cognitive presenceand teaching presence. Social presence may be defined as the degree to which participants in thelearning environment feel affectively connected one to another; cognitive presence represents theextent to which learners are able to, via interactions with each other, construct and refine theirunderstanding of important ideas through reflection and discussion; and teaching presence is the

Conference Session

Practical Teaching

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Lam F. Wong, Cuyahoga Community College, Metropolitan; Henry Griffith, Wright State University

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

ProductDevelopment for utilization in academia based upon existing best practices in industry. Theproposed definition is formulated as a coupling of an engineering process and a leadershipframework, which respectively formulate the mission and vision for the process. Theengineering process is based upon classic theories of product development integrated within aconcurrent, sustainability focused framework. The leadership framework, which is developed asan expansion of the aforementioned TBL, completes the SPD process by providing guidance forthe establishment of a sustainability focused culture within an enterprise. After introducing thisprocess, a reflection detailing the challenges and opportunities associated with the inclusion ofSPD principles within a

Conference Session

Ocean and Marine Tech Session

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Radian G Belu, Drexel University (Tech.); Irina Nicoleta Ciobanescu Husanu, Drexel University (Tech.)

Tagged Divisions

Ocean and Marine

oftenlacking in many engineering courses, using traditional teaching approaches. Furthermore, thedesign experience motivates student learning and develops skills required in industry.The development and implementation of a project solar energy harvesting in our senior projectdesign course is described here. The project is used to allow students to apply fundamentalengineering concepts as well as principles of engineering design. The societal impact of theproject, Solar Energy Scavenging, also makes students more aware of what engineering can do toaddress current energy issues worldwide. Presently we are modifying the content of the projectto address the main concern that many students expressed in their reflection papers, i.e. the levelof complexity

Conference Session

NSF Grantees' Poster Session

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

John R. Reisel, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee; Marissa Jablonski, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee; Ethan Munson, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

and do not necessarily reflect the viewsof the National Science Foundation. The authors would also like to thank Shuwen Tang,Cindy Walker, Todd Johnson, Tina Current, Sharon Kaempfer, and Jennie Klumpp (all atUWM) for their assistance with this project.Bibliography1.National Science Board. 2003. The Science and Engineering Workforce: Realizing America’s Potential.Publication NSB 03-69. (www.nsf.gov/nsb/documents/2003/nsb0369/nsb0369.pdf)2. Augustine, N. “Rising Above the Gathering Storm: Energizing and Employing America for a BrighterEconomic Future”, Committee on Science, Engineering, and Public Policy (COSEPUP), 2007.3. Good, J., Halpin, G., and Halpin, G. “A Promising Prospect for Minority Retention: StudentsBecoming Peer Mentors”, J

Conference Session

Topics in Biomass and Gasification Processes

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Matthew J. Traum, Milwaukee School of Engineering; Kyle Pace; Jeremy R Anderson, EASENET

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

) Max. Temp. (40 g)Temp. Cellulose Temp. Lignin Direct Combustor Direct Combustor 2286 K 1837 K 673 K 691 KAs expected, the experimentally-measured temperatures were significantly lower than thecalculated theoretical adiabatic flame temperatures as a result of the assumptions described inEquation 5, derived from Equation 4 above. Moreover, the overall initial fuel mass had littleimpact on the maximum measured temperature. So, the deviation in measured temperaturesbetween 30 g and 40 g in the direct combustor likely reflects the inaccuracy of the experimentalflame temperature interrogation technique. 40 35 Direct Combustion 40 g 30

Conference Session

Topics in Biomass and Gasification Processes

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Wookwon Lee, Gannon University; Harry R. Diz, Gannon University

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

Activities Conference.Finally, a Course Exit Survey was given in the end of each semester to collect student’s assessmenton their learning and course itself. All of the assessments indicated that students learningexperience was great, including positive reflections of their experience in traveling to Washington,DC, as part of the project team, to participate in the US EPA-sponsored expo.5. Discussion, Conclusions, RecommendationsIt was found that the energy yield upon torrefaction was more than 90% of untorrified energycontent and loss in mass per pellet was less than 2%. The overall conversion efficiency from wet-weight biomass material to ultimate pellet would be subject to further refinement, but it appearedthat dry weight could directly

Conference Session

Recruitment, Retention and First-year Programs in ECE

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Hector A. Ochoa, The University of Texas at Tyler; Mukul Shirvaikar, University of Texas at Tyler

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

mean rating for each question is measured on thehorizontal axis, while the amplitude of the normal distribution is represented on the vertical axis.The students were given a survey composed of sixteen questions to evaluate the success of thecourse. The survey is given to the students the last week of the semester during class. Theprofessor is required to leave the classroom while the students fill out the survey. Since some ofthe questions are reflective in nature, in the following years the authors will seriously considermodifying the survey methodology to include two surveys: one at the beginning of the class andone later. One of the major difficulties with this approach is to quantify and measure items like“knowledge of the area of

Conference Session

Assessment

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jacob Dean Wheadon, Purdue University; Nathalie Duval-Couetil, Purdue University, West Lafayette

Tagged Divisions

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation

further research and analysis within and across GlobalInstructional Objectives to understand the relative importance of topics and how to measurequality. It is also important to study how this may vary across academic disciplines.There are limitations to focusing on business plans as the basis for such analysis. First, is theextent to which a business plan is truly an experiential learning activity versus a traditionalacademic assignment. In the literature, experiential learning has a precise definition and itsmajor characteristics have been well agreed upon (Kolb & Fry, 1975; Kolb, 1984). When donecorrectly, it consists of 4 phases: 1) providing an action for students to experience, 2) havingstudents reflect on the action and experience, 3

Conference Session

Capstone Design Courses and Tools in support of Systems Engineering Education

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Lisa Guerra, NASA Headquarters; Gloria A. Murphy, NASA; Lisa D. May, NASA Headquarters

Tagged Divisions

Systems Engineering

teams do not actively use systems engineering processes, butinstead write their paper to match the rubric after the design and build of their lunabot. Suchbehavior completely misses the point of the paper as a required element of the competition. Infact, one student mentioned that she was responsible for writing the paper, and upon completion Page 23.203.12she realized that the systems engineering processes could have helped the team design a betterlunabot. Even worse, some teams completely ignore the rubric and submit a paper reflecting partof their course requirements or a paper written at the last minute.Table 8 shows the distribution of

Conference Session

Engineering and Public Policy II

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ida B Ngambeki, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Dennis R. Depew, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Melissa Jane Dark, Purdue University; Rylan C. Chong, Purdue University, West Lafayette

Tagged Divisions

Engineering and Public Policy

information; exposureexperiences allow students to apply and contextualize knowledge; and longer experiences likecourses and programs give students time to reflect on their progress and provide moreopportunities for them to control their learning.Bloom’s taxonomy provides another way to demonstrate the affordances of the differentapproaches to policy learning. In this taxonomy there are four types of knowledge viz. factualknowledge, conceptual knowledge, procedural knowledge and metacognitive knowledge19.Programs and certificates can cover all these forms of knowledge where talks and seminars mayonly cover one domain such as factual knowledge. The same can be said for the levels ofintellectual behavior outlined in the cognitive domain of Bloom’s

Conference Session

Global Competency and What Makes a Successful Engineer

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Robert J. Gustafson, Ohio State University; Miriam Regina Simon, Ohio State University

Tagged Divisions

International

. 107-22, 2006.[3] G. M. Warnick, P. P. Magleby and B. E. Nelson, "Developing a Pervasive, College-wide Approach to Integrating Achievement of Global Competence into the Curriculum," American Society for Engineering Education AC 2012-4834, San Antonio, TX, 2012.[4] S. Klein-Gardner and A. Walker, "Defining Global Competence for Engineering Students," American Society for Engineering Education AC 2011-1072, VanCouver, BC, CA, 2011.[5] I. T. B. Clarke, N. D. Wright and R. M. McMillen, "Student Intercultural Proficiency from Study Abroad Programs," Jornal of Marketing Edcuation, vol. 31, no. 2, pp. 173-81, 2009.[6] T. Williams, "The Reflective Method of Intercultural Competency: A Multidimensional, Qualitative Approach

Conference Session

Assessment

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mysore Narayanan, Miami University

Tagged Divisions

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation

Gardner promotes what is known aseducation for understanding. Further, one should make sure that the assessment and evaluationis completely holistic (Gardner, 1993). This ensures that student success outcomes are exactlydetermined and is measured accurately (Armstrong, 1994). Many scholars have alsorecommended and supported a value-added concept of education by doing assessments before,during, and after a course (Barr & Tagg, 1995). In his book Learning Paradigm College JohnTagg identifies essential features for generating such a paradigm and provides a flexible guideand a blueprint for implementing specific changes (Tagg 2003). It is important that the aims and objectives of discovery approach are reflected in everyaspect of the

Conference Session

It's Elementary

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Eduardo Alfonso Suescun-Florez, Polytechnic Institute of New York University; Ryan Francis Cain, PS 3 The Bedford Village School; Vikram Kapila, Polytechnic Institute of New York University; Magued G. Iskander P.E., Polytechnic Institute of New York University

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

their favorite aspect of thescience course. The classroom teacher believed that concepts learned in soil mechanics weremore memorable to the students than those encountered in a traditional class. Finally, we believethat the opportunity for elementary school students to interact closely with goal-oriented rolemodels, who are studying engineering, will help them to develop academic goals for themselves.5. Reflections, Sustainability, and Conclusions The observations on student engagement from the Fellow and classroom teacher arelargely positive for both science and math lessons. The students were reported to be eager toparticipate in the lesson and actively encourage other classmates to join. They attentively listenedto the lesson