Collection

2000 Annual Conference

Authors

E. Max Raisor; C. Greg Jensen

Page 5.273.7uncertainties regarding engineering students’ preparation to read, write, correctly interpret, hqÃprÃtrvtÃhqhqÃvÃhÃtyihyÃvq strial environment.Motivated by these expectations and the challenged by additional concerns about minimizingtime to complete an undergraduate degree, Professor Raisor, developed an integrated graphicscourse. The course combines the fundamentals of graphics principles and descriptive geometry,dimensioning and tolerancing standards (ASME Y14.5M-1994), interactive computer graphics,and the fundamentals of geometric modeling (CAD). Significant developments in organization,preparation, and delivery were required. Time-related problems demanded innovative andcreative teaching/learning solutions that affected both

Collection

1997 Annual Conference

Authors

Yixin Shao; Laura Walhof; Joseph J. Biernacki

for investigation• thinking clearly and logically about scientific or technical data and information Page 2.235.4• performing scientific experimentation• collaboration among researchers• self-reliance• responsibility for own learning• communication of learning to peers and superiorsTeaching Strategies of the ModuleThe module uses the following strategies:• Development of design skills and methodologies through guided inquiry• Motivational activities with ties to the outside-world• Learning through observation.• Predicting the outcome of an observation or experiment before the activity is undertaken.• Exploration and

Conference Session

Graduate Studies Division (GSD) Technical Session 4: Interdisciplinary Graduate Education

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Susan Wainscott, University of Nevada, Las Vegas; Dustin B. Thoman, San Diego State University; Satchi Venkataraman, San Diego State University

Tagged Divisions

Graduate Studies Division (GSD)

"...reached out to himin the days following over email asking to set up a zoom meeting to discuss his experienceworking at [REDACTED] and how he entered the field of AI". The actions also included extrapreparations for activities such as the networking event "I printed up business cards to give awayat my poster. " In the final course reflections, there was evidence of students expanding theirunderstanding of professional options, and actions they had taken to pursue those opportunities"I’ve opened up my job searches...". In this assignment, one student also described how theyhelped peers during the semester "I was also able to help other students as I have alreadycompleted a master’s degree in the past."Additional themes emerged in the data. One

Conference Session

Bridging Cultures, Advancing Justice: Fostering Inclusion and Sustainability in Engineering Education

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sage Maul, Purdue University; Rachel Figard, Arizona State University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Culture & Social Justice in Education Division (EQUITY), Equity

someone’s personhood before mentioning their disability (e.g., “person withdisabilities”). Identity-first language mentions the disability before the person (e.g., “disabledperson”) [17]. All authors identify as disabled and use both identity-first and person-first languagein their writing. However, it is also important to note that we both prefer identity-first language forourselves. We believe that using identity-first language is important to bring visibility to thedisability as an identity, build community, and seek needed resources. We ask that non-disabledpeople mirror and respect the identity labeling preferences of the disabled person or group thatthey are interacting with and/or communicating about. In this paper, we use person- and

Conference Session

Voices of Diversity: Perspectives and Experiences in STEM Education

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Nagash Clarke; Joi-Lynn Mondisa, University of Michigan

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Minorities in Engineering Division(MIND)

oneself when faced with obstacles to determinehow she felt about a situation and what support there was to assist her: But yeah, being mindful and making time to be with myself, so that I'm checking in and also recognizing, "Okay, you're kind of drowning in this area. What's going on? Who is your support around you? What can they do? How can you reach out to them? And then, what can you now do for yourself?"Family Support/PeersMentees also report appreciating the ability to seek out family/peer support, and being able to be honestand transparent with their support networks. For example, Amy leaned into family for guidance: Yeah. Within my troubles, I go to my family first. I say, "Okay, I don't know what I'm

Conference Session

Project-Based, Inquiry Guided, and High Performance Learning Environments: Effective Approaches

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Bernard J. Van Wie, Washington State University; Denny C. Davis, Washington State University; Paul B. Golter, Washington State University; Ashfaq Ansery, Washington State University; Baba Abdul, Washington State University

Tagged Divisions

Chemical Engineering

performances and address them?Figure 1: Histogram showing the results of the ‘Likert section of the survey. Note thatthe x-axis displays both of the two possible scales the students may have used when an-swering the survey.In response to how the TIDEE activities; TC, TMC, & TWA; prepared them for professionalpractice, four of the students gave very similar responses, namely that the peer feedback allowedthem to “evaluate my team interactions through their eyes.” One student commented that “Mostpeople make up stuff to write about and don’t take it too seriously … Everyone has the mentalitythat the other group members will pick up the slack and that the professors aren’t going

Conference Session

Engineering Design: Implementation and Evaluation

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

James Pembridge, Virginia Tech; Marie Paretti, Virginia Tech

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

knowledge is critical to thedevelopment of the course curriculum and the focus that teachers give to specific topics coveredthroughout the course.Social Recognition Page 15.1269.7Finally, social recognition has historically played an important part in identifying expert teachersfor study.6 For example, awards are often given to teachers that have been recognized by thecommunity as successful. Recognition can also take the form of grants or monetary funds orpublication of writings. Publications, in particular, represent a form of teaching scholarshipwhere teachers are recognized as experts when reports of their teaching practices are submittedto

Conference Session

Aerospace Technical Session

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kenneth Van Treuren, Baylor University; Daniel Kirk, Florida Institute of Technology; Tein-min Tan, Drexel University; Sridhar Santhanam, Villanova University

Tagged Divisions

Aerospace

. and international universities to key elements and the business realities of industry by enabling them to "look over the shoulder" of working professionals at several levels of the technical, business, and management career paths. They will leave the program with an understanding of Boeing's business including its research needs, with an improved understanding of the practical application of technical and business skills and with a network of contacts within Boeing and among their faculty peers that can form the basis of long-term relationships”1In all, 149 faculty from around the globe have participated in this program since its inception.The objectives of the Welliver Program are1: 1. To

Conference Session

Issues and Answers in Mathematics Education

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Peter J. Sherman, Iowa State University

Tagged Divisions

Mathematics

the „dumbing down‟ uf universitylevel STEM curricula,, then isn‟t it possible that STEM education at the K-12 levels hassomehow failed? Furthermore, could it be that many of their peers who have deemed themselvestoo lacking in mathematical ability to pursue STEM majors, in fact, have a strong potential tounderstand mathematical concepts, but lack the opportunity to realize this potential throughoutthe K-12 STEM education curricula as currently constructed?These response questions are rhetorical. Of course, if indeed, students who graduate from STEMuniversity programs having glaring weaknesses in understanding of basic mathematical concepts,then, by definition, there is a fundamental flaw, at least in the guiding philosophy of STEMeducation

Conference Session

The Best of Design in Engineering

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mark W. Steiner, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute; Junichi Kanai, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute; Cheng Hsu, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute; Richard Alben, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

part of the faculty responsible for RPI’s Capstone Design Course. Page 22.205.1 c American Society for Engineering Education, 2011 Analysis of Engineering Capstone Design Student Reflective Memos: What Students Say and What They Don’t SayAbstractHaving students articulate and reflect upon their experience is a valuable and importantway to reinforce an appreciation for lessons learned in the context of capstone design.Taken together with peer evaluations, end-of-semester student reflective memos can bean invaluable source of assessment information and provide guidance for

Conference Session

Developing Systems Engineering Curricula

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Wolter Fabrycky, Virginia Tech

Tagged Divisions

Systems Engineering Constituent Committee

necessary but not sufficient academic and professional activities oftechnical societies, degree programs and program accreditation, certification and licensing,knowledge generation and publications, recognition and honors, and considerations regardingmaturity. Special attention is directed to those attributes that should be developed further toenable Systems Engineering to serve society well in this century.I. Systems Engineering Defined and Described 1To this day, there is no commonly accepted definition of Systems Engineering (SE) in theliterature. Almost a half-century ago, Hendrick W. Bode, writing on “The Systems Approach” inApplied Science-Technological Progress, said that “It seems natural to begin the discussion withan immediate formal

Conference Session

Pre-Service Development Initiatives

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Matthew D. Lammi, North Carolina State University; Cameron Denson, North Carolina State University

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

Carolina State University, Department of STEM EducationAbstract The purpose of this study was to develop a framework for assessing students workingthrough an engineering design challenge. Using a case study approach to theory building wecollected artifacts from a pre-service teachers in a second level Engineering Design Thinkingcourse. The students produced artifacts in the form of conceptual models, graphical models,mathematical models and finally working models. Student-generated mind maps, designjournals, final design products and their accompanying documentation, and peer checkingprocedures were also collected and triangulated with the modeling artifacts for the purpose ofthis study. The result was a working framework that helps eliminate

Conference Session

Assessment of Community Engagement

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Angela R Bielefeldt, University of Colorado Boulder; Kurt Paterson P.E., Michigan Technological University; Chris Swan, Tufts University; Olga Pierrakos, James Madison University; David O Kazmer, University of Massachusetts, Lowell; Annie Soisson, Tufts University

Tagged Divisions

Community Engagement Division

Service (LTS) is an umbrella term that encompasses service-learning (SL) andextracurricular activities such as Engineers Without Borders (EWB) that teach students valuableskills while also benefitting community partners. Although EWB is primarily an extra-curricularactivity for students, some projects are designed and structured to teach specific skills andinclude reflective writing assignments for student participants. Research has shown that LTSactivities can successfully meet a variety of learning outcomes for engineering students andprovide benefits to community partners.6,14 This paper will present a summary of LTS activitiesbased on a literature search and recent activities associated with the NSF-grant on EngineeringFaculty Engagement in

Conference Session

Undergraduate Student Issues II

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ann Sharon Lourens, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University (NMMU) Port Elizabeth South Africa

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering

addition to responding to the input of the various stakeholders.2.1 Existing WELA programmme Page 23.1180.3At the time of writing this article, WELA had been in existence for two years (2011-2012). TheWELA junior programme was offered in 2011 and the WELA senior programme was presentedfor the first time in 2012. At the end of 2012, it was decided to combine the junior and seniorprograms into one programme, namely, the WELA LDP.The existing WELA co-curricular interventions and workshops were designed in partnershipwith the Student Counseling and Career Development Centre (SCCDC). The underlying premiseof the co-curricular interventions and workshops

Conference Session

Continuing Professional Development Division (CPD) Technical Session 1

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mary Grace Golden, Purdue University ; Emeline Anne Ojeda-Hecht, Purdue University ; Savannah Meier, Purdue University ; Eric Holloway, Purdue University; Jennifer S. Linvill, Purdue University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Continuing, Professional, and Online Education Division (CPOED)

conferences and has been published in peer-reviewed journals. ©American Society for Engineering Education, 2024 Defining, Measuring, and Recording Professional Skills: An Explication of a Professional Skills Certification Framework and Assessment RubricAbstractThe lack of professional skills in engineers, a skill gap long recognized by employers, hascreated a demand for student development processes that facilitate the acquisition of technicaland professional skills. In contrast to typical course-based learning, technical and professionalskills are best acquired through experiential learning activities such as internships, researchprojects, and other co- and extra-curriculars. The purpose of this paper is to

Conference Session

Decision-Making in Engineering Ethics Education

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Corin L. Bowen, California State University, Los Angeles; Elizabeth Ann Strehl, University of Michigan; Megan Ennis, University of Michigan; Andrew Benham; Aaron W. Johnson, University of Michigan

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Ethics Division (ETHICS)

write the same word (e.g.,“male”) for both their self-described gender and sexual identities. It is unclear whether thesestudents were indicating they were attracted to the same gender or if they misunderstood whatwe meant by “sexual identity.”The survey also asks if the student is “an active member or veteran of the U.S. Armed Forces,Reserves, or National Guard” and if they are a U.S. Citizen. These identities are particularlyinfluential in aerospace engineering because of the connections between the field and nationaldefense. It would not be surprising if military service were to, for example, influence students’perceptions on the MIC. Furthermore, many non-U.S. Citizens have difficulty securing a job inthe aerospace industry because of

Collection

2011 Fall ASEE Middle Atlantic Section Conference

Authors

Paul G. Ranky

-based learningmodules (using interactive 3D eBooks, supported by DVD and HD videos) that encourageanalytical and team-oriented learning and problem-solving with real-world challenges. (At thetime of writing, our library has over twenty 3D eBooks, and over 150 full screen DVD and HDvideos covering US and international virtual factory tours, research cases and in-depth product,process, service system demonstrations by field experts and other professionals; please see somereal world examples to illustrate this point at http://www.cimwareukandusa.com) 559 Our efforts are supported by over 250 academic and industrial partners world-wide, assuring the diversity, the relevance and the quality of this

Collection

2015 Pacific Southwest Section Meeting

Authors

Bari Ma Siddique

altered as new technology options emerge; others say ‘locatedness’ is still vital for an optimal outcome. Frustration and doubt mark the prospect of change within the academy. Change is happening incrementally, but these adjustments will not be universal in most institutions by 2020. Universities will adopt new pedagogical approaches while retaining the core of traditional methods. Collaborative education with peer-to-peer learning will become a bigger reality and will challenge the lecture format and focus on “learning how to learn.” Competency credentialing and certification are likely… ‘Tension pairs’ were designed to provoke detailed elaborations2. Pros and Cons of Online EducationAs discussed earlier, taking courses or getting

Collection

2021 Northeast Section Meeting

Authors

Dirk R. Albrecht

when ECGsignal voltage exceeds the threshold. Students program and build along in a live lab session andreceive immediate feedback when their heart rates (and their peers’) become apparent in sound.Armed with this experience, students are given resources to find wiring diagrams and codeexamples online to extract information from their sensor of interest into variables. They use theirexperience in circuit building to construct, test, and modify their devices and write a lab reportinstructing the reader how to recreate their sensor system. Students upload a short 1–2 minutevideo demonstrating their device and share these with the class. Students then reflect on thedesign, construction, and troubleshooting process, choose their favorite projects

Conference Session

ASCE Liasion Committee Presents: All Things ASCE

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Angela R. Bielefeldt, University of Colorado, Boulder

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering Division (CIVIL)

, which included extrinsic factors (financial remuneration,professional prestige, job accessibility, and job security), intrinsic factors (personal interests,self-efficacy, outcome expectations, professional development opportunities), and interpersonalfactors (influence of family members, teacher and educators, peers; social responsibility). Therelative importance of many of these factors was found to vary between individualistic andcollectivist cultures.Factors relevant for selecting majors and interest in different engineering majors has been foundto differ among demographic groups. For example, while an affinity or belief in one’s ability inmath and science was cited most frequently among their reasons for selecting their engineeringmajor

Conference Session

Civil Engineering Division - Innovating New Ways to Teach

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Matthew Swenty, Virginia Military Institute; Benjamin Dymond, University of Minnesota Duluth; Camilla Saviz, University of the Pacific; David Saftner, University of Minnesota Duluth; Jeffrey Shafer, University of the Pacific; Kacie D'Alessandro, Virginia Military Institute; Tanya Kunberger, Florida Gulf Coast University; Christopher Shearer

was used in literature by Ernest Hemingway in his short stories. Between shortstories in the book “In Our Time,” Hemingway included a very short ongoing narrative. These“breaks” between short stories would help the reader refocus and provide an intriguing side storyto entice continued reading [12].Educators have used similar methods to break up classes and make points during a lecture. Pastresearch has shown that taking breaks to have group discussions, writing a “minute paper” aboutquestions in the lecture, or talking to a neighbor about unclear or “muddiest” points can behelpful [13]. “Biography breaks” have been deployed in music classes to teach students thebackground behind the music and composers. These breaks give students a rest from

Conference Session

Project Based and Experiential Learning in Manufacturing

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Derek Yip-Hoi, Western Washington University; Sura Alqudah, Western Washington University

, the peer-mentoring organization and delivery, and the social gathering of the BEES scholars and their faculty mentors (both in-person and virtual). © American Society for Engineering Education, 2022 Powered by www.slayte.comChallenges and Benefits of Industrial Sponsored Engineering Senior Projects in the Time of COVIDIntroductionThe capstone project experience is a major component of the senior year of all engineeringprograms. The ability to conduct this during the time of COVID presents unique challenges thatdiffered significantly from those encountered in other courses in the curriculum. Theseundoubtedly vary depending on the strategies

Conference Session

Pre-College Engineering Education Division Technical Session 6

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Pamela S. Lottero-Perdue, Towson University; Manuel Alejandro Figueroa, The College of New Jersey; Jamie Mikeska; Matthew Scott Taylor

Tagged Divisions

Pre-College Engineering Education

improvementideas without significant input from the teacher or peers outside of the team. This point in theprocess—after this internal teamwork yet prior to the team’s formal development of a subsequentplan—is a space in which teachers can facilitate a whole class discussion to enable teams to learnfrom one another and perhaps revise their initial ideas about design performance andimprovement [22]. This provides an opportunity for the teacher to help students move away frombeginning designer and towards informed designer behaviors (e.g., from making changes that donot focus on problematic areas toward making changes that do) [21]. It also enables the teacherto facilitate discussions about diagnostic troubleshooting, identifying design failures

Collection

2021 ASEE St. Lawrence Section Conference

Authors

Chelsea Q Linvill, United States Military Academy Department of Geography & Environmental Engineering; Benjamin Michael Wallen P.E., United States Military Academy; Andrew Ross Pfluger, United States Military Academy; Michael A. Butkus P.E., United States Military Academy

learning pedagogies in STEMcourses [4] [5]. Wieman (2014) describes the goal of active learning as “Stop Lecturing Me” andgetting students to engage through problem solving, discussion with peers, and immediateinstructor feedback [4].This manuscript focuses on five pedagogical improvements made to thedelivery of course material, methods to enhance student engagement, improvement of the overalllearning experience, and increase instructor efficiency in the virtual environment. Pedagogicalimprovements included prerecording lectures, implementation of a system of instructor points,recording in class discussion, flipped classroom set up, and implementing a variety oftechnologies to improve student engagement.Course ModificationsDuring the Spring of

Conference Session

Engineering Education in Africa, Asia and the Mid-East Region

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Waddah Akili, Iowa State University

Tagged Divisions

International

active learning requires students to take part in “pre- Page 14.930.6planned” learning-related activities, believed to spark and stimulate their learning, while in theclassroom.(17,18) These activities would include: reading, writing, solving problems, answeringquestions, participating in a discussion, etc.; and most important, students must be engaged inthinking tasks while actively involved. It is generally understood that during active learning, lessemphasis is placed on transmission of information and more on developing students’ skills.Additionally, during an active learning cycle, emphasis is placed on students’ exploration oftheir own

Conference Session

ERM Technical Session 23: Courses and Research on Communication

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Darren L. Linvill Ph.D., Clemson University; Meghnaa Tallapragada, Clemson University; Nigel Berkeley Kaye, Clemson University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

formulatingquestions and hypotheses, justifying theories and methods, and arguing the relevance andsignificance of results. Innovative thinking is meaningless without the ability to communicate anidea in a meaningful way. Future innovators and entrepreneurs must be armed with the skills tocommunicate with their colleagues and peers as well as with decision-makers if they are topromote their work effectively.Given the growing societal impacts of scientific research, STEM practitioners have aresponsibility to communicate to the general public and enhance understanding of science [3],[4]. Public skepticism is increasingly directed at science based issues appearing to conflict withsome public values or religious beliefs. Targeted training of STEM students in

Conference Session

Holistic Assessment and Teaching in Service-learning Environments

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Nicole M. Smith, Colorado School of Mines; Benjamin A Teschner, Colorado School of Mines; Robin Bullock, Colorado School of Mines

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Community Engagement Division

who are enrolled in theHE minor. It is also open to any other student at Mines and counts as an upper-level elective. Inthis course, students work on community development projects and design engineering solutionsto real problems affecting real people. The course focuses on HCD protocols, project scoping,research techniques, brainstorming tools and approaches, technical writing and presenting, andtechnical topics as needed for the design challenge. It is a combination of lecture hours and a lab.At the conclusion of the course, it is expected that students will achieve the following learningoutcomes:1. Apply appropriate technical knowledge to solve a design challenge as demonstrated by peer review and partner review.2. Demonstrate empathy

Conference Session

Connecting BME education to the "real world"

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Joe Tranquillo, Bucknell University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Biomedical Engineering

.”“Remaining open to new ideas, especially if they [were] coming from someone else”,“improvement in [our] ability to draw sketches and convey design ideas” and “a focus ongood brainstorming techniques” were also themes. Some students found that the “lack ofresources helped stimulate better ideas, by closing off the obvious paths” and helpedthem “overcome design hurdles” by encouraging them to “ask for help from experts”.The lack of resources also help them “trust more what [they] already knew and to “view[their] own knowledge and skills as the greatest design resource”. Many students weresurprised by “how much [they] could learn outside of a classroom”, and that they found iteasier to “learn something new, like a skill, […] from a peer [rather] than

Conference Session

Models and Practices of Community Engagement for Engineering Faculty

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Tamara Ball, UCSC Baskin School of Engineering; Michael S. Isaacson, University of California, Santa Cruz

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Community Engagement Division

than might be expected to attend thesame kind of event if it were hosted at the training center. As of Fall 2014, ASCENDsuccessfully hosted the first community public screening event “Seeding Innovation”showcasing four films at the Exploration Center. The event attracted over 100 viewers whoparticipated in post-viewing discussions, explored demonstration materials provided by projectteams and partners, and gave additional feedback by writing their responses to four prompts onpaper “leaves” that were fixed to the ‘branches” of a three-dimensional cardboard tree locatedjust outside the theater. This event was significant for attending VTC apprentices because theirwon work was being featured and because the Exploration Center represents a

Conference Session

Broadening Participation in Engineering

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kevin O'Connor, University of Colorado Boulder; Frederick A. Peck, Freudenthal Institute, School of Education, University of Colorado; Julie Cafarella, University of Colorado, Boulder; Jacquelyn F. Sullivan PhD, University of Colorado, Boulder; Tanya D Ennis, University of Colorado, Boulder; Beth A Myers, University of Colorado Boulder; Daria A Kotys-Schwartz, University of Colorado Boulder; Beverly Louie, University of Colorado, Boulder

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

naturalized trajectory of success in mathematics courses. This iswhere we find Peter. Calculus 1, a single-semester class on the flowchart, took him foursemesters. Peter has been at State U. for three years according to calendar time(accumulating student debt during this time), but according to “flowchart time” he is stillin his first year. Denied progress along the engineering flowchart, Peter finds himselftaking classes in the College of Arts and Sciences. Taking these classes does more thanadd to the amount of time and money Peter has given State University; it also distanceshim from peers in the College of Engineering while simultaneously pushing him outsidethe boundaries of the trajectory that the flowchart normalizes and legitimizes.Even inside