Conference Session

Direct Measures of Student Performance

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Allen Estes, California Polytechnic State University; Stephen Ressler, U.S. Military Academy

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

Page 12.1335.6 subject areas; e.g., fluid mechanics exam results might be applied to an outcome relating to proficiency in hydraulic engineering. In general aggregate FE exam pass rates are not useful for outcomes assessment, with the possible exception of outcomes associated with preparation for professional practice.• Direct ratings from outside experts. Many programs invite members of industry or local professional societies to observe student performance, especially on capstone designs or independent study projects. Such evaluations are credible because they are free of faculty bias and are typically provided by outside experts who have a vested interest in seeing well-educated engineers

Conference Session

Embedded Computing

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Anshuman Panda, Polytechnic University; Hong Wong, Polytechnic University; Vikram Kapila, Polytechnic University; Sang-Hoon Lee, Polytechnic University

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

journal articles, and 76 conference papers. He has mentored 67 high school students, 38 high school teachers, 10 undergraduate summer interns, and seven undergraduate capstone-design teams. In addition, he has supervised three M.S. projects, two M.S. thesis, and two Ph.D. dissertations.Sang-Hoon Lee, Polytechnic University SANG-HOON LEE was born in Seoul, Korea. He received the B.S. degree in Mechanical Engineering from Sung Kyun Kwan University, Seoul, Korea, in 1996 and the M.S. degree in Mechanical Engineering from Polytechnic University, Brooklyn, NY, in 2002. From 1996 to 1997, he worked for Samsung Engineering Co., Ltd. in Korea. He is currently continuing research at Polytechnic

Conference Session

Practical Teaching

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Lam F. Wong, Cuyahoga Community College, Metropolitan; Henry Griffith, Wright State University

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

Page 23.84.12between the academic offerings of the College and its workforce development.The title of the project is “Manufacturing Product Development Associate Degree andWorkforce Development Project.” The objective of the project is to develop and enhance theprogram of study with innovative strategies. A portion of the funding will be used initially toincorporate sustainability concepts in an introductory course titled “Technology Orientation.”The course content development and delivery work has begun in real time.Subsequently, in-depth sustainability principles as discussed in this paper will be integrated intoan existing capstone course “Fundamentals of Products Development and Manufacture.” Thisapproach to integrate sustainability

Conference Session

Trends in Mechanical Engineering II

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kuntinee Maneeratana, Chulalongkorn University; Angkee Sripakagorn, Chulalongkorn University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

basic and intermediate mechanical engineering courses. This may be obvious asa very large amount of credits are devoted to these courses. However, the relationships are alsoquite low in the last three semesters, particularly the advanced solid and thermo-fluid designcourses (no. 39 and 42). This is quite notable as these semesters are devoted to the design andcapstone courses which represent the culmination of study and the design outcomes. Not onlyshould these situations be further investigated, it is quite clear that the final GPA is hardly a goodindicator of satisfactory outcomes.This disassociation is also particularly pronounced with the capstone Senior Project (Figure 5)with the highest average correlation being with the Technical Writing

Conference Session

Innovations in Civil Engineering Education II

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kristen Sanford Bernhardt, Lafayette College; Steven Beyerlein, University of Idaho; Andrea Bill, University of Wisconsin; Shashi Nambisan, Iowa State University; Ida van Schalkwyk, Oregon State University; Rod Turochy, Auburn University; Rhonda Young, Texas Christian University

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

, where he coordinates an inter-disciplinary, college-wide capstone design program. He received a Ph.D. in from Washington State University, MS from Dartmouth College, and BS from University of Massachusetts. His research interests include engine testing, alternative fuel combustion, design pedagogy, and assessment of professional skills in project environments.Andrea Bill, University of Wisconsin ANDREA BILL is a graduate student at the University of Wisconsin-Madison pursuing a Ph.D. in Civil Engineering, with an emphasis in traffic engineering and safety. Her research incorporates aspects from each of these disciplines, with a specific emphasis on discovering new and innovative ways to

Conference Session

Frontiers in Engineering Management

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

William Loendorf, Eastern Washington University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Management

to provide students with the technicalbackground required for successful careers in industry and business. The coursework within eachprogram offers experiences in real-world situations that enhance the preparation of graduates.Results from this study have already been incorporated into courses that include: ProblemAnalysis and Design; Machine Tool; Computer-Aided Design; Project Management; QualityAssurance; Engineering Economics; Environmental Engineering; Engineering Ethics, Contracts,and Patents; Industrial Safety Engineering; Computing Systems; Senior Projects; SeniorEngineering Capstone; Senior Capstone: Production Laboratory; and Technology in WorldCivilization; along with the Industrial Internship Program. In addition to textbook

Collection

2001 Annual Conference

Authors

Raul Mihali; Damir Vamoser; Tarek Sobh

Conference & Exposition Copyright  2001, American Society for Engineering Education KEY NAME CREDITS EE443 Applied Digital Signal Processing 3 AD101 Fine Arts 3 ENGL10 Basic Composition 3 CAPS390 Capstone Seminar 3 ENGL20 Technical Writing for Comp. Sci. 1 CHEM10 General Chemistry I 4 ENGLC1 Composition and Rhetoric I 3 CPE210 Digital Design I 3 ENGR11 Introduction to Engineering I 3 CPE286 Introduction to Microprocessors 3 ENGR30

Collection

2001 Annual Conference

Authors

Joseph Walsh; David Kelso; John Troy; Barbara Shwom; Penny Hirsch

support in many universities forinterdisciplinary, cross-school collaboration. Northwestern University switched to this approachin a major reform of its undergraduate engineering curriculum: as part of its “Engineering First”program6, it required freshman to take a new course called Engineering Design andCommunication (EDC).In this course, taught over two quarters, approximately 380 students in 24 sections study thedesign process along with the communication process, while working on conceptual designprojects for real clients 7,8,9. In the first quarter, teams design a variety of World Wide Webprojects for local clients at the university or in the community. In the second quarter, studentswork on projects from a variety of disciplines, using the

Conference Session

Graduate Aerospace Systems Engineering Design

Collection

2005 Annual Conference

Authors

Paul Lagace; Earll Murman

Aircraft Systems Engineering is introduced as anillustration of content and pedagogy addressing lifecycle topics. Based upon several years ofexperience of participation in these programs and in offering curriculum, the authors put forwardseven observations to stimulate further dialog and progress on this topic.IntroductionUndergraduate subjects on aircraft design have been taught for many years in aeronautical oraerospace engineering departments, often as a capstone subject. A key pedagogical objective isteaching tradeoffs among disciplinary needs to meet system-level requirements. The focus isusually on preliminary design or prototyping. Aircraft, however, are complex systemscomprising many subsystems, and usually represent only one element in an

Conference Session

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation Education Session 3

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Tammy VanDeGrift, University of Portland; Jon Down, University of Portland

Tagged Divisions

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation

skills to compete in the globalbusiness environment when they meet with international business leaders on their travels abroad.They interact with America’s best entrepreneurs to learn business strategies. They design,implement, and lead a business project that aims to be the best of its kind in the world. They aretreated to guest lectures in the classroom and a year-long series of business workshops held bysome of the Northwest’s most successful business leaders. See Appendix 2 for descriptions ofthe three courses in the E-Scholars program.E-Scholars travel both domestically and abroad to meet business leaders across the globe. Allstudents travel to New York, where they meet with companies, consultants, non-profits andgovernment agencies, to

Conference Session

Perspectives in Chemical Engineering Education

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Laura P. Ford, The University of Tulsa; Janie Brennan, Washington University in St. Louis; Heather Chenette, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology; Jennifer L. Cole, Northwestern University; Kevin D. Dahm, Rowan University; David L. Silverstein P.E., University of Kentucky; Stephen Ward Thiel P.E., University of Cincinnati

Tagged Divisions

Chemical Engineering Division (ChED)

a Professor-Educator in the Chemical Engineering program at the University of Cincinnati (UC). He received his BS in Chemical Engineering from Virginia Tech, and his MS and PhD in Chemical Engineering from the University of Texas at Austin. His past research has focused on membrane science, adsorption, and ion exchange. He currently serves as the Chemical Engineering Undergraduate Program Director at UC and teaches the capstone process design sequence. He is a licensed Professional Engineer in the State of Ohio. ©American Society for Engineering Education, 2024 How We Teach: Chemical Engineering ElectivesAbstractThe AIChE Education Division’s Survey Committee covered elective

Collection

2008 Spring ASEE Middle Atlantic Section Conference

Authors

Daniel J. McCarthy; Michael J. Kwinn

place” in the curriculum to do the assessment. Forexample, in support of assessing program outcome 5.1 “Design and conduct systems experiments,including collecting, analyzing and interpreting data, “ one of the performance criteria we defined is “Useappropriate data analysis techniques including appropriate software data analysis tools to analyze theresults of a systems experiment.” Our assessment plan dictates that our students will be assessed againstthis criterion in the completion of a design project in the Statistics for Engineers course they take as partof the curriculum. Given that data analysis is a major topic in this course and the design project requiresthe students to do this type of analysis, this seemed like the “right place” to

Collection

2008 ASEE Zone 1 Conference

Authors

Daniel J. McCarthy; Michael J. Kwinn

place” in the curriculum to do the assessment. Forexample, in support of assessing program outcome 5.1 “Design and conduct systems experiments,including collecting, analyzing and interpreting data, “ one of the performance criteria we defined is “Useappropriate data analysis techniques including appropriate software data analysis tools to analyze theresults of a systems experiment.” Our assessment plan dictates that our students will be assessed againstthis criterion in the completion of a design project in the Statistics for Engineers course they take as partof the curriculum. Given that data analysis is a major topic in this course and the design project requiresthe students to do this type of analysis, this seemed like the “right place” to

Conference Session

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation Division Technical Session 1

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kay Cutler, South Dakota State University; Craig Silvernagel, South Dakota State University; Todd Letcher, South Dakota State University

Paper ID #36655Work-in-Progress: The Transformative Cauldron,Development of the Optimal Space-in-BetweenCraig SilvernagelTodd Letcher Todd Letcher, Ph.D, is an Associate Professor in Mechanical Engineering at South Dakota State University where he teaches a sophomore design course and the senior capstone course sequence.Kay Cutler Kay Cutler, Ph.D., is a Professor in Early Childhood Education in the School of Education, Counseling, and Human Development at South Dakota State University in Brookings, South Dakota. A member of the Rich Normality Design Collaborative. © American Society

Conference Session

ERM: Design!

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Justin Hess, Purdue University at West Lafayette (COE); Elizabeth Sanders, Purdue University at West Lafayette (COE); Nicholas Fila, Iowa State University of Science and Technology

,understanding other’s perspectives, and matching other’s emotions. Hess et al. [3] offerednaming conventions for each of Batson’s empathy concepts, including: (1) empathic accuracy ortheory of mind; (2) motor mimicry; (3) emotional contagion; (4) projection: imagine-self withinanother’s position; (5) perspective-taking – imagine other; (6) perspective-taking; imagine-self-as-if-self was the other; (7) empathic distress; and (8) empathic concern or sympathy.While complex, Batson’s [5] list is not comprehensive. For example, Cuff et al. [6] identified 43distinct definitions of empathy. They suggested that definitions of empathy vary by eight themes,including whether empathy is cognitive or affective, a congruent or incongruent feeling, a trait ora state

Conference Session

Empathy and Human-centered Design 2

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Elizabeth A. Sanders, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Molly H. Goldstein, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign; Justin L. Hess, Purdue University, West Lafayette

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

. E. Cardella, W. C. Oakes, and C. B. Zoltowski, "Development of a design task to assess students' understanding of human-centered design," in 2012 Frontiers in Education Conference Proceedings, 2012: IEEE, pp. 1-6.[14] R. Loweth, S. Daly, K. Sienko, A. Hortop, and E. Strehl, "Student designers’ interactions with users in capstone design projects: A comparison across teams," in ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition, 2019.[15] S. Jordan and M. Lande, "Practicing needs-based, human-centered design for electrical engineering project course innovation," in 119th ASEE Annual Conference and Exposition, 2012: American Society for Engineering Education.[16] A. E. Coso, "The development of a rubric to

Conference Session

Empathy and Human-centered Design 1

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Xi Wang P.E., University of Mount Union; Minhao Dai, Kennesaw State University; Gabriella Cataloni, University of Mount Union

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

peerinteractions as well as interactions with faculty members, and these interactions could encouragemore effective understanding of materials and exploration of topics. Second, liberal artseducation focuses on cultivating adaptive problem-solving skills based on critical thinking,collaboration, and effective communication. These skills make students valuable collaborators inengineering projects and afford them a smooth transition into professional life [3]. That means aliberal arts education can potentially lead to a successful engineering career.In the meantime, the integration of engineering education into liberal arts universities posesseveral challenges to the engineering faculty members. For instance, faculty members may lackthe knowledge needed to

Collection

Proceedings of the 2020 ASEE PSW Section Conference, canceled

Authors

Seema C Shah-Fairbank P.E., California State Polytechnic University, Pomona; Paul R Hottinger, California State Polytechnic University, Pomona; Shonn Haren, Cal Poly Pomona

are attained. These attainments may not be directly related to a specific technical area,but do associate with skills essential for students to become engineers.5,6Over several years, Cal Poly Pomona’s civil engineering program has focused student learningassessment on Graduation Writing Test (GWT), capstone/senior projects and the Fundamentalsof Engineering (FE) exam. GWT, is a required graduation requirement where all students areassessed individually on their written communication skills. Senior projects assess students as ateam, not as individuals, while the FE exam is a multiple-choice test. All of the ABET studentoutcomes are clearly articulated and assessed through these summative measures. However, attimes it is difficult to identify

Conference Session

First-Year Programs: Work in Progress Postcard Session

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

John Sangster P.E., Northeastern University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

apartproject-based learning courses such as cornerstone and capstone experiences. In discussing themotivation for building connections between students and the hands-on situated learningenvironment, they discuss emphasizing “engagement of individuals with the functions and goalsof the community, including interpersonal commitments and ways in which individuals’identities are enhanced or diminished by their participation.” [2] Tonso examines the situatedapproach and its impacts specifically on engineering students and their sense of identity asbelonging within community. “Engineers’ identification with their profession can be critical for persistence, both as a student and then as a professional []. Studies show that a lack of

Conference Session

Engineering Education in the Mid-East / Asia

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Rajeswari Sundararajan, College of Technology - Purdue University; Daniel Dangelo, Intel; kishore N.K., IIT Karagpur; Haritha Mogilisetti, Intel; Sundhasarath Somasundaram, Valliammai College of Engineering; umadevi S., highways; Robert Nowlin, retired

Tagged Divisions

International

grasping of the young, well-educated, andflexible engineering students of both genders. Since “business as usual” doesn’t work anymore,the curricula are kept current and up-to-date. Topics such as mechatronics, bioinformatics arecovered to meet the competition and challenges posed by outsourcing and globalization. Theimportance of soft skills, such as project management skills, IT, and good communication skillsin addition to the basic sciences, engineering sciences and in-depth skills in a specificengineering discipline has been realized and implemented in the curricula. In this paper, thecontemporary curricula in EE at Indian Universities will be investigated and compared to pre-outsourcing curricula. The merits of these curricula and areas for

Conference Session

Civil Engineering Division Poster Session

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Steven J. Burian, University of Utah; Douglas Schmucker P.E., University of Utah; Joshua Lenart, University of Utah ; Hessam Tavakoldavani, University of Utah; Pedro Romero, University of Utah; Michael E. Barber, University of Utah

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

desired outcomes. These include using service learning with a connection tointernational, capstone projects, elective courses, and research opportunities. Given the widearray of experience that can be achieved from global programs, institutions are seeking to selectappropriate programs to match their global learning outcomes. For instance in 2015, the facultyof the University of Portland introduced three sets of outcomes related to global engineering.5Institutions remain in search of methods to determine if global learning programs are helpingstudents to develop attributes that meet program objectives, accreditation requirements, and theneeds and desires of prospective employers.6 Studies have investigated the effectiveness of arange of

Conference Session

Design for Society and the Environment

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Eric Pappas; Ronald Kander, James Madison University

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

,engineering educators have been modifying engineering curricula by initiating coursesand projects that foster in their students advanced thinking skills and an understanding ofthe creative process. The educational modes in these "new engineering classrooms" areboth diverse and experimental, crossing disciplines, and involving processes oncereserved for artists and writers. The topography of progressive engineering programsvaries dramatically from university to university, as professors draw inspiration fromnon-traditional sources including the social sciences, philosophy, business, architecture,and art. The future of engineering education and practice is now largely the responsibilityof university programs that must respond flexibly to market

Conference Session

Software and Hardware for Educators I

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Chad Hager, United States Air Force Academy; Steven Barrett, University of Wyoming; Cameron Wright, University of Wyoming; Jerry Hamann, University of Wyoming

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

and provides performancesimilar to traditional small microcontrollers such as the Motorola/Freescale 68HC11 [16, 17].Smith at the University of St. Thomas has developed a spreadsheet CPU that simulates theoperation of a central processing unit for teaching purposes [18]. Most recently Hayne at theCitadel has developed VHDL homework exercises and a capstone design project to providehands-on application of computer architecture course concepts [19]. We hold this entire body of Page 15.639.5related efforts in the highest regard. However, we needed a Verilog HDL based architecture todirectly support the architecture described in Mano and Kime [2

Conference Session

Engineering Leadership Development Constituent Committee Division Poster Session

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Brian J. Novoselich, Virginia Tech; David B. Knight, Virginia Tech Department of Engineering Education

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Leadership Development Division

Paper ID #9063Developing engineers who lead: Are student, faculty and administrator per-spectives aligned?Lt. Col. Brian J Novoselich P.E., Virginia Tech Brian Novoselich is an active duty Lieutenant Colonel in the United States Army and currently a Ph.D. student in the Department of Engineering Education at Virginia Tech. His is a former assistant professor at the United States Military Academy. His dissertation research interest is undergraduate student leadership development in capstone design teams.Dr. David B Knight, Virginia Tech Department of Engineering Education David Knight is an Assistant Professor in the

Conference Session

NSF Grantees' Poster Session

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Stephen J. Krause, Arizona State University; Jacquelyn E. Kelly, Arizona State University; Dale R. Baker, Arizona State University

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

AC 2012-3519: STRATEGIES AND TOOLS FOR ENGAGING AND AS-SESSING STUDENTS WITH CYBER LEARNING BY INTERACTIVE FRE-QUENT FORMATIVE FEEDBACK (CLIFF) IN CORE MATERIALS CLASSESProf. Stephen J. Krause, Arizona State University Stephen J. Krause is professor in the School of Materials in the Fulton School of Engineering at Ari- zona State University. He teaches in the areas of bridging engineering and education, capstone design, and introductory materials engineering. His research interests include evaluating conceptual knowledge, misconceptions and their repair, and conceptual change. He has co-developed a Materials Concept In- ventory for assessing conceptual knowledge of students in introductory materials engineering classes

Collection

2001 Annual Conference

Authors

Marilyn Smith

contained both performance- and learning-oriented students.In experimental courses, Internet and multimedia technology become a natural asset in findingknowledge across disciplines and levels, as well as presenting experimental results. Technologyfacilitates group projects, enabling people with different schedules and other constraints to shareinformation and work as effective teams.From these classroom experiences, it is evident that technology can be utilized to enhance theclassroom experience for the students, as well as to satisfy the new ABET 2000 outcome criteria.This experience need not be relegated only to the Capstone Senior Design classes, but with somethought can be incorporated into other classes as well. In our school, the process now

Conference Session

Liberal Education/Engineering & Society Division Technical Session 7

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kenneth W. Van Treuren, Baylor University; William M. Jordan P.E., Baylor University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education/Engineering & Society

company andembracing change would be seen as positive attributes. Being flexible and ready for changewould help with career progression. At Baylor University, business models have beenincorporated into capstone design projects and elective projects involving teams [26]. Operatingteams as companies and exposing students to industry procedures gives them a setting in whichto experience the work environment before graduation. Wisler of GE Aircraft Enginesrecognized this weakness and wrote about it in a paper “Engineering – What You Don’tNecessarily Learn in School [27].” He has 12 suggestions to be a successful engineer whichincludes business understanding as number one: 1. Learn to be business oriented 2. Expect

Conference Session

Issues and Direction in ET Education and Administration: Part II

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Enrique Barbieri, University of Houston; Wajiha Shireen, University of Houston; Farrokh Attarzadeh, University of Houston; Raresh Pascali, University of Houston; Miguel Ramos, University of Houston; William Fitzgibbon, University of Houston

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

in Electrical Engineering from Texas A&M University. She joined the University of Houston in 1993 where she is a full Professor of Engineering Technology and Electrical and Computer Engineering. She is an IEEE Senior member and is actively involved in teaching, research and consulting in the area of power electronics, motor drives, power quality and clean power utility interface issues.Farrokh Attarzadeh, University of Houston Dr. Attarzadeh is an associate professor of Engineering Technology. He teaches software programming, digital logic, and is in charge of the senior project course in the Compute Engineering Technology Program. He is a member of ASEE and serves as Associated Editor for

Conference Session

Potpourri: Various Issues and Topics in Graduate Studies

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Donna M Mohr, Lehigh University; Jennifer H. Gross P.E., Lehigh University; Raymond A Pearson, Lehigh University; John B Ochs, Lehigh University; Ana-Iulia Alexandrescu, Lehigh University

Tagged Divisions

Graduate Studies

assistant professor of mechanical engineering, was promoted to associate professor in 1983, and to full professor in 1990. He founded and directed the computer-aided design labs in the mechanical engineering and mechanics department from 1980 to 2001. From 1996 to the present, he has directed the university’s Integrated Product Development (IPD) capstone program (www.lehigh.edu/ipd). The IPD and TE program bring together students from all three undergraduate colleges to work in multidisciplinary teams on industry-sponsored product development projects and student–led start-ups. In 2006, Prof. Ochs received the Olympus Innovation Award for his work in technical entrepreneurship through the IPD pro- gram. In 2012, the

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

David Jones, University of Nebraska, Lincoln; Carmen R. Zafft, University of Nebraska, Lincoln; John Sutton, RMC Research Corporation; Lance C. Pérez, University of Nebraska, Lincoln

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees

, engineeringdesign, senior capstone projects, and STEP administrative and evaluation updates. Participants Page 22.1111.13were also given the opportunity to tour research laboratories and to interact with UNL facultyand staff. The SLI participants were asked to complete end-of-session evaluation forms at the endof both SLIs. The results from the nine 2007 participant respondents and the six 2009 participantrespondents are presented in Table 2 and reveal ratings increased dramatically from 2007 to2009. Ratings were highest in 2009 for overall clarity of the information presented and thelargest increase occurred for the item usefulness of information