Conference Session

International Study Abroad Programs & Student Engagements

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jeffrey Evans, Bucknell University; Jablonski Erin, Bucknell University; Buffinton Keith, Bucknell University; Richard McGinnis, Bucknell University

Tagged Divisions

International

faculty leading the course. For example, in the most recentversion of the course taught in Norway and Sweden, the objectives were: 1. Develop an understanding of how sustainable engineering can be applied to solve modern problems related to energy supply, residential construction, and transportation. 2. Understand the limitations of technology and how today’s engineering solutions can become tomorrow’s societal problems; 3. Develop an historic perspective on the development of Scandinavia; 4. Understand how traditions, customs, and culture impact engineering projects; 5. Understand how projects in one country can be affected by policies, laws, and customs of other countries

Collection

2010 ASEE Midwest Section Conference

Authors

Dona Steffens Davidson; Kevin P. Drees

continued after the introduction of the online format. A DialogClassicconnection at the Tulsa campus library was used for a search of the Engineering Index becausethe Engineering Index Backfile (1884-1968) was not available in Stillwater or Tulsa.Introduction and BackgroundA land-grant institution, Oklahoma State University was founded in Stillwater in 1890, asOklahoma Agricultural and Mechanical College. The Tulsa campus became part of theOklahoma State University system in 1999. The College of Engineering, Architecture andTechnology offers bachelor’s, master’s and doctoral degrees for a broad spectrum of engineeringdisciplines. Research activities are closely coordinated between the two locations. Each campushas an advanced technology research

Conference Session

Web-based Learning in ECE

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Yuejin Xu, Murray State University; Lili Dong, Cleveland State University; Theresa Nawalaniec, Cleveland State University

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

AC 2010-263: ENHANCING ENGINEERING STUDENTS’ KNOWLEDGE OFINFORMATION LITERACY AND ETHICS THROUGH AN INTERACTIVEONLINE LEARNING MODULEYuejin Xu, Murray State University Yuejin Xu is an assistant professor of psychology, Murray State University, Murray, KY. His research interests include 1) Learning, teaching, and teacher education, 2) Motivation, critical thinking and decision making processes, and 3) Effect and implementation of technology in the classroom.Lili Dong, Cleveland State University Lili Dong received the M.S.E.E. from Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics, and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, China and the Ph. D. degree in Electrical Engineering

Conference Session

Innovative Instructional Strategies and Curricula

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jayathi Raghavan, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, Daytona Beach; Hong Liu, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, Daytona Beach

Tagged Divisions

Mathematics

develop abilities in critical thinking, problem solving, written and oral communication, quantitative analysis, leadership and teamwork, ethics and values awareness, and information technology b. The student will acquire a strong background in applied mathematics with an emphasis on computational methods c. The student will acquire a foundation in physics, computing tools and engineering science necessary to understand how each relates to realistic applications in at least one science application area d. The student will be exposed to computational applications in the sciences and engineering. The student will learn how to synthesize the mathematics, computing, physics, and engineering to

Conference Session

Teaching Mechanics of Materials & General Mechanics

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Luciana Barroso, Texas A&M University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanics

AC 2010-1696: ACTIVE LEARNING STRATEGIES TO ENHANCE LEARNING INA CIVIL ENGINEERING GRADUATE VIBRATIONS COURSELuciana Barroso, Texas A&M University Page 15.120.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2010 Active Learning Strategies to Enhance Learning in a Civil Engineering Graduate Vibrations CourseAbstractThis paper presents a first-semester graduate level course in structural dynamics that utilizesactive learning as a mechanism to address 1) higher expectations of learning, 2) varying levels oracademic background and preparation, and 3) diverse cultural backgrounds. Active learningstrategies used include cooperative learning, both

Conference Session

Design in the First Year

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sami Khorbotly, Ohio Northern University; Kenneth Reid, Ohio Northern University

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

forthem if and when they receive their first “C”.Another group of students, the technology admirers, are quite determined to major in engineering as theyhave great expectations of all the “cool” things they will do in engineering. The problem these studentsfind with some engineering programs is the lack of engineering in the first year; these students may beimpatient and expect to start working with engineering projects as soon as they start their program. Formany students in this group, the necessary freshman classes in math and sciences will be intolerable andthe result may be transferring out of engineering.In order to address these issues, many engineering schools around the nation are modifying their curriculato include at least one

Conference Session

Rethinking Traditional Pedagogical Strategies

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jumoke Ladeji-Osias, Morgan State University; Richard Cerkovnik, Anne Arundel Community College; Wesley Lawson, University of Maryland; Lan Xiang, Montgomery College

Tagged Divisions

Two Year College Division

the Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) Center at Anne Arundel Community College (AACC). Rich has extensive experience in a variety of STEM disciplines, STEM program development and articulation, instructional technology, grant work, teacher development, on-line instruction, and educational research. He has a B.S degree in Chemical Engineering, a M.S. degree in Physics, and a Ph.D. in Science Education.Wesley Lawson, University of Maryland DR. WESLEY LAWSON is a tenured full-professor and Associate Chair for Undergraduate Education in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at the University of Maryland at College Park, Maryland. Wes has experience in high

Conference Session

Innovations in First Year Programs

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Thomas Curran, University College Dublin; Colleen Doyle, University College Dublin; Enda Cummins, University College Dublin; Kevin McDonnell, University College Dublin; Nicholas Holden, University College Dublin

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

. O’Connell, D. O’Hanlon, J. Spollen. 2006.Integrating Engineering and Biology – The Final Frontier. UNACOMA Vision Award, EurAgEng/CIGRconference, Bonn, Germany, Sept 6, 2006.5. Medaris, K. 2009. Hands-on Projects May be Best Way to Teach Engineering and Technology Concepts.Imperial Valley News. Yuma, Arizona, USA. 28 January 2009.6. Oakley, B., R. M. Felder, R. Brent, and I. Elhajj. 2004. Turning student groups into effective teams. Journal ofStudent Centered Learning 2(1): 9-34.7. Robson, M. 2002. Problem-Solving in Groups (3rd Ed.). Gower, Aldershot, UK.8. Savin-Baden, M. 2004. Understanding the impact of assessment on students in problem-based learning

Conference Session

International Initiatives, Partnerships,Teaching Strategies, and Collaborative Networks

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mohammad Saleh Keshawarz, University of Hartford; MirGhulam BarizHosaini, Herat University in Western Afghanistan; Alnajjar Hisham, University of Hartford

Tagged Divisions

International

AC 2010-1810: AN UPDATE ON THE PARTNERSHIP BETWEEN UNIVERSITYOF HARTFORD AND HERAT UNIVERSITY TO BOOST ENGINEERINGEDUCATIONMohammad Saleh Keshawarz, University of HartfordMirGhulam BarizHosaini, Herat University in Western AfghanistanAlnajjar Hisham, University of Hartford Page 15.176.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2010 An Update on the Partnership BetweenUniversity of Hartford and Herat University to Boost Engineering EducationAbstractIn 2007, the University of Hartford College of Engineering, Technology, and Architecture, inWest Hartford, Connecticut began a partnership with the Faculty of Engineering at

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Lisa Schneider, Cornell University; Maria Terrell, Cornell University Math Dept.

William Smith Colleges from 1997-1999, and then served for three years as Senior Director of Research and Evaluation at PowerUP, a national nonprofit organization dedicated to expanding technology access and providing youth development resources for underserved youth.Maria Terrell, Cornell University Math Dept. Page 15.185.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2010 Applications and Confidence Inventories for Assessing Curricular Change in Introductory Engineering Mathematics InstructionAbstractThis project stems from a collaborative effort by engineering and mathematics faculty at aresearch

Conference Session

Aerospace Technical Session

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Brian German, Georgia Tech

Tagged Divisions

Aerospace

AC 2010-2161: A CASE STUDY APPROACH TO TEACHING AIRCRAFTPERFORMANCE: REVERSE ENGINEERING THE SR-71 BLACKBIRDBrian German, Georgia Tech Brian German is an assistant professor in the Daniel Guggenheim School of Aerospace Engineering at the Georgia Institute of Technology. His research interests are in the areas of systems integration and optimization, aircraft conceptual design, and engineering education. Page 15.10.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2010 A Case Study Approach to Teaching Aircraft Performance: Reverse Engineering the SR-71 BlackbirdAbstractThis paper

Conference Session

Web-based Learning in ECE

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Tiffany Phagan, ERAU; Thomas Yang, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University; Jianhua Liu, ERAU; Ilteris Demikiran, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

, our efforts directly contribute to the achievementof overall student learning outcomes and program outcomes.Given the current challenges facing STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, andMathematics) education, it is our belief that any new teaching or assessment practice in STEMdisciplines should enhance students’ motivation. Therefore, it is beneficial to use onlineassessment for extra credit assignments. For example, if all questions are correctly answered, amaximum of 5% of extra credit can be obtained. Based on our experiment, students are highlymotivated in completing these online assignments. About 92% of the students finished allquestions, 6% finished part of the assignment, and only 2% did not start the assignment. This isnot only

Collection

2010 Fall ASEE Middle Atlantic Section Conference

Authors

Bill Lorenz; Pritpal Singh

worldexamples.For example, we have utilized the Princeton Wedge Stabilization program [5] to evaluate and select apersonal portfolio of technologies to reduce Green House gas emissions by 50% in 2050. The studentsalso calculate their own carbon and ecological footprints and assess alternatives to reduce by 25% and50%. Other examples include an examination of the impacts of alternate diets and how individualscan switch to lower impact foods while also increasing their nutritional benefits. In summary, thegroup projects truly get the students interested in personal, company and company impacts whileproviding the tools to implement engineering solutions.Overview of EGR 7111 Impact Assessment, Life Cycle Evaluations, and Industrial EcologyThis course has a

Conference Session

Case Studies, Engineering Education and Outcome Assessment Around the Globe

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Alongkorn Pimpin, Chulalongkorn University; Kuntinee Maneeratana, Chulalongkorn University

Tagged Divisions

International

Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, UK as well as a B.Ed. in Educational Measurement and Evaluation from Sukhothai Thammathirat Open University, Thailand. Her area of expertise is computational mechanics. Page 15.1041.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2010 Revision of the Mechanical Engineering Curriculum at Chulalongkorn University under New Regulations And Quality AssuranceAbstractThe new engineering education regulations in Thailand have profound impacts on the flexibilityof revision of the mechanical engineering curriculum since they emphasize on course contentsand demand a larger

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Luis Godoy, University of Puerto Rico; Pedro Covassi, National University of Cordoba (Argentina)

, structural stability, granular flow, computational mechanics, and plates and shells, and results of his research have been published in more than 150 peer-reviewed journal papers. At present, he has been awarded an NSF-CCLI research grant.Pedro Covassi, National University of Cordoba (Argentina) Pedro A. Covassi graduated as a Civil Engineer at the National University of Cordoba (Argentina) and is currently a doctoral student at the National University of Cordoba in Argentina working in the Geotechnical Laboratory. He has been awarded a scholarship from the National Agency for the Promotion of Science and Technology (FONCYT) in Argentina

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jianyu Dong, California State University, Los Angeles; Nancy Warter-Perez, California State University, Los Angeles

activities are being adjusted such that a sustainable solution can be foundto support in-class project in an educational environment with limited resources.Acknowledgment Page 15.690.11This work is sponsored by NSF, Grant #0737130.Reference[1] N. Warter-Perez and J. Dong, “An Active Learning Teaching Model for Engineering Instruction based onMobile Technology”, ASEE PSW Conference, April, Pomona, 2006.[2] J. Dong and N. Warter-Perez, “Project-Based Learning Using Tablet PCs: A Practice to Enhance DesignComponents in Engineering Instruction,” in Proceedings of the American Society for Engineering Education(ASEE) Conference, 2007.[3] J

Conference Session

Global Engineering Education: Intercultural Awareness and International Experience

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Erin Crede, Virginia Tech; Maura Borrego, Virginia Tech

Tagged Divisions

International

graduate education. If the US wishes to remain a paramount destination forinternational students, as well as a global power for engineering and technology, a fullerunderstanding of how these students impact the culture of graduate engineering departments isneeded.References1. NSF, U.S. Doctoral Awards in Science and Engineering Continue Upward Trend in 2006. 2007: Arlington, Va.2. NSF, First-Time, Full-Time Graduate Student Enrollment in Science and Engineering Increases in 2006, Especially Among Foreign Students. 2007, National Science Foundation: Arlington Va.3. Council of Graduate Schools, Graduate Enrollment and Degrees: 1998 to 2008. 2008: Washington DC.4. Nettles, M.T. and C.M. Millett, Three Magic Letters-Getting

Collection

2010 Fall ASEE Middle Atlantic Section Conference

Authors

Amy Fleischer; Aaron Wemhoff; James O'Brien; Ani Ural; LeRoy Alaways

computer applications to the exclusion of the world aroundthem.The next generation of mechanical engineers will face extreme challenges in the need to developnew energy sources, modes of transportation and health care technology, and in the need to leadthe development of emerging countries in a sustainable and effective manner. Surveys of middleand high schools girls have consistently shown that they are drawn to careers with a strong“helper” or “outreach” aspect4,5, and the high female enrollments in the engineering disciplinesmost closely tied to this “helper” image (environmental, biomedical, chemical) continues toreinforce this idea. Thus, if mechanical engineering is going to effectively promote higherfemale enrollments it needs to promote

Collection

2010 ASEE Zone 1 Conference

Authors

GLENN E. VALLEE; RICHARD P. BENIOT

TRANSLATING DENTAL PERFORMANCE INTO ENGINEERING SCIENCE WITHIN A SENIOR CAPSTONE DESIGN PROJECT by Dr. GLENN E. VALLEE, Ph.D., P.E. ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR MECHANICAL ENGINEERING WESTERN NEW ENGLAND COLLEGE SPRINGFIELD MASSACHUSSETS and Dr. RICHARD P. BENIOT, DMD DIRECTOR OF DENTAL SERVICESUNIVERSITY OF CONNECTICUT HEALTH CENTER FARMINGTON, CONNECTICUT Session 1C Mechanical Engineering ABSTRACTA capstone senior design project in mechanical engineering at Western New England Collegewas developed to provide a student the opportunity to work with dental professionals todetermine the causes of porcelain

Conference Session

Service Learning and Societal Issues in the First Year

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

John K. Estell, Ohio Northern University; Kenneth Reid, Ohio Northern University; Jed Marquart, Ohio Northern University

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

even millions through the thoughtful development of just a single well-designed project. As engineering educators, one of our roles is to raise awareness of both issuesand opportunities. All too often, students arrive at college with visions of designing that which isat the forefront of technology: a faster car, a longer bridge, or a next generation iPod. But whatabout the over two billion people in the world’s population who live on less than $2 a day?Visionaries such as Dr. Paul Polak, author of Out of Poverty 1 and a Distinguished Lecturer at the2008 ASEE Annual Conference, do not see this group as “poor people” but as potentialentrepreneurs and customers. Through his work in various Third World countries, Polak hassuccessfully demonstrated

Conference Session

Retention Strategies in Action Part I

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Amelito Enriquez, Canada College

Tagged Divisions

Two Year College Division

AC 2010-39: IMPROVING THE PARTICIPATION AND RETENTION OFMINORITY STUDENTS IN SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING THROUGH SUMMERENRICHMENT PROGRAMSAmelito Enriquez, Canada College Amelito Enriquez is a professor of Engineering and Mathematics at Canada College in Redwood City, CA. He received a BS in Geodetic Engineering from the University of the Philippines, an MS in Geodetic Science from the Ohio State University, and a PhD in Mechanical Engineering from the University of California, Irvine. His research interests include technology-enhanced instruction and increasing the representation of female, minority and other underrepresented groups in mathematics, science and engineering

Conference Session

Research on the First Year I

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Rhonda Kowalchuk, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale; Tarnisha Green, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale; Robert Ricks, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale; John Nicklow, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

Engineering, and Engineering, Civil Engineering Technology Engineering, and volunteered between one Engineering Technology day and two weeks of volunteered between one their time to teach topics day and two weeks of from their discipline their time to teach topics from their disciplineFreshman • Taught by the Director of • Taught by the Director of • Taught by a

Conference Session

Modeling Student Data

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jordana Hoegh, Purdue University; Alice Pawley, Purdue University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

) understand decision-making processes at critical career path junctures and elsewhere; and 3) give context for the entire career path.Our oral history protocol begins with participants’ biographical information, including familylife while growing up, parents’ occupations, and marital and parental statuses. This providescontext and frames participants’ career paths. Next, we talk about first memories of beinginterested in science, technology, engineering, or mathematics, followed by career beginnings inSTEM disciplines, and people influential in encouraging an STEM career. We discuss in-depthparticipants’’ educational and employment histories as well as participants’ rationales forchoosing an academic career over other STEM careers.Participants

Conference Session

Student Learning

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Maya Trotz, University of South Florida; Ken Thomas, University of South Florida; Jeffrey Cunningham, University of South Florida; Qiong Zhang, University of South Florida

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

AC 2010-675: IMPROVING WRITING IN CIVIL AND ENVIRONMENTALENGINEERING COURSES USING CLAQWA, AN ONLINE TOOL FOR WRITINGIMPROVEMENTMaya Trotz, University of South Florida Dr. Maya A. Trotz is an Assistant Professor of Civil and Environmental Engineering Department at the University of South Florida. She received her B.S. in Chemical Engineering from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and her M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in Civil and Environmental Engineering from Stanford University. Her research, teaching and service are at the nexus of geochemistry/water quality and global/community sustainability. Her interests are interdisciplinary, applied and seek to forge non-traditional university

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Summer Dann Johnson, Louisiana State University; Warren Waggenspack, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge; John Scalzo, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge; Kelly Rusch, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge; Gerald Knapp, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge; Roger Seals, Louisiana State University

Reliability Engineer (CRE) and a registered Professional Engineer in the State of Louisiana. Dr. Knapp’s specialization is in information systems & technologies, currently in the area of semantic analysis (a subarea of natural language processing).Roger Seals, Louisiana State University Dr. Seals is Professor Emeritus of Civil and Environmental at Louisiana State University. He obtained both his baccalaureate and master's degrees from the University of Florida and his doctorate from North Carolina State University. He has been actively engaged in teaching, research and curricula development during his tenure at West Virginia University, 1965-1980, and Louisiana State University, 1980

Conference Session

Research on the First Year I

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Senay Purzer, Purdue University; Jing Chen, Purdue University

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

. (2006). Assessment of shortfall: A board game on environmental decision-making.9. Rose, Mary, Flowers, Jim. (2008). Technology assessment: A graduate course to build decision- making skills.10. Ryan, Sarah, Jackman, John, Marathe, Rahul, Antonenko, Pavlo, Kumsaikaew, Piyamart, Kumsaikaew, Niederhauser, Dale, Ogilvie, Craig. (2007). Student selection of information relevant to solving ill- structured engineering economic decision problems.11. Sankar, Chetan S., Raju, P.K.. (2001). Importance of ethical and business issues in making engineering design decisions: Teaching through case studies.12. Schlosser, Phil, Parke, Michael, Merrill, John. (2008). Decision-making in the design-build process among first

Conference Session

Mentoring Graduate Students, Diversity, and Assessment

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Monica Cox, Purdue University; Osman Cekic, Purdue University; Sara Branch, Purdue University; Rocio Chavela Guerra, Purdue University; James Cawthorne, Purdue University; Benjamin Ahn, Purdue University

Tagged Divisions

Graduate Studies

AC 2010-918: PH.D.S IN ENGINEERING: GETTING THEM THROUGH THEDOOR AND SEEING THEM GRADUATE- FACULTY AND INDUSTRYPERSPECTIVESMonica Cox, Purdue University Monica F. Cox, Ph.D., is an Assistant Professor in the School of Engineering Education at Purdue University. She obtained a B.S. in mathematics from Spelman College, a M.S. in industrial engineering from the University of Alabama, and a Ph.D. in Leadership and Policy Studies from Peabody College of Vanderbilt University. Teaching interests relate to the professional development of graduate engineering students and to leadership, policy, and change in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics education. Primary research projects explore the

Conference Session

Classroom Engagement

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Brianno Coller, Northern Illinois University; David Shernoff, Northern Illinois University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

AC 2010-543: AN INITIAL ANALYSIS OF STUDENT ENGAGEMENT WHILELEARNING ENGINEERING VIA VIDEO GAMEBrianno Coller, Northern Illinois University Brianno Coller is an Associate Professor of Mechanical engineering. He started his research career applying fairly deep mathematical ideas to gain insight into how complex physical and engineering systems work. His work was theoretical and somewhat abstract. Since then, his research has evolved toward studying a different type of complex system: how students learn and become excited about engineering. In this endeavor, Dr. Coller is mostly a "nuts & bolts" practitioner, an engineer, and an experimentalist.David Shernoff, Northern Illinois University

Collection

2010 ASEE Zone 1 Conference

Authors

Ronald C. Lasky

able or hardworking than in the past.As a result of these observations, I am now teaching my senior/graduate level statistics coursesby adding some assignments in which the students perform calculations by hand, and yes evenwith slide rules. This paper will review what I have learned from this experience and somethoughts on how to address this engineering education need for today’s students.Introduction: My First ExperienceIt was in the early 1990s and I was responsible for the optical interface in IBM’s ECSL (EarlyCorporate Serial Link) optical networking technology. In this assignment I had to assure that acertain amount of light would be “coupled” from the transmitting laser into the receiving fiber,too little light and the signal would be

Conference Session

Nuts and Bolts of Cooperative Education

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Alexander Yin, Pennsylvania State University

Tagged Divisions

Cooperative & Experiential Education

forenvironmentally friendly cars has engineers searching for solutions to improve fuel economy anddevelop alternative fuels. Televisions are not only larger than they were 20 years ago but flatterand producing life-like images in an energy efficient fashion. People now communicate not onlyby talking through cell phones, but also through texting and sending pictures. Technologydevelops through engineers solving problems. As the United States evolved from an industrialized to a knowledge-based economy, the Page 15.545.2development of new technologies has become vital to its economic welfare. Accordingly ourgovernment is concerned not only with the