Conference Session

Energy, the Environment, and Nano Technology

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Harold T. Evensen, University of Wisconsin, Platteville; Osama M. Jadaan, University of Mount Union; Tsunghsueh Wu, University of Wisconsin, Platteville; Yan Wu, University of Wisconsin, Platteville; Esther N. Ofulue

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering

nanotechnology.Meanwhile, all Fortune 500 companies in materials, electronics, and pharmaceuticals have madeinvestments in nanotechnology since 2002.xiNanotechnology is expected to emerge throughout the economy in improved products and newapplications enabled by these improvements: the National Science Foundation has famouslyprojected that $1 trillion in products and two million jobs worldwide will be affected bynanotechnology by 2015.xi Applications that are already in the marketplace include burn andwound dressings, sunscreens, longer-lasting tennis balls, stain-free clothing, and more.Anticipated applications include drug delivery, solar cells, fuel cells, and wear resistance inmaterials.xii Indeed, in the latest renewals of the National Nanotechnology

Conference Session

Design Spine

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Olga Pierrakos, James Madison University; Eric C. Pappas, James Madison University; Robert L. Nagel, James Madison University; Jacquelyn Kay Nagel, James Madison University

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

develop their individual design process and adesign process that meets the needs of the design problem.Our vision in teaching the engineering design process is to enable mastery learning throughdirected and non-directed, group-based and independent, simple and complex, structured andunstructured, problem-based learning experiences that incrementally expose and reiterate thedesign process. Our goal is to teach our students to be adaptive problem solvers and havecognitive flexibility when solving problems—an essential skill for these future engineers to learnif they are going work toward developing a sustainable society. The following overarchingattributes build this vision: (1) breadth and depth, (2) balance between theory and practice, (3)balance

Conference Session

Design Across Disciplines

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Iem H. Heng, New York City College of Technology; Andy Zhang, New York City College of Technology; Farrukh Zia, New York City College of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

isusually offered in the last or second to last semester of the senior term.1. Introducing STEM EducationSTEM education has been a key in producing qualified individuals to work in today’s fast paced,highly competitive public and private enterprises. Unfortunately, for the past twenty years, thesupply of qualified workforce has been decreasing due to a steady drop of enrollment of collegeand high school students in STEM related fields. To tackle the dwindling enrollment of STEMstudents and low quality of STEM graduates, the National Science Board submitted a report toCongress in 2009 suggesting a need for all students to develop their capabilities in STEM tolevels much beyond what was considered acceptable in the past; with an increased emphasis

Conference Session

Creative and Cross-disciplinary Methods Part I

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Chad A. B. Wilson, University of Houston

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education/Engineering & Society

research and design in thecurriculum, the course project was changed from a simple library/informational research projectto a design project. Students were tasked with redesigning a light switch, an ink pen, a whole-house water filtration system, a rainwater collection system, or a backyard garden to sustain afamily of four. Because our students are sophomores, they were not required to give technicaldetail but had to maintain the scope of work that they included in their proposal. Students wouldthen explain their newly designed devices in a poster and PowerPoint presentation.Some student proposals and presentations included a light switch that uses celebrity voices (seeFigure 1); a pen that incorporates perfume; a pen that keeps the user awake by

Conference Session

Software and Web-based Learning in ECE

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Anahita Zarei, University of the Pacific; Jinzhu Gao, University of the Pacific; Jason Roy Ortiz; Alan Joe

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

inherent complexity in learning random variables and theirdistribution models. We have identified two issues that contribute the most to the difficultystudents experience: 1) the complexity of the mathematical logic behind the probability theoryand 2) lack of motivation to attempt and explore more problems due partly to the static nature oftextbook problems. Therefore, our objectives were to enhance students' understanding of randomvariables and to increase motivation for learning by developing an interactive web-based tool.We have developed a novel e-learning module to assist students in exploring three types ofrandom variables, namely Poisson, Exponential, and Erlang, that differs from the currentavailable resources. We assessed the

Conference Session

Learning and Assessment II

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Craig J. Hoff, Kettering University; Gregory W. Davis, Kettering University; Kathryn L. Hoff

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

manner in which they structured their class. It appears that if the professor didnot invest him- or herself into the tutoring system, the students did not invest themselves into thesystem either. Furthermore, the objectives set out by the professor dictate how much effort thestudents apply to their educational success.Figure 1 identifies the number of each professor’s students in attendance at the weekly studysessions. 60 50 Students Attending 40 30 20 10 0 1

Conference Session

Mechanics Concepts I

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Luciano Fleischfresser, Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná; Mariana Nascimento Casarin, Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná; Evandro Eizo Roncaglia Yabushita, Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná

Tagged Divisions

Mechanics

physical model, the way it was usedto energize learning is presented. We discuss how errors made by students on test day can berelated to gender and to being in class when the model was shown.MethodShames provides the motivation for the physical model14. Its vector algebra chapter presents amature treatment emphasizing 3-D vector representations. Figure 1 is from the originalproblem. It asks one to calculate the projection of the 500 N force along the diagonal from Bto A. As emphasized by Roberts, the two important quantities that students must becomefamiliar with in an introductory statics course are distance (length) and force15. There is nodifficulty in visualizing length as a position or a displacement vector. However, a force vectoris more

Conference Session

Innovations in Teaching and Research in Physics or Engineering Physics II

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Gary P. Hillebrand, University of Detroit Mercy; Meghann Norah Murray, University of Detroit Mercy; Jenna Ross; Robert A. Ross, University of Detroit Mercy; Cherron Tarter, Ford Motor Company

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Physics & Physics

modified thecurriculum to incorporate additional activities.1 This paper will describe a physics laboratoryexperiment to simulate the operation of the touchscreen on a smartphone.A detailed description of the activity will be provided. The simulator is fabricated usingcommon office and laboratory supplies and is inexpensive enough that students can keep themodel. We describe how the simulator is used in two different courses. One course is designedfor high school students attending a university enrichment program, the other is a second-semester undergraduate general physics laboratory course.In addition we present the results of an open-ended assessment of student learning. Students areengaged to write to a specific prompt and we assess the

Conference Session

Design Across Disciplines

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Keith G. Sheppard, Stevens Institute of Technology; John Nastasi, Stevens Institute of Technology; Eirik Hole, Stevens Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

, together with the systems architecture and modeling that will provide forintelligent system design for specific missions. Furthermore, adaptability and resilience to localconditions are addressed through real-time monitoring and control within the systems approach.ShelterProviding energy-efficient shelter technology has involved developing systems designed toretrofit any existing tent with an enhanced insulating and airtight skin to increase R-value andair-tightness while reducing the demand on active heating and cooling systems. Fig. 1 shows anexample of a multi-layer wall system that was designed to be attached to a range of currentlydeployed DOD tent structures using simple, rugged fastenings. A prototype tent with this systemwas constructed as

Conference Session

New Trends in ECE Education II

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Bonnie H. Ferri, Georgia Institute of Technology; JillL L. Auerbach, Georgia Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

concurrent labs, italso introduces students to basic physical components.The general steps of finite state machine design and implementation are listed below. Studentsare required to perform steps 2)-8) in a classroom setting and step 1) in a prelab. CMOS chipsare used for low power, and a battery pack is used for portability.1) Convert a description of the problem into a state transition diagram2) Transfer the information from the state transition diagram to a state transition logic table thathas inputs consisting of system inputs and current values of the state, Si, and outputs consistingof system outputs and next state values, NSi.3) Design a combinational circuit to implement the logic in the table.4) Select the chips to implement the

Conference Session

ABET Accreditation, Assessment, and Program Improvement in ECE

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

David Wilczynski, University of Southern California; Gisele Ragusa, University of Southern California

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

programs, including ours in computer science, have in the past relied almost exclusively on course specificstudent perception surveys and other indirect methods of student assessment. These "perceptions" have been largely discredited asbiased and subjective. In recent years, ABET has challenged the academic community to utilize assessment methodologies based ondirect, measurable data. Our response, the subject of this ASEE paper, proposes a methodology that requires professors to state theirindividual course outcomes and map them to the ABET program outcomes, and produce for each exam or assignment three importantcomponents comprising: (1) the source document, (2) a mapping of this exam or assignment to the class outcomes, and (3) the results.Our

Conference Session

Attracting Young Minds: Part I

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Lelli Van Den Einde, University of California, San Diego; Terrance R. Mayes, University of California, San Diego; Nathan Delson, University of California, San Diego

Tagged Divisions

Minorities in Engineering

academicresources. This paper summarizes the results of a pre- and post-survey designed to assesswhether the program met its goals. Noteworthy survey results include a 50% difference in thestudents’ awareness of campus resources, a 28% difference in feeling a sense of community withUCSD, a 20% increase in understanding what an engineer does and a 14% increase in preferencefor seeking assistance from others. First quarter GPA data for the students participating in theprogram was compared to those that did not participate. Underrepresented minorities whoparticipated had a 10% increase in GPA, and students who were 1st generation in highereducation had a 4% increase in GPA.1 Introduction The retention of historically underrepresented minority (URM

Conference Session

Capstone and Design Projects in Engineering Technology

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Biswajit Ray, Bloomsburg University of Pennsylvania

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

, stress, and strain).The hands-on aspect to engineering is a key part of this course as well. Working as a group oftwo, students complete four mini projects: 1) designing a tallest possible paper tower, 2) Page 25.92.2prototyping and testing a music-engine printed circuit board, 3) designing, prototyping andtesting a wireless remote controller, and 4) designing, constructing, and testing a spaghettibridge. Engineering creativity, problem solving, teamwork, and formal report writing areemphasized through these mini projects.Orientation to academic and social life on campus and exposure to real-world engineering is theother major part of the course

Conference Session

What Are We Learning About Co-op and Experiential Education Experience?

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

John Marshall, University of Southern Maine

Tagged Divisions

Cooperative & Experiential Education

containing assignments are required of allinterns. Interns will formally present their portfolios at the conclusion of the experience.The quality of the portfolio (spelling, grammar, and format) is very important. It isessential that all pages are contained within “top-loading” clear page protectors and thatthe hosting firm’s name is easily readable on the spine of the notebook. The purpose oftwo identical portfolios is to allow a copy for both the department and one for the intern.Each of the following sections should be indexed. The major sections of the portfolio arepresented in Table 1, with comprehensive descriptions of each section included below. Table 1 - Major Sections of the Professional Internship Portfolio A. Table of

Conference Session

Teams and Teamwork in Design

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Patricia Kristine Sheridan, University of Toronto; Greg Evans, University of Toronto; Doug Reeve, University of Toronto

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

-effectiveness competencies through the use of self- and peer-assessment in their project teams.The development of our team-effectiveness framework is described with a focus on how it aimsto stimulate students to provide mature feedback. Methods used to motivate students to learnabout and improve their team-effectiveness competencies are also described. The intendedintegration of the tool into the curriculum is outlined, highlighting an on-line student portfolio onteam-effectiveness that allows students to track their improvement longitudinally across differentproject teams throughout their undergraduate studies. This work has been developed for team-based design projects in undergraduate engineering but is also applicable in other disciplines.1

Conference Session

Research Projects, Course Development, and Industry Issues

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Wolter J. Fabrycky PE P.E., Virginia Tech and Academic Applications International

Tagged Divisions

Systems Engineering

ASEE. 1Material in the cited ASEE paper of 2010 is extended herein by addressing several topicsgermane to the purpose of this prospectus. These topics are abstracted below, together with acompact statement of the reason for giving them special visibility:1. A definition and description of Systems Engineering - Any reference to SE should be accompanied with some explanation about what the author believes SE to be. This is essential for effective communication due to difficulties arising from the numerous and varied views and interdisciplinary nature of the field.2. An analysis of Systems Engineering degree programs - Degree programs in SE occur at all levels and in various configurations. A discussion about SE degrees should

Conference Session

Research in Engineering Education I

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Hanjun Xian, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Krishna Madhavan, Purdue University, West Lafayette

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

awards. We further identify three categories of research topics thatshow different patterns in terms of level of collaborative engagement. We believe that ourresearch results will provide comprehensive and insightful understanding of collaborationpatterns within the engineering education research community. It also benefits the researchcommunity by offering information perhaps necessary to promote collaboration in certain areasin engineering education.1. IntroductionImportance of communication and collaboration has always been emphasized in academia. Thereare appeals for more intensive collaboration across disciplines and domains with wider sharingof research data, results, and other resources. For example, National Academy of Engineering

Conference Session

Aerospace Technical Session

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Wallace T. Fowler P.E., University of Texas, Austin

Tagged Divisions

Aerospace

. P.A.M. Abusali, another adjunct faculty member from the Center for Space Research.Participation by student teams in the design conference produced an unexpected result. Thedesign faculty involved noted that each year, the quality of the previous year’s best presentationswas the quality norm for the current year’s presentations. This was unexpected because newstudents were on the teams each year. The change had to be due to higher expectationscommunicated through the design faculty and teaching assistants. Details about the ADP can befound in a 1988 AIAA paper by Johnson and Rumbaugh [1].UT Austin student aerospace engineering teams participated in the ADP for all ten years (fall1985 through spring 1995) of the program’s existence. This

Conference Session

Innovations in the IE Curriculum

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Denise H. Bauer, University of Idaho, Moscow; Jessica L. Heier Stamm, Kansas State University; Lesley Strawderman, Mississippi State University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Economy, Engineering Management, Industrial Engineering, Systems Engineering

how to effectively deliver andmanage these courses. According to Farr et al.3, a successful capstone design course is one inwhich students utilize a variety of analytical tools, function in a team-based environment, solve areal-world problem, work to close any non-technical competency gaps, and follow a total designprocess. Many of these essential course features are echoed by Beyerlein et al.,1 includingfocusing on not only the solutions students develop through a capstone design course, but alsohow each student develops individually. To this end, it becomes important to structure coursesthat support not only program curriculum and educational objectives,5 but also the professionaldevelopment needs for each student.1One of the primary ways

Conference Session

Systems Engineering Curriculum and Programs

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kahina Lasfer, Stevens Institute of Technology; Arthur Pyster, Stevens Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Management, Industrial Engineering, Systems Engineering

hiringfull-time NTTF. A comprehensive survey and other sources were used to gather data from all 30existing graduate SCSE programs nationwide. Key findings are: (1) fewer than 50% of SCSEprograms hire full-time NTTF and among them, the majority of the programs (65%) have fewerthan four full-time NTTF; (2) 24% of the total faculty employed by SCSE programs in 2010 arefull-time NTTF and most of them (67%) spend the majority of their time teaching; (3) allrespondents (65% response rate) who hire full-time NTTF identified industrial experience as themost attractive reason for hiring them; (4) close to 58% of the respondents use a formal search tohire full-time NTTF, while the rest rely on personal and institutional networks andrecommendations; and (5

Conference Session

Capstone Courses

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Manish Paliwal, College of New Jersey; Bijan Sepahpour, College of New Jersey

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

, Page 25.100.2students need to have an advisor from their respective program. The elements emphasized andadopted to promote project evaluation practices include periodic review of journal/log bookentries, presentations, periodic milestone reports, at least weekly meetings with the advisor(s),and the final design report.IntroductionDue to its culminating nature, the senior design project course is probably the most significantexperience of the undergraduate engineering students (1). In the process the students apply whatthey have learned in their undergraduate course work; develop their communication,interpersonal, project management, and design skills; and learn about the product developmentprocess. Students also get an understanding of the

Conference Session

Development of Manufacturing Engineering Laboratories I

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Michael J. Kozak, University of Dayton

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

are other combinations of parts, trials andoperators that can be performed. Page 25.101.2Student ProcedureStep 1 - Gather 5 various pens and pencils (parts) and a ruler (measuring device) with which tomeasure their length. (Any 5 similar items and an instrument with which to measure somefeature of the items will suffice).Step 2 – Label the pens/pencils (parts) 1 thru 5 using tape or some other marking method. Oryou could place them in a certain order and maintain that order throughout the exercise. Youmust be able to identify parts 1 thru 5 throughout the exercise.The resolution is the finest increment of the measuring instrument. For example, a

Conference Session

Energy Education Courses, Labs, and Projects

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Donald L. Skaar, San Diego State University

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

Page 25.102.2computer analysis, yields measured results that are accurate to within a few percent so long asthe Unit Circle has a diameter of at least 20 centimeters.The 'most complete' electrical models of three phase induction machines predominantly used byauthors of engineering texts are duplicates of those illustrated in IEEE Standard 112 2, the IEEEStandard Test Procedure for Polphase Induction Motors and Generators. The six-element-per-phase electrical model shown in Figure 1 is duplicated from the 1996 version of that Standard;later versions use an equivalent seven-element-per phase model. Irrespective of the model used,former and present-day authors of engineering texts provide an analysis of induction machines(almost exclusively

Conference Session

Computer and Informtion Technology-related Issues

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Suranjan Panigrahi, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Ken Burbank, Purdue University, Statewide Technology

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

, Statewide Technology Ken Burbank is a professor of electrical engineering technology and Department Head of Electrical and Computer Engineering Technology at Purdue University. Burbank is active with IEEE and ASEE, par- ticularly with the Engineering Technology Council. As an educator, Burbank strives to bring practical engineering activities into the classroom. Page 25.103.1 c American Society for Engineering Education, 2012A Strategic Analysis of Graduate Programs in Engineering Technology 1. Introduction: Engineering Technology programs have been serving our society for many years by

Conference Session

Learning and Assessment I

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sriram Sundararajan, Iowa State University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

one.IntroductionContinual self-evaluation and improvement of instruction-related activities is critical tomaintaining excellence in an undergraduate educational program.1 In recognition of this fact,accreditation bodies (e.g. ABET for engineering) typically emphasize the establishment of such aprocess as a requirement for accreditation. For engineering programs, ABET has established aset of General Criteria for Baccalaureate Level Programs that must be satisfied by all programsto be accredited by the Engineering Accreditation Commission.2 These criteria are intended toassure quality and to foster the systematic pursuit of improvement in the quality of engineeringeducation that satisfies the needs of constituencies in a dynamic and competitive environment.Amongst

Conference Session

Hands-on Laboratory and Design Experiences in Environmental Engineering

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sandeep Sathyamoorthy, Tufts University; Linda Jarvin, Paris College of Art; Michael Hollis, U.S. Air Force Academy; John Anthony Christ, U.S. Air Force Academy; C. Andrew Ramsburg, Tufts University

Tagged Divisions

Environmental Engineering

learned asundergraduates to these new situations; (ii) learn on-the-job through self directed efforts; and(iii) apply general hypothetico-deductive reasoning and problem-solving skills. The CarnegieFoundation has suggested that current undergraduate engineering curricula within the UnitedStates may provide insufficient preparation for engineering practice[1]. When evaluating the keytraits engineers need for practice in the 21st century, the National Academy of Engineering(NAE) identified strong analytical skills, creativity, practical ingenuity, professionalism andleadership as being essential for success[2, 3]. The challenge lies in refining or developingengineering curricula to ensure engineering graduates develop these traits. Problem

Conference Session

Pedagogical Approaches for Software Engineering

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Colin J. Neill, Pennsylvania State University; Joanna F. DeFranco, Pennsylvania State University, Great Valley; Raghvinder S. Sangwan, Pennsylvania State University, Great Valley

Tagged Divisions

Software Engineering Constituent Committee

require additional training in interaction14.TheoryThe main goal of the CCM is to assist in facilitating critical thinking and effective problemsolving among collaborators. The CCM described briefly in this paper is made up of six stages:Problem Formulation, Problem Analysis, Solution Design, Solution Translation, SolutionTesting, and Solution Delivery. Each stage is further broken down into three phases. For thepurposes of this study we will only focus on the details of the first two stages of the CCM:Problem Formulation and Problem Analysis. The three phases of the Problem Formulation stage(stage 1) are: Preliminary Problem Description, Preliminary Mental Model, and StructuredProblem Representation. The goal of this stage is for the team to

Conference Session

Assessment and Evaluation of K-12 Engineering Programs

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

David G. Rethwisch, University of Iowa; Melissa Chapman Haynes, Professional Data Analysts; Soko S. Starobin, Iowa State University; Frankie Santos Laanan, Iowa State University; Tom Schenk Jr., Northwestern University

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

2005, each student has been assigneda unique student identifier, which is retained as they progress through high school, including ifthey transfer to any other secondary institution within Iowa. Figure 1 shows the path of studentsfrom middle school through the workforce. Our focus in this paper is the short-term impact onhigh school achievement tests, so the main source of data will be limited to the secondary schooldata set. Iowa’s administrative records also contain socio-demographic data, achievement scores inthe area of mathematics, science, and reading, institutional-level factors, and course enrollmentinformation. Socio-demographic information includes the student’s race/ethnicity, gender,eligibility for free and reduced lunch (an

Conference Session

Educational Research and Methods Poster Session

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Lisa K. Davids, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, Daytona Beach

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

team-based oralformat.For the control group, the written exams each consisted of four fairly simple problems whichcovered the material only on which students had turned in homework. The written exams wereadministered during the 75 minute class-session and allowed 1 equation sheet. For the team-based oral format, each team of four students was provided a team-unique set of problems. Eachproblem set contained four problems (equal to the maximum number of students in a team), andagain, only covered the material on which students had turned in homework. The teams weregiven their problem sets in class the week prior to the oral examination timeslots. Some teamshad exactly 1 week, others had a little more than a week to prepare for the oral

Conference Session

FPD IX: Research on First-year Programs Part III

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Richard M. Bennett, University of Tennessee, Knoxville; William Schleter, University of Tennessee, Knoxville; D. Raj Raman, Iowa State University

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

original score.The SEP program is only available for the first test. This paper describes the program in detail,examines the participation in this optional program, and examines the effect of the program onthe overall course grade.The SEP program has some similarities to the Grade Recovery Program described by Hensel1.In the Grade Recovery Program, students who had a D or F midterm grade in Calculus 1 wereallowed to replace one of the first two test grades with their grade on the final exam (maximum Page 25.109.2replacement score of 70) if they fulfilled a contract for the second half of the semester wherethey attended all classes, completed all