Conference Session

Multidisciplinary Curriculum Innovation

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Richard Ruhala, University of Southern Indiana; Paul Kuban, University of Southern Indiana

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering

, modeling dynamics systems, machine design, and several freshmen engineering courses, and has been involved in curriculum development. He is a member of ASEE, where he serves as the campus representative, the Acoustical Society of America, and the Institute for Noise Control Engineering. He continues to conduct research in acoustics and mechanics. He has been married for 18 years to his personal and professional partner, Laura, who is also an engineering faculty member at USI and member of ASEE.Paul Kuban, University of Southern Indiana Paul is an Associate Professor in the Engineering Department at the University of Southern Indiana. He is the coordinator for the electrical engineering

Conference Session

Design for the Environment

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Graham Armitage, University of Calgary; Phillip du Plessix, University of Calgary; Kara Chomistek, University of Calgary; Daryl Caswell, University of Calgary; Clifton Johnston, University of Calgary; Mohamed Nazir, University of Calgary; Marjan Eggermont, University of Calgary; Diane Douglas, University of Calgary; Brigit Knecht, University of Calgary

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

capable andconscious of the impacts of their decisions. The goal is to address the need for today's engineersto work effectively in global environments where technical solutions must integrate social,cultural and environmental concerns.The curriculum enhancement projects seek to teach the students the fundamentals of engineeringdesign early (first three weeks) in the engineering education process with an emphasis onenvironmental and socio-cultural impact to develop socially conscious engineers with a stronggrounding in the basics of engineers design methods. This will develop a new generation ofengineers with a skill set that includes an understanding of the social, cultural and environmentalimpacts of their decisions and a comprehension of how

Collection

1999 Annual Conference

Authors

P. M. Wild; B. W. Surgenor

Session 2566 An Innovative Mechatronics Course for a Traditional Mechanical Engineering Curriculum P.M. Wild, B.W. Surgenor Department of Mechanical Engineering Queen’s University, Kingston, OntarioAbstractMany Mechanical Engineering Departments have recently or are now developing programsand/or courses in mechatronics. The emphasis of these programs/courses varies from institutionto institution. The programs at four Canadian universities are described briefly and a newelective course in mechatronics

Collection

1996 Annual Conference

Authors

Patrick Kangas

campus but we consider them all of critical importance to our ecological engineering curriculum because of the variety of philosophies they represent. CURRICULUM IDEAS AND PROBLEMS .- Our discussions are leading us to develop an ecological engineering curriculum at the graduate level within the department. This is appropriate because of the large number of courses required to integrate ecology and engineering. Also, a recent increase in undergraduate enrollment has occurred in the department’s engineering programs due to the change in name and focus from agricultural engineering to biological resources engineering. We feel some of these undergraduate engineers will elect to enter the graduate ecological engineering

Conference Session

Forum on Collaborative Information Literacy Programs

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Honora Nerz, North Carolina State University; Lisa Bullard, North Carolina State University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Libraries

served in engineering and management positions within Eastman Chemical Company from 1991-2000. At N.C. State, she is currently the Director of Undergraduate Studies in Chemical Engineering. Her research interests include the integration of teaming, writing, and speaking into the undergraduate curriculum. Page 11.1309.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2006 The Literate Engineer: Infusing Information Literacy Skills Throughout an Engineering CurriculumAbstract Research and information skills have become increasingly important for the current andfuture success of

Conference Session

Design in Engineering Education Division (DEED) - Best in DEED

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Nicholas D. Fila, Iowa State University of Science and Technology; Justin L. Hess, Purdue University ; Elizabeth Sanders, Purdue University ; Corey T. Schimpf, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education Division (DEED)

Paper ID #44504Toward an Integrated Framework of Empathy for Users among EngineeringStudent DesignersDr. Nicholas D. Fila, Iowa State University of Science and Technology Nicholas D. Fila is an assistant teaching professor in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at Iowa State University. He earned a B.S. in Electrical Engineering and a M.S. in Electrical and Computer Engineering from the University of Illinois-Urbana-Champaign and a Ph.D. in Engineering Education from Purdue University. His research interests include empathy, ethics, design thinking, and course design.Dr. Justin L. Hess, Purdue University

Collection

2001 Annual Conference

Authors

Victor L. Paquet; Ann Bisantz

declined, performance on an open-ended, design oriented final exam improved. Thus,the results gathered to date indicate some positive impact of the new laboratories in terms ofstudents’ abilities to apply Human Factors knowledge to more real-world, design orientedproblems.AcknowledgementThis work was supported by an NSF Course, Curriculum, and Laboratory Improvement Grant #DUE-9980971, and a University at Buffalo Ed-Tech Grant.Bibliography1. Chinowsky, P.S. and J. Robinson, Enhancing civil engineering education through case studies. Journal of Engineering Education, 1997. 86(1): p. 45 - 50.2. Cliff, W.H. and A.W. Wright, Directed case study method for teaching human anatomy and physiology. Advances in Physiology Education

Conference Session

Energy Conversion and Conservation Division Technical Session 4

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Reg Pecen, Sam Houston State University; Faruk Yildiz, Sam Houston State University

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

systems, and hydrogen fuelcell units [10].Reed and Stanchina from the University of Pittsburgh urged the need for new curriculum tofocus on the emerging technologies in electrical power systems such as smart grid and cleanenergy integration [11 ]. Their work on smart grid education model approaches in engineeringcurricula provided one of the best models of engineering education in power electronics andpower systems. Grinberg and Safiuddin developed a multi-institutional smart grid laboratory toenhance modern power systems education and to satisfy the needs of new technology as a resultof the skills shortages and the aging power engineering professional workforce [12]. Kerestes etal. reported an enhanced workforce development study through a

Conference Session

Multidisciplinary Course Innovation

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Michael Ciaraldi, Worcester Polytechnic Institute; Eben Cobb, Worcester Polytechnic Institute; Fred Looft, Worcester Polytechnic Institute; Robert Norton, Worcester Polytechnic Institute; Taskin Padir, Worcester Polytechnic Institute

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering

AC 2009-1161: DESIGNING AN UNDERGRADUATE ROBOTICS ENGINEERINGCURRICULUM: UNIFIED ROBOTICS I AND IIMichael Ciaraldi, Worcester Polytechnic InstituteEben Cobb, Worcester Polytechnic InstituteFred Looft, Worcester Polytechnic InstituteRobert Norton, Worcester Polytechnic InstituteTaskin Padir, Worcester Polytechnic Institute Dr. Taskin Padir is a visiting assistant professor in the robotics engineering program at Worcester Polytechnic Institute. Prior to WPI, he was an assistant professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering at Lake Superior State University where he taught undergraduate courses in robotics, machine vision and systems integration, circuit analysis, electronics, and introduction to

Conference Session

Educating Students for Professional Success

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Devdas M. Pai, North Carolina A&T State University; Robin Guill Liles, North Carolina A&T State University; Courtney Lambeth, North Carolina A&T State University; Prashant N. Kumta, University of Pittsburgh; Harvey S. Borovetz, University of Pittsburgh; Sarah K. Pixley, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine; Partha Roy, University of Pittsburgh; Jangannathan Sankar, North Carolina A&T State University

Tagged Divisions

Graduate Studies, New Engineering Educators, Student

Bootstrapping a New Graduate Curriculum through an Engineering Research CenterAbstract NSF Generation-3 Engineering Research Centers (ERCs) are charged both withadvancing the state-of-the-art in terms of engineering and scientific research as well as training awell-qualified workforce in the domain of expertise. Such an ERC was awarded in 2008 to NorthCarolina A&T State University (NCAT), with the University of Pittsburgh (Pitt) and theUniversity of Cincinnati (UC) as the core US research partner institutions. The focus of thisERC, the ERC for Revolutionizing Metallic Biomaterials (RMB) is the development of advancedmaterials and processes targeted at the biomedical implant and device industry. NCAT has strongresearch

Collection

2014 Fall ASEE Middle Atlantic Section Conference

Authors

F.T. Fisher; R.S. Besser; K. Sheppard; C.H. Choi; E.H. Yang

of Given the factors above it is clearly necessary to develop ananotechnology and its applications to a broad undergraduate means to engage students with the vibrant and diverse themesengineering student population. Two new courses introduce emerging from contemporary nanotechnology developmentscontemporary themes of nanotechnology within the early in the higher education experience. The primary goal ofundergraduate engineering curriculum. An additional optional, our program is to create a nexus between nanotechnology andbut strongly promoted, research component engages students in undergraduate engineering education in order to expandvibrant faculty-based nanotechnology

Conference Session

Industrial Collaboration and Applications

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Nasser Alaraje, Michigan Technological University; Aleksandr Sergeyev, Michigan Technological University; Joanne E. DeGroat, Ohio State University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

more standarddevelopment process is widely used in industry. The process uses Hardware DescriptionLanguages as a design entry to describe the digital systems. The two most widely used HardwareDescription Languages in industry are VHDL (Very High Speed Integrated Circuit HardwareDescription Language) and Verilog (Verifying Logic). Although most traditional electrical andcomputer engineering programs have updated their curriculum to include topics in hardwaredescription language and programmable logic design (FPGA/CPLD), two-year and four-yearelectrical engineering technology programs have fallen behind and moved slowly in updatingtheir curriculum. This paper describes the industry-led faculty training and digital logic designcurriculum

Conference Session

ASEE Multimedia Session

Collection

2002 Annual Conference

Authors

Teofilo Caceras; James Ochoa

Session 2432 An Advanced Microcontroller Systems Course for Upper-Level Undergraduate Curriculum Teofilo A. Caceres, Zachary Combs and James A. Ochoa Texas A&M UniversityAbstractThe Electronics Engineering Technology program at Texas A&M University preparesundergraduate students to “hit the ground running” in industry engineering positions. Theprogram has a strong system-integration curriculum emphasizing the theory and application ofboth analog and digital electronics. Recognizing the popularity and importance of embeddedprocessors, the EET program

Conference Session

Works in Progress: Chemical Engineering Education

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sarah Wilson, University of Kentucky; Tracy Carter, Northeastern University; Amy Karlsson; Janie Brennan, Washington University in St. Louis; Joanne Beckwith, University of Michigan; Samira Azarin; Chris Barr, University of Michigan

engineering from Purdue University. Research focus areas include laboratory courses, process safety, and chemical engineering pedagogy.Joanne Beckwith Joanne Beckwith is an assistant teaching professor in the Department of Chemical Engineering at Carnegie Mellon University. She earned her B.S. in chemical engineering from the University of Toledo in 2013, her M.S.E. from the University of Michigan in 2017, and her Ph.D. in chemical engineering from Michigan in 2021. © American Society for Engineering Education, 2022 Powered by www.slayte.com Work-in-progress: Identifying unit operations laboratory curriculum needsAbstractA

Conference Session

Graduate Education in ETD

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mitchell L. Springer P.M.P., S.P.H.R., Purdue University, West Lafayette; Gary R. Bertoline, Purdue University, West Lafayette

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology, Graduate Studies

considered individuals with an innovator’s DNA, then it stands to reasonthat systems integrators are prone to be classified as having the characteristically defined DNAof successful innovators; yielding the connection between innovators, innovation and systemsintegrators.The basic element of successful systems integration is the vision of interrelatedness of the manyattendant knowledge domains; vision, that acts as the common thread through the innovationprocess. The evolution of this concept resides between the philosophical underpinnings ofinnovation leadership, and, the tactical realities of curriculum design, development andimplementation.Technology as a discipline -As in the previous section, the intent is not to define the innovation process

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2005 Annual Conference

Authors

Thomas Hauser; Robert Spall

Session Number 1526 Enhancement of Computational Engineering within an Undergraduate Mechanical Engineering Curriculum Robert Spall, Thomas Hauser Utah State UniversityAbstractThe NSF supported Course, Curriculum and Laboratory Initiative (CCLI) project describedherein addresses concerns regarding undergraduate education at research universities as high- 1lighted in the 1998 Boyer Commission Report by incorporating advances in information tech-nology into the curriculum. This has been accomplished by developing an

Conference Session

New Information ET Programs

Collection

2002 Annual Conference

Authors

Gordon Goodman; Edith A. Lawson; C. Richard Helps; Barry Lunt

Session 2650 Designing an IT Curriculum: The Results of the First CITC Conference Barry M. Lunt, Edith A. Lawson, Gordon Goodman, C. Richard G. Helps Brigham Young University/Rochester Institute of TechnologyAbstractThe CITC (Conference on Information Technology Curriculum) in December 2001 includedrepresentatives from 15 Information Technology (IT) programs at four-year schools in theUnited States. Also in attendance were representatives from the Association for ComputingMachinery (ACM), the Institute for Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE), and theAccreditation

Conference Session

Inquiry, Inclusivity, and Integration

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Ilgin Guler, Pennsylvania State University; Stephanie Cutler, Pennsylvania State University, University Park; Sarah E Zappe, Pennsylvania State University

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

operations was developed. In orderto assess the impact of the inquiry-based learning module, a short post-survey was used. Thefeedback indicated that the students were satisfied with the way the class was taught and that themethod of instruction kept them engaged and focused. This method will be developed furtherover the next few offerings of the course, and tests on how well this method can be used for othertopics in transportation engineering courses will be conducted.IntroductionHighway and traffic engineers study topics related to roads, including their design and operation.Most Civil Engineering undergraduate curriculum includes an introduction to transportationengineering course that covers the fundamentals of design and operation of

Conference Session

Engineering Design Graphics Division (EDGD) Technical Session 2

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jordan Osborne, Illinois State University; Jeritt Williams, Illinois State University; Yi-hsiang Isaac Chang, Illinois State University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Design Graphics Division (EDGD)

Designing an Immersive Robotics Curriculum with Virtual RealityVirtual Reality (VR) has emerged as a transformative educational tool, especially after the shiftto distance-learning, offering immersive and interactive learning experiences in many fields. Inthe field of robotics education, VR presents a promising avenue for enhancing pedagogy,providing students with a unique opportunity to program, simulate, and interact with roboticsystems in virtual environments [1]. As the demand for robotics skills continues to grow inindustries ranging from manufacturing to healthcare, the integration of VR into roboticseducation becomes increasingly pertinent.This work-in-progress aims to address this need by presenting the development of a curriculummodule

Collection

2007 North Midwest Section Meeting

Authors

Matthew Roberts; Philip Parker; Christina Curras; Michael Penn; Max Anderson

learning activityto increase awareness of the infrastructure. The local infrastructure report card will also serveas an ABET assessment tool. Details on how an infrastructure theme will be infused through-out the curriculum are presented.IntroductionThe importance of the infrastructure to the economic development of the country is well un-derstood by engineers and many political leaders in the U.S. As highlighted by the 2005American Society for Civil Engineers (ASCE) Infrastructure Report Card1, the United States’infrastructure is in very poor condition, and was given an overall grade of D. Because ofthese infrastructure needs, civil engineers of the future will need to be skilled at maintainingand upgrading in-place infrastructure in addition to

Conference Session

Implementing the Civil Engineering Body of Knowledge into Courses and Curricula

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Matthew Roberts, University of Wisconsin-Platteville; Christina Curras, University of Wisconsin-Platteville; Philip Parker, University of Wisconsin-Platteville; Michael Penn, University of Wisconsin-Platteville; Max Anderson, University of Wisconsin-Platteville

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

AC 2007-1085: AN INNOVATIVE INFRASTRUCTURE CURRICULUM FOR 21STCENTURY CIVIL ENGINEERINGMatthew Roberts, University of Wisconsin-Platteville MATTHEW ROBERTS is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering. Dr. Roberts earned his B.S. in Civil Engineering from Brigham Young University in 1993 then spent four years in the U.S. Air Force as a civil engineering officer. He received his Ph.D. from Texas A&M University in 2002 and has been teaching structural engineering topics at the University of Wisconsin–Platteville since then.Philip Parker, University of Wisconsin-Platteville PHILIP PARKER, Ph.D., P.E. is an Associate Professor of Civil and Environmental

Conference Session

PCEE Resource Exchange

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Morgan M. Hynes, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Chanel Beebe, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Avneet Hira, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Kayla R. Maxey, Purdue University, West Lafayette

Tagged Divisions

Pre-College Engineering Education

Paper ID #22919Make-an-Engineer Introduction to Engineering Activity (P12 Resource/CurriculumExchange)Dr. Morgan M. Hynes, Purdue University, West Lafayette Dr. Morgan Hynes is an Assistant Professor in the School of Engineering Education at Purdue Univer- sity and Director of the FACE Lab research group at Purdue. In his research, Hynes explores the use of engineering to integrate academic subjects in K-12 classrooms. Specific research interests include design metacognition among learners of all ages; the knowledge base for teaching K-12 STEM through engi- neering; the relationships among the attitudes, beliefs

Conference Session

Civil Engineering Division Technical Session 7

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Dan Budny P.E., University of Pittsburgh; Sina Arjmand, University of Pittsburgh; David V.P. Sanchez, University of Pittsburgh

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

Ecuadorian villages and twovillages in Panama that did not have a reliable water source. The paper will discuss the creationof a new course that allows the university to offer an international design experience within thetraditional Capstone course, and it will further compare the outcomes of the international servicelearning frameworks to the standard senior design projects.IntroductionMany Engineering programs are becoming interested in including an international servicelearning project into the school’s curriculum [1-6, 8, 9, 12-20]. There are many components in atypical international service learning experience that can benefit both the students and the school.[7, 10] One of the first and well documented benefits comes from the value project

Conference Session

ERM Technical Session 6: Technology-enhanced Instruction and Assessment

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jim Morgan P.E., Charles Sturt University; Euan Lindsay, Charles Sturt University; Colm Howlin, Realizeit; Maartje E. D. Van den Bogaard, Delft University of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

integrates computers, electronics and physical hardware. Prof Lindsay’s background is in Remote laboratories, investigating whether remote and simulated access alternatives to the traditional in-person laboratory experience can provide the high quality learning outcomes for students. Prof Lindsay’s work in Remote and Virtual laboratory classes has shown that there are significant differ- ences not only in students’ learning outcomes but also in their perceptions of these outcomes, when they are exposed to the different access modes. These differences have powerful implications for the design of remote and virtual laboratory classes in the future, and also provide an opportunity to match alternative access modes to the

Conference Session

ENT Division Technical Session: EM Across the Curriculum II

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Walter W. Schilling Jr., Milwaukee School of Engineering

Tagged Divisions

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation

Paper ID #31751WIP: Integrating the Entrepreneurial Mindset into a SoftwareRequirements CourseDr. Walter W Schilling Jr., Milwaukee School of Engineering Walter Schilling is a Professor in the Software Engineering program at the Milwaukee School of Engi- neering in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. He received his B.S.E.E. from Ohio Northern University and M.S. and Ph.D. from the University of Toledo. He worked for Ford Motor Company and Visteon as an Embedded Software Engineer for several years prior to returning for doctoral work. He has spent time at NASA Glenn Research Center in Cleveland, Ohio, and consulted for multiple embedded

Conference Session

Radiation and Radiological Engineering Education

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

David Jonassen, University of Missouri; Matthew Schmidt, University of Missouri; Matthew Easter, University of Missouri; Rose Marra, University of Missouri; William Miller, University of Missouri

Tagged Divisions

Nuclear and Radiological

AC 2007-89: DESIGNING AN ACTIVITY-BASED CURRICULUM FORRADIATION PROTECTION PERSONNELDavid Jonassen, University of Missouri Dr. David Jonassen is Distinguished Professor of Education at the University of Missouri where he teaches in the areas of Learning Technologies and Educational Psychology. Since earning his doctorate in educational media and experimental educational psychology from Temple University, Dr. Jonassen has taught at the Pennsylvania State University, University of Colorado, the University of Twente in the Netherlands, the University of North Carolina at Greensboro, and Syracuse University. He has published 29 books and numerous articles, papers, and reports on text

Collection

2000 Annual Conference

Authors

Saleh M. Sbenaty; Claudia House

Session 2793 SEATEC-An Innovative Approach to Engineering and Technology Curriculum Development Saleh M. Sbenaty, Claudia House Middle Tennessee State University/Nashville State Technical InstituteAbstractThe South East Advanced Technological Education Consortium, SEATEC, provides a creativeapproach to curriculum development and delivery that improve engineering and technologyeducation and revive student interests in pursuing these programs. This is one of the mainobjectives of this three-year NSF-funded grant (about $1.8 million). The consortium is acollaborative effort of five different

Conference Session

ENT Division Technical Session: EM Across the Curriculum I

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Kevin D. Dahm, Rowan University; Scott Duplicate Streiner, Rowan University; Cheryl A. Bodnar, Rowan University; Kaitlin Mallouk, Rowan University; Bruce Oestreich, Rowan University; Ted Howell, Rowan University; Jennifer Tole, Rowan University

Tagged Divisions

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation

Engineering Education at Rowan University. Prior to beginning that role, she spent five years as an Instructor in the Mechanical Engineering and Experiential Engineering Education Departments at Rowan. Kaitlin has a BS in Chemical Engineering from Cornell University and an MS and PhD in Environmental Engineering in Civil Engineering from the University of Illinois.Mr. Bruce Oestreich, Rowan UniversityDr. Ted Howell, Rowan UniversityDr. Jennifer Tole, Rowan University c American Society for Engineering Education, 2020 Integrating Entrepreneurial Mindset in a Multidisciplinary Course on Engineering Design and Technical CommunicationThe engineering curriculum at Rowan University includes a

Conference Session

ASEE Multimedia Session

Collection

2003 Annual Conference

Authors

William Davis; Wayne Sarasua

Session 2037 Including Geomatics as an Essential Element of the Civil Engineering Curriculum Wayne Sarasua1, William J. Davis2 1 Department of Civil Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 2 Dept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering, The Citadel, Charleston, SCAbstractMany civil engineering programs at major Universities are struggling with how to accommodatesurveying in an already crowded undergraduate curriculum. Some schools continue to require anintroductory surveying class. Others have decided to abandon a surveying

Conference Session

Innovations in Aero Curriculum and Program Level Administration

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sidaard Gunasekaran, University of Dayton

Tagged Divisions

Aerospace

University of Dayton such as student-centered learning, active learning, co-teaching,problem/project based learning, entrepreneurial mindset learning, flipped classroom, etc.,are largely focused on undergraduate classes but not in graduate classes comparatively. Thispaper documents a teaching model where the homework, projects, activities, lectures andindependent studies are all integrated on a single platform (portfolio) in an endeavor tomotivate graduate students to practice sustainable learning (long-term learning) andpromote critical thinking skills. The author implemented this model for the first time in agraduate compressible flow aerodynamics class with the “portfolio” as a platform ofintegration. The paper also discusses the application of