Conference Session

Curriculum & Student Enrollment I

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Nikunja Swain P.E., South Carolina State University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

must understand the risks involved and how to best reduce the potential impact of these risks;and project managers must understand the cost/benefit tradeoffs involved with implementing securesystems. The field of security is large and rapidly changing, and one could easily offer multiple courseson computer security. However, we propose to integrate basic concepts into the undergraduatecurriculum. These are the topics we feel should be addressed:1. Security Literacy: a basic understanding of security terms2. Security risks: a basic understanding of what is at risk (confidentiality, integrity, availability) andthreat sources (such as connectivity, physical threats, etc.)3. Spoofing: email and IP address spoofing4. Reconnaissance software: packet

Conference Session

Systems Engineering Division Technical Session 2

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Richard Sugarman, United States Air Force; Kellie Schneider, University of Dayton; Edward F Mykytka, University of Dayton

Tagged Divisions

Systems Engineering

with a traditional lecturemodel. One major aspect of the new course is a scenario based experience in that the student isimmersed into a realistic project and interacts with characters. The storyline presented is one inwhich the student plays the role of a new engineer working for a company that is bidding on anddeveloping a light rail system to connect three cities. As students progress through a series ofPowerPoint presentations, they are introduced to various systems engineering topic areas viadifferent subject matter experts. These experts “talk” to the student and explain their area ofexpertise and how it relates to systems engineering on the light rail system. Students mustoccasionally answer questions during these exchanges within the

Conference Session

K-12 Outreach and Out-of-School Time Engineering Programming and Research

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Erin Jablonski, Bucknell University; Margot A. Vigeant, Bucknell University

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

program that introduces pre-college students to acampus environment while providing them with a glimpse of the life of an undergraduate studentpursuing a technical major.Engineering Camp was first offered at Bucknell University in July 2008 with support from theNSF (as a “broader impact” part of a larger project)6. In this pilot year the program welcomed 268th–10th grade students aged 13-16 (10 girls, 16 boys); all but one were from local area schools,and many were from disadvantaged rural schools (schools in areas with a high percentage oflow-income families and/or having limited course offerings in upper-level mathematics andscience in the high school). Since its inception, camp has grown to incorporate three tracks(rising 8-10th grade “rookies

Conference Session

NSF Grantees’ Poster Session

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Hong Huang, Wright State University; Steven R. Higgins, Department of Chemistry, Wright State University; Aaron Joseph Blake, Wright State University, Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering; Jason Allen Deibel, Wright State University; Ioana Sizemore, Wright State University, Department of Chemistry

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Tagged Divisions

Division Experimentation & Lab-Oriented Studies

Laboratory Course1. IntroductionNanomaterials, nanotechnology and nanoscience play a key role in the advancement of moderntechnologies in sensors, medicine, renewable energies, and more. Globally, governments andindustries have made significant investments in this field both intellectually and economically. Inthe United States, federal funding agencies have invested tens of billions of dollars on R&D andcommercialization of nano-products as well as understanding of the social environmentalimpacts.1 The National Science Foundation (NSF) projected that the nanotechnology sector willemploy 6 million workers by 2020 and over 80% of the jobs will require trained workforces innanoscience and nanotechnology.2 To meet the projected future demand, it

Conference Session

Curricular Issues in Computing and Information Technology Programs I

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

David M. Whittinghill, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Jacob Samuel Brown, Purdue University

Tagged Divisions

Computing & Information Technology

Paper ID #10954Gamification of Physical Therapy for the Treatment of Pediatric CerebralPalsy: A Pilot Study Examining Player PreferencesDr. David M Whittinghill, Purdue University, West Lafayette Dr. David Whittinghill is an Assistant Professor of Computer Graphics Technology and Computer and Information Technology. Dr. Whittinghill’ s research focuses on simulation, gaming and computer pro- gramming and how these technologies can more effectively address outstanding issues in health, educa- tion, and society in general. Dr. Whittinghill leads projects in pediatric physical therapy, sustainable energy simulation, phobia

Conference Session

Improvements in ECE Signals and Systems

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Berenice Verdin, University of Texas at El Paso; Ricardo Von Borries, University of Texas, El Paso; Patricia A. Nava P.E., University of Texas, El Paso; Andrew C. Butler, Duke University

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

Science Board and the Director of the National Science Foundation. As a Ph.D student she worked on a project sponsored by Army Research Laboratories. In addition, she worked as a graduate intern for Locked Martin Corporations. She presented her research results on SPIE Symposium Photonics + Applications. She earned her PhD in Electrical and Computer Engineering in August 2009. After completing her Ph.D, Dr. Verdin taught several electrical engineering courses at the University of Texas at El Paso.Dr. Ricardo von Borries, University of Texas, El PasoDr. Patricia A. Nava P.E., University of Texas, El PasoDr. Andrew C Butler, Duke University

Conference Session

Liberal Education/Engineering & Society Division Poster Session

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kamarza Mulia, Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Indonesia; Elsa Krisanti, Chemical Engineering Department, Universitas Indonesia

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education/Engineering & Society

multidisciplinaryteam as one of its undergraduate curriculum learning outcomes, listed in Appendix B.Communication skills are considered an important component within engineering curricula,either as stand-alone classes or integrated into a program curriculum along with otherimportant process skills. In the integrated approach, all of these skills are coveredprogressively in a series of courses. Examples of the integrated approach are those at theVirginia Tech's Materials Science and Engineering Department3 and the University ofQueensland’s Project Centred Curriculum in Chemical Engineering for the third and fourthyear students4.The communication skills course in our program is a stand-alone class, nevertheless, it hasbeen developed as part of our effort to

Conference Session

K-12 and Pre-College Engineering Division Curriculum Exchange

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Anne Marie Bergen, Cal Poly State University; Katherine C. Chen, California Polytechnic State University

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

Poly, multiple subject credential from Chapman, and M.A. in Educational Leadership from St. Mary’s. Honors include: 2010 Presidential Award for Excellence in Mathematics and Science Teaching, Cal Poly Commencement Speaker 2009, Cal Poly Honored Alumni 2008, Amgen Award for Science Teaching Excellence 2006, California Teacher of the Year in 2003, Stanislaus County Teacher of the Year 2002. She has created many grant funded programs including From the River to the Tap, the Salmon Project, and Passport to Science. Anne Marie has been a presenter at conferences including the Association of Environmental and Outdoor Educators, the California Science Teachers Association, and the National Science Teachers Association. Her

Conference Session

Trends in Engineering Education 2

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ibrahim Mohedas, University of Michigan; Shanna R. Daly, University of Michigan; Kathleen H. Sienko, University of Michigan

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

amounts of information and data. In some cases, design projects are an engineeringstudent’s first significant introduction to this type of advanced information processing. Designcommunication documents are similar to explanatory writing in that one must analyze multipleinformation sources and subsequently make decisions based upon this analysis. Furthermore,designers must deal with conflicting information, questionable data sources, and advancedtechnical topics.The front-end phases of design (problem definition, development of user requirements, andtranslation to engineering specifications) require a particularly large amount of informationprocessing because one is just beginning to understand the design problem and must gain a deepunderstanding

Conference Session

K-12 and Pre-College Engineering Division Curriculum Exchange

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Justin Michael Hutchison, University of Illinois

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

internalizing theinformation and developing lesson plans, under guidance from the teacher and graduate students, onclean energy for an Integrated Physical Science (IPS) class comprised of Special Education students andEnglish Language Learners. Following the presentations by APES students, the IPS students weredivided into smaller working groups with an APES student acting as the group manager. The smallgroups were tasked with designing, building and testing inventions that improved upon or specificallyused solar, wind, water or biologically-derived energy. As a culmination to the project, the high schoolstudents presented their inventions to a mock-investor panel which included faculty members and localentrepreneurs. This activity-based

Conference Session

Diversity in K-12 and Pre-college Engineering Education

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Lyndsey Alyssa Wright, Colorado School of Mines; Barbara M. Moskal, Colorado School of Mines

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

Paper ID #8956Including Children With Disabilities in STEM: An Outreach Program forDyslexic Students (Research to Practice)Ms. Lyndsey Alyssa Wright, Colorado School of Mines Lyndsey Wright is working towards an M.S. in Applied Mathematics at the Colorado School of Mines. Her research is on Numerical Methods for Poisson’s Equation; she has also worked on various K-12 outreach and course assessment projects under Dr. Barb Moskal.Dr. Barbara M. Moskal, Colorado School of Mines Page 24.726.1 c American

Conference Session

Innovative Techniques in Structural Engineering Courses

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jeffrey A. Laman, Pennsylvania State University, University Park; Mary Lynn Brannon, Pennsylvania State University, University Park

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

Education, College of Engineering, at the Pennsylvania State University, USA. She has a Master of Arts Degree in Education and Human Development specializing in Educational Technology Leadership. Her work focuses on projects assess student perceptions of learning related to their experi- ences with engineering course innovations. She has worked extensively in the design of assessment tools for course methods and activities. She is a faculty development consultant with previous experience in in- structional design, and the instructor of the Graduate Teaching Assistant Seminar for engineering teaching assistants at Penn State

Conference Session

K-12 Outreach and Out-of-School Time Engineering Programming and Research

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Karen J. Krapcho, University of Utah; Cynthia Furse, University of Utah

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

Paper ID #9005Lessons Learned Developing an Engaging Engineering Summer CampMs. Karen J Krapcho, University of Utah Karen Krapcho,M.S. is the Outreach and grant coordinator for NSF-0652982.Dr. Cynthia Furse, University of Utah Page 24.861.1 c American Society for Engineering Education, 2014 Lessons Learned Developing an Engaging Engineering Summer CampIntroduction In order to meet the growing workforce needs in science and technology it is projected thatthe U.S. must increase the

Conference Session

Track 2 - Session 1

Collection

2014 ASEE International Forum

Authors

Kerrie L. Schattler, Bradley University; Amir W Al-Khafaji, Bradley University

Tagged Topics

Faculty Development

projects spon- sored by the Illinois Department of Transportation’s Center for Transportation, Peoria County Highway Department, FHWA, ITE, OSHA, Michigan DOT, AAA, and others. Dr. Al-Khafaji is the Executive Director of the Center for Emerging Technologies in Infrastructure and a Professor of Civil Engineering at Bradley University. He earned his BS in Civil Engineering and MS degree in Construction Management from Wayne State University in Detroit, Michigan. He received a second MSCE in soil dynamics and a Ph.D. in Geotechnical Engineering from Michigan State University in East Lansing, Michigan. Dr. Al-Khafaji is the co-author of 11 engineering textbooks including Nu- merical Methods, geotechnical, Statics and

Conference Session

Track 2 - Session 2

Collection

2014 ASEE International Forum

Authors

Robert W Fuessle, Bradley University; Amir W Al-Khafaji, Bradley University

Tagged Topics

Curriculum and Lab Development

engineering andconstruction firms reach out around the globe, it is essential to prepare civilengineers/constructors to meet the challenge.Outcome j of ABET requires that students have a “knowledge of contemporary professionalpractice issues in management, business, public policy, and leadership in a multicultural andsocial context”5. Internationalization is also deeply embedded in this outcome. Civilengineering consulting and construction are businesses that manage the project from its veryconception through the building phase. Civil infrastructure is often dependent on governmentpolicy and funding in any country around the globe. Hence, civil engineers and constructorsneed to be visible leaders in public policy6.Outcome c mentions a student’s study

Conference Session

NSF Grantees’ Poster Session

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

James Logan Oplinger, Arizona State University; Andrew Michael Heiman; Matthew Dickens, Arizona State University; Chrissy Hobson Foster, Arizona State University; Shawn S. Jordan, Arizona State University, Polytechnic campus; Micah Lande, Arizona State University, Polytechnic campus

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Tagged Divisions

Division Experimentation & Lab-Oriented Studies

, Arizona State UniversityDr. Shawn S Jordan, Arizona State University, Polytechnic campus Shawn Jordan, Ph.D.is an Assistant Professor in theDepartment of Engineering atArizona State Univer- sity. He is the PI on three NSF-funded projects: CAREER: Engineering Design Across Navajo Culture, Community, and Society (EEC 1351728), Might Young Makers be the Engineers of the Future?(EEC 1329321), and Broadening the Reach of Engineering through Community Engagement (BRECE)(DUE 1259356). He is also Co-PI on one NSF-funded project: Should Makers be the Engineers of the Fu- ture?(EEC 1232772), and is senior personnel on an NSF-funded grant entitled Workshop: I-Corps for Learning (i-Corps-L). He received his Ph.D. in Engineering

Conference Session

Gainful Employment: Preparing Technicians to Satisfy the Needs of Industry

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Farzin Heidari, Texas A&M University, Kingsville

Tagged Divisions

Two Year College Division

train graduates that perform better in high-tech manufacturing positions: Advancedmanufacturing technologies are the key to competitive production in manufacturing. Theyprovide efficiency, productivity, and better product quality to the production process. Thecurriculum to be developed by technical college instructors will be in the form of lesson plans,student projects, online resources, or instructional materials.Strategy 1.2 Train skilled technicians to increase the productivity, efficiency, and quality ofmanufacturing: Advanced manufacturing incorporates many high-tech computer controlledproduction tools that are developed for and used in the manufacturing field, including high techproducts and processes to produce parts, and flexible

Conference Session

From Industry to the Academy - Female Faculty Boundary Spanners Offering and Gaining Perspective

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mary K. Pilotte, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Diana Bairaktarova, The University of Oklahoma; Rachel Louis Kajfez, Ohio State University

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering

industrial work experience, and supportive of her academic roles, Mary actively leads academic outreach to industrial firms to develop in-classroom, project-based, active learning through identification of ”real life”, in-context problem scenarios. Pilotte’s research interests involve understanding engineering culture, identity, and communication in the context of professional engineering practice. Expanded interests include understanding student benefits associated with in-context active learning, innovative distance learning, and global learning experiences. She holds Bachelor of Science degree in Organizational Leadership and Supervision from Purdue Univer- sity, an MBA from the Goizueta School of Business, Emory

Conference Session

Mentoring Minorities: Effective Programs, Practices, and Perspectives

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

DaVina J. Hoyt, Washington State University; Charles Pezeshki, Washington State University; J. Manuel Acevedo, Washington State University; Jairo Luis Rodriguez Acevedo; Corinna Cisneros, Washington State University

Tagged Divisions

Minorities in Engineering

Clinic, where students work on real-world industry problems with specified deliverables for their capstone projects. He is also interested in global engineering and the evolution of engineering education.J. MANUEL ACEVEDO, Washington State University J. MANUEL ACEVEDO, Director Office of Multicultural Student Services Washington State University Compton Union Room 409 PO Box 647204 Pullman, WA 99164-7204 (509)335-1071 ˜ acevedo@wsu.edu EDUCATION Washington State University, M.Ed., 1995, Counseling Psychology Universidad Santo Tomas, 1990, BA, Education PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE Director, Office of Multicultural Student Services, Washington State University, 2004-Present Associate Director, Office of

Conference Session

WIED: Strategies Beyond the Classroom

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Raquel Perez-Castillejos, New Jersey Institute of Technology; Priya Radhi Santhanam, New Jersey Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering

/index.php/trends-stats/3293-literature-review[5] R. Sevo, The Talent Crisis in Science and Engineering. In B. Bogue & E. Cady (Eds.). Apply Research to Practice, Assessing Women (and Men) in Engineering (AWE) project: Literature Overviews, USA (2004). Available online: http://www.engr.psu.edu/awe/secured/director/assessment/Literature_Overview/PDF_ overviews/ARP_Talent_Crisis_in_SandE_Overview.pdf[6] Handbook for achieving gender equity through education, S.S. Klein, B. Richardson, D.A. Grayson, L.H. Fox, C. Kramarae, D.S. Pollard, C.A. Dwyer (eds.), 2nd Edition, Lawrence Erlbaum Assoc., Mahwah NJ (2007).[7] American Association of University Women Educational Foundation (AAUW), Under the microscope: a

Conference Session

NSF Grantees’ Poster Session

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mohammad Rabiul Islam, Oregon State University; David S. Hurwitz, Oregon State University; Shane A. Brown P.E., Oregon State University

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Tagged Divisions

Division Experimentation & Lab-Oriented Studies

aims listed in theprevious section. The major project activities include the following:Interviews and MisconceptionsThe overall methodologies utilized for identifying the misconceptions are shown in Figure 1,which includes the process of developing concepts for the study using a Modified DelphiMethod, interview protocol development, interview methodology, and data analysis procedures.a. Selecting Core Concepts: The fundamental concepts of traffic signal operations were identified through an iterative modified Delphi process involving 14 senior transportation engineering professionals and 16 engineering faculty from across the country who have been involved both in teaching and doing research in the area of traffic signal operations

Conference Session

Innovations in Computer Engineering Courses

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Joseph P Hoffbeck, University of Portland

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

12-hour clock is a standard commercial product. It performs a useful function, yet it issimple enough that it can be used as either an example in lecture, or can be designed by thestudents as a series of homework problems or in project. In the author's course, part of the clockis presented as an example in lecture, and the students design the rest of the clock in a groupproject and homework problems.Digital clocks are usually set up to start at 12:00, and they count 12:01, 12:02, 12:03, 12:04,12:05, 12:06, 12:07, 12:08, 12:09, 12:10, and eventually the clock gets to 12:58, 12:59, 1:00, andso on. The one's place of the minutes (the right-most digit) counts 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, andthen repeats, and a circuit that counts in this way is

Collection

2014 ASEE Zone 1 Conference

Authors

Arar Alkhader; Junling Hu; Akinwumi Akinkunmi; Prabir Patra; Xingguo Xiong

reduces pain as well.vision of the heat flow within each layers. The history oftemperature and heat transfer rate at the burned skin surface So, the benefits of icing can be gained by applying it inare monitored for an effective cooling and healing process. A different ways, the suggested way in this project is to be as anmodeling analysis was performed to examine the changes of additional layer with a combination of other different layers intemperature over a predetermined time and to help in identifying a biobandage design, but these simple techniques have anthe optimal period for ice cooling process, the analysis shows that intrinsic flow representing in that the temperature of the icethe ice layer

Collection

2014 ASEE Zone 1 Conference

Authors

Nicholas S. Rosasco; Dane Brown

http://www.npr.org/2012/02/09/146636605/wael-ghonim-creating-a-classroom and the USNA STEM program for funding and revolution-2-0-in-egyptmanaging the camps. The support of the STEM office faculty [6] TOR Project Team, “The Onion Router.” [Online]. Available:and staff, particularly Professor Angela Moran and Raphaela https://www.torproject.org/.Cassandra, was integral to successful delivery of the module. [7] TAILS Project Team, “The Amnesiac Incognito Live System.” [Online]. Available: https://tails.boum.org/.The Engineering and Weapons Division’s Computer

Collection

2014 ASEE Zone 1 Conference

Authors

Ali Radhi Al Essa; Christian Bach

[20]. must assess each model. In the modeling phase, a frequent exchange with the domain experts from the data preparation 2) Problem Definition phase is required. [7] p. 3” After completing the data exploration and preparation phases, “A data-mining project starts with the understanding of the data mining experts can start the modeling phase by selectingbusiness problem. Data mining experts, business experts, and modeling techniques and defining the columns of data neededdomain experts

Collection

2014 ASEE Zone 1 Conference

Authors

Adedamola Akinsanya; Christian Bach

: “It happened in the third engineers during a given project contributes highly to theweek of the semester; I participated in a computer lab success of that given project. As [63] illustrated, lack ofwhere my class was taught how to use a sound proper communication that fosters a better understanding of arecognizable system.” Now, we know the participants of the team member’s role and the importance of his task in anarrative, where the narrative occurred, when it occurred and project can lead to unfulfilled targets regarding the project orthe events that took place. outright failure. In a multinational environment such as the3) Complicating

Collection

2014 ASEE Zone 1 Conference

Authors

Ruoxu Jia; Junling Hu; Xingguo Xiong; Linfeng Zhang

multi-criteria decisionnumber and connectivity of members; (ii) shape, which making [8].pertains to the location of structural joints; and (iii) sizing, In this project, Ashby’s material selection strategy is usedwhich involves defining member cross-sections [6]. The to choose material and manufacturing processes for a wallspecification of each aspect of the structure typically mounted pull up bar structure. A computer aided materialcorresponds to the three major stages of the engineering design selection software package CES Edupack is used to select theprocess as defined by Pahl and Beitz [7]: conceptual, material and process for the bar structure. The structuralembodiment (design

Collection

2014 ASEE Zone 4 Conference

Authors

Mohammad Amin; Gordon Romney; Pradip Dey; Bhaskar Sinha; Debra Bowen

sensories and brain pathways.Literature reports that people can understand something better, and retain it longer in memory, when theylearn the content in different ways. In the traditional educational system, students learn only by hearing,seeing, reading, writing and doing. Figure 1 shows a histogram of memory retention rates when studentslearn in this traditional way7. With the advancement of technologies students can now learn in many newand innovative ways. The following, Table-1, lists important examples of additional modes of learning.Table 1. List of some additional popular modes of teaching and learning • Mode-1: Teaching in lecture mode: Individual students learn individually (without group work) • Mode-2: Project based teaching mode

Collection

2014 ASEE Zone 4 Conference

Authors

David Clague; Joshua Wilbur; Elizabeth Stasiowski; Alyson Telford

by preparing a set of PowerPoint slides thatincludes a problem statement, system description, computational parameters, mesh description,results answering posed questions, conclusions and future applications. This reporting approachwas patterned after how project team members in a National Laboratory setting might reporttheir progress and findings to the project team during a project team meeting.The COMSOL Multiphysics Laboratories: Selected ExamplesTo illustrate how COMSOL Multiphysics complements the lecture, selected results from a fewof the laboratories are presented below, namely:1. Two-dimensional, steady-state, pressure-driven flow between parallel plates as compared to theory2. Two-dimensional, pulsatile flow between parallel

Conference Session

Best of DEED

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Julia Kramer, University of Michigan, College of Engineering; Shanna R. Daly, University of Michigan; Seda Yilmaz, Iowa State University; Colleen M. Seifert, Univ. of Michigan

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

ongoing projects. Our analysis revealed that allteams carried their heuristic-inspired concepts to their latter stage designs, with seven teamscarrying their heuristic-inspired concepts to their final designs and prototypes. As all eight teamsstudied were working on different design problems, our findings demonstrate the utility andpracticality of Design Heuristics across various design contexts. In addition, we found patterns inthe design teams’ general approaches to the design process, including synthesis, transformation,and abstraction. Seven of the eight teams showed some evidence of concept synthesis in theirdesign processes, but often struggled in synthesizing multiple concepts together. Additionally, allteams seemed to directly transfer