Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Katerina Goseva-Popstojanova, West Virginia University; Erin Carll; Elizabeth Litzler, University of Washington; Robin Hensel, West Virginia University

Washington (UW) and an Affiliate Assistant Professor in UW Sociology. She was the 2020-2021 Chair of the ASEE Commission on Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion (CDEI). She is a former Board Member of Women in Engineering ProActive Network (WEPAN) and the recipient of the 2020 WEPAN Founders Award. She has led social science research projects such as the UW portion of NSF funded Revolutionizing Engineering Departments Participatory Action Research (REDPAR) and the Sloan funded Project to Assess Climate in Engineering (PACE). She also manages program evaluations that provide actionable strategies to improve diversity, equity, and inclusion in STEM fields. This includes evaluation of NSF ADVANCE, S-STEM, INCLUDES, and IUSE projects

Conference Session

Faculty Development Division Technical Session 7

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Tina Zecher, Northern Arizona University; Fethiye Ozis, Carnegie Mellon University

Paper ID #37486The Impact of Faculty’s Use of Pedagogical CommunicationPlatforms on Professor-Student RapportTina Zecher (Evaluation Associate) Tina Zecher is an evaluator and education researcher in the Center for Science Teaching and Learning at Northern Arizona University in Flagstaff, Arizona. She holds a B.S. in Economics/Finance from the University of Texas at Dallas and an M.Ed. in Educational Leadership from Northern Arizona University. She is currently pursuing her Ph.D. in Curriculum & Instruction. Ms. Zecher serves as an evaluator and educational researcher on federally and privately funded grants

Collection

2005 GSW

Authors

James E. Cross

TMS320C6000 DigitalSignal Processor (DSP) series is Texas Instrument’s most powerful DSP processor. The C6713 is thelatest in this series. A number of wide bandwidth analog expansion daughter boards are also beinginstalled as part of this laboratory upgrade. During the 1980’s, with the continuous increasingspeed of digital computers, it became apparent that digital signal processing would become aviable alternative to analog signal processing. In recognizing this trend, digital signal processinglecture and laboratory courses were introduced into the Electrical Engineering curriculum atSouthern University during the early 1990’s. Both Motorola and Texas Instruments digital signalprocessors have been used in the laboratory. The DSP boards have included

Conference Session

EMD Technical Session 1: Captstone, Ethics, and Statistical Methods

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Venkat Allada, Missouri University of Science and Technology; Clair Kueny, Missouri University of Science and Technology

the local community on the opioid crisis facing rural America.Interdisciplinary communication methods used by student teams to engage various communitystakeholders and the project sponsors are discussed. The challenges and lessons learnedassociated with connecting a large community project across three semesters in two differentdepartments with different learning objectives are discussed.IntroductionA senior design project course is designed to satisfy Accreditation Board for Engineering andTechnology (ABET) engineering design criteria. ABET Criterion 5 on Curriculum describes theintegration of content as follows: “ The Integration of Content: Baccalaureate degree curriculamust provide a capstone or integrating experience that develops

Conference Session

Utilizing Technology to Train Chemical Engineering Students

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Taryn Bayles, University of Pittsburgh

list of design materials which were provided for the teams to selectfrom for the construction of their design. The results of this project (fall 2020) will be comparedto (fall 2021 – under a less restrictive COVID protocol) and pre-COVID (2002, 2008 and 2011)semesters – when this project was used in a first-year introduction to engineering design course.Introduction At our institution, first-year engineering students (~700 students) have a common first year,which includes chemistry I & II, physics I & II, calculus I and II, ENGCMP I and II (which arefocused on writing for engineers – taught by the English department specifically for ourengineering students), an introduction to engineering analysis and a computing class. The

Conference Session

Mechanical Engineering: Fluids, Heat Transfer

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Charles Keesee; Katrina Christiansen; Cherish Bauer-Reich

pedagogy, antenna theory, and remote sensing. © American Society for Engineering Education, 2022 Powered by www.slayte.com Design of a Wind Tunnel: A Student Project to Design and Build Their Own Wind Tunnels as the Culmination of Fluid Mechanics LaboratoryAbstractFluid Mechanics Laboratory (or a similarly titled course) is an integral part of any mechanicalengineering curriculum. One of the instruments used to demonstrate several key principles offluid flow is the wind tunnel. Currently, our department does not have a wind tunnel that canadequately demonstrate several desired fluid flow concepts to the students. Therefore, as part

Collection

2022 ASEE Gulf Southwest Annual Conference

Authors

MERLYN XAVIER PULIKKATHARA, Physics Department, Prairie View A&M University; Kelvin K. Kirby, Prairie View A&M University; Richard T. Wilkins, Prairie View A&M University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Policy Initiative (NSSPI), Texas A&M University o Research interests include: Nuclear Counter-Terrorism, Nuclear Instrumentation Development, Exercise Development, Radiological Consequence Management, Environmental Health Physics • Defense sector: Roy Elmore, Deputy Division Leader, Department of Defense o Research interests include: Nuclear Nonproliferation, International Safeguards, Nuclear Forensics, Technology, and Policy Integration • NASA: Astronaut Stephen G. Bowen, o First nuclear submarine officer to be selected as an astronaut, veteran of STS- 126,132,133, and logged more than 40 days in seven spacewalksThe students were engaged with our guest

Collection

2005 GSW

Authors

Clay Naito

to Engineering,” Defense Dept., Army, United States Military Academy, pp.210, 20022. Library of Congress: American Memory Collection, “Historic American Buildings Survey/Historic American Engineering Record,” http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/collections/habs_haer/.3. Ressler, S. J., “West Point Bridge Designer,” Department of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, West Point Military Academy, 2005, http://bridgecontest.usma.edu/.4. Integrated Engineering Software, Inc., Visual Analysis 4.0, 2000, http://www.iesweb.com/.CLAY NAITODr. Naito is an assistant professor of structural engineering in the department of Civil and EnvironmentalEngineering at Lehigh University and an associated faculty of the ATLSS Research Center. He received a

Conference Session

Environmental Engineering Division Technical Session 2

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jean Andino, Arizona State University; Fethiye Ozis, Carnegie Mellon University; Adnan Abdullahi, Arizona State University; Emily Henderson, Northern Arizona University

civil and environmental engineering department at Carnegie Mellon University. Dr. Ozis holds a B.S. in environmental engineering from the Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey and M.S. and Ph.D. degrees from the University of Southern California. Dr. Ozis is a licensed Professional Engineer, Environmental, in Arizona. Before joining CMU, Dr. Ozis was a faculty member at Northern Arizona University, and at University of Southern California. Dr. Ozis enjoys every dimension of being an engineering educator. She teaches across the curriculum from freshman introductory level, to graduate level courses. Dr. Ozis conducts research related to engineering classrooms and innovative pedagogical strategies. Dr. Ozis

Conference Session

Educational Research and Methods (ERM) Division Poster Session

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Matthew Grondin, University of Wisconsin - Madison; Michael Swart, University of Wisconsin - Milwaukee; Fangli Xia, University of Wisconsin - Madison; Mitchell Nathan, University of Wisconsin - Madison

Wisconsin-Madison. She is interested in embodied cognition and design in mathematics education.Mitchell Nathan Mitchell J. Nathan (he | him), Ph.D., BSEE, is the Vilas Distinguished Achievement Professor of Learning Sciences, in the Educational Psychology Department in the School of Education at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, with affiliate appointments in the Department of Curriculum & Instruction, and the Department of Psychology. Dr. Nathan investigates the nature of meaning and its role in knowledge, learning, and teaching in K-16 engineering, mathematics, and integrated STEM (science, technology, mathematics, and engineering) contexts. His research emphasis is on the embodied, cognitive, and social nature of

Conference Session

PCEE Session 12: STEM, Technology, and Engineering Education

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ryan Brown, Illinois State University; Allison Antink-Meyer, Illinois State University

) Donna(2012) proposed a similar structure around tech ed teacher professional learning wherebyteachers reflect on engineering activities as both learners and educators to extend theirunderstandings about engineering and the nature of its connections to other STEM domains.The Nature of Engineering Knowledge The nature of engineering as an aspect of engineering curriculum in K-12 schooling isonly beginning to emerge as an area of scholarship and thus there are limited studies of eitherhow the nature of engineering knowledge (NOEK) should be framed or the factors that areimportant for supporting teacher and student learning around the NOEK. We distinguishconceptual understandings about the NOEK from the epistemic practices of engineering

Conference Session

Engineering and Public Policy Division Technical Session

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Siqing Wei, Purdue University at West Lafayette (COE); Matthew Ohland, Purdue University at West Lafayette (COE); Lina Zheng, Beihang University

University. She once served as a visiting scholar in the School of Engineering Education at Purdue University. Her recent research interests include international engineering education reforms with an emphasis on the "New Engineering" initiative in China, as well as the institutionalization of engineering education research (EER).Matthew W. Ohland (Dale and Suzi Gallagher Professor of EngineeringEducation) Matthew W. Ohland is Associate Head and the Dale and Suzi Gallagher of Professor of Engineering Education at Purdue University. He has degrees from Swarthmore College, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, and the University of Florida. He studies the longitudinal study of engineering students and forming and managing student teams

Collection

2022 ASEE - North Central Section Conference

Authors

Robert Michael P.E., Gannon University; David Gee, Gannon University; Paul Kummannoor Benny, Gannon University, Erie, Pennsylvania; Peter Caulfield

calculate stress, stiffness and fatigue life of theshaft. This is an excellent example of combined loading with multiple stress concentrations. Once the design is finalized, students use a suitable CAD package such as Pro-Engineer tocreate a 3-D model of the final gear, bearing, and shaft layout. A housing will be developed tosupport the gear, bearing, and shaft subsystems, which will also contain enough volume forlubrication, and will contain necessary features for assembly and maintenance. At this time, thestudent may not have had a course in finite element analysis, so the structural integrity of thegearbox housing is not analyzed. Examples of student work can be shown in Fig. 4

Conference Session

DEED Technical Session 2: Postcard Session

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Davor Copic, United States Coast Guard Academy; Nathan Barnes, United States Coast Guard Academy; Joshua Pennington, United States Coast Guard Academy; Alexandria Bass; Joseph Camean, United States Coast Guard Academy; Richard Freeman, United States Coast Guard Academy

prototypical design for each vessel type was discussed briefly and evaluated in agroup setting to provide additional insight into specific design and performance aspects.In 2015, the Prospective Commanding Officer and Prospective Executive Officer School (PCO/PXO),required for Coast Guard officers and enlisted members who are selected to fill high responsibility afloatpositions (ranging in military paygrade up to E-6 or O-6), integrated a modified version of the above-described boat build exercise into its course curriculum. The boat design and build exercise was deemedappropriate due to its inherent review of stability fundamentals. The exercise has since been embraced bythe faculty as well as the PCO/PXO students and remains a popular module within

Collection

2022 ASEE Gulf Southwest Annual Conference

Authors

Hua Li, Texas A&M University - Kingsville; Ricardo Miguel Garcia Pineda, Texas A&M University Kingsville; Kai Jin, Texas A&M University - Kingsville; Jaya S. Goswami, Texas A&M University-Kingsville

Tagged Topics

Diversity

to achieve an experience that enhances their qualityknowledge and skills during their capstone projects. As Wm. A. Wulf, president of the NationalAcademy of Engineering (NAE), has noted, for the United States to remain competitive in a globaltechnological society, the country as a whole must take serious steps to ensure that we have adiverse, well trained, and multicultural workforce [2]. To support undergraduate minority studentsenrolled in STEM fields, TAMUK promotes the Senior Design / Capstone Mini-Grant (SDMG) tosenior students developing capstone projects as an integral part of their course program to completeits academic degree. The SDMG activity has an objective to help participants improving the seniordesign/capstone project

Conference Session

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation Division Technical Session 6

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Tua Bjorklund; Raimo Vepsäläinen; Vikki Eriksson, Aalto-yliopisto/Elektroniikan, tietoliikenteen; Senni Kirjavainen

Paper ID #36852Student perceptions of the societal linkages of engineeringinnovationSenni Kirjavainen Senni Kirjavainen is a Master of Arts doing research on product development and creativity.Raimo Vepsäläinen Raimo Vepsäläinen is an M.Sc. student in Mechanical Engineering at Aalto University School of Engineering, Finland, and he is currently finishing his thesis "The influence of contextual enablers and challenges in business-to-business product development projects". He is majoring in Product Development with a minor in Mechatronics. Raimo’s areas of interests are product development and product

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Qin Zhu, Colorado School of Mines; Rockwell Clancy, Colorado School of Mines; Andrea Gammon, Delft University of Technology; Ryan Thorpe

Paper ID #38358Responsible Engineering Across Cultures: Investigating theEffects of Culture and Education on Ethical Reasoning andDispositions of Engineering StudentsScott Streiner (Visiting Assistant Professor, Industrial EngineeringDepartment) Scott Streiner is visiting Assistant Professor in the Industrial Engineering Department, First-Year Engineering Program and the Engineering Education Research Center (EERC) in the Swanson School of Engineering at the University of Pittsburgh. From 2017-2021, he served as an Assistant Professor in the Experiential Engineering Education Department at Rowan University where he

Conference Session

Multidisciplinary Engineering Division Technical Session - Best Paper

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Illysa Izenberg, The Johns Hopkins University; Steven Marra, The Johns Hopkins University; Trevor Mackesey, Johns Hopkins University; Leslie Kendrick; Jenny Bernstein, The Johns Hopkins University

(36), 4995-5013.Gilbert, D. J., Held, M. L., Ellzey, J. L., Bailey, W. T., & Young, L. B. (2015). Teaching ‘community engagement’ in engineering education for international development: Integration of an interdisciplinary social work curriculum. European Journal of Engineering Education, 40(3), 256-266.Handford, M., Van Maele, J., Matous, P., & Maemura, Y. (2019). Which “culture”? A critical analysis of intercultural communication in engineering education. Journal of Engineering Education, 108(2), 161-177.Lundy, M., & Aceros, J. (2016). A community-based, interdisciplinary rehabilitation engineering course. In 2016 38th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC) (pp

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

H. Ronald Clements III, Purdue University at West Lafayette (COE); Brianna McIntyre, Purdue University at West Lafayette (PPI); Jacqueline Rohde, Purdue University at West Lafayette (COE); Heather Perkins, Purdue University at West Lafayette (PPI); Sherry Chen; Andrea Castillo, University of California, Irvine; Joana Marques Melo, Purdue University at West Lafayette (COE); Allison Godwin, Purdue University at West Lafayette (COE)

’ identity development, belonging, and agency in interdisciplinary engineering education. She leads the ASEE CDEI virtual workshop team focused on building a community of educators passionate about expanding their knowledge concerning diversity, equity, and inclusion in engineering education.Jacqueline Rohde Jacqueline Rohde is a PhD candidate at Purdue University and is the recipient of an NSF Graduate Research Fellowship. Her research interests in engineering education include the development student engineering identity and professional developmentHeather Lee Perkins (Post-Doctoral Researcher) I entered the Applied Science & Community Psychology program in the fall of 2014, after completing my Bachelor of Science

Collection

2022 Spring ASEE Middle Atlantic Section Conference

Authors

Cesar Bandera, NJIT MTSM; Regina S. Collins, New Jersey Institute of Technology

search of solicitations from by federal agenciestasked with addressing such problems, and metacognition exercises to help students build self-efficacy. We then present a course “ENT330 Entrepreneurial Strategy” that implements thisframework in an undergraduate entrepreneurship education program offered by the school ofbusiness in a polytechnic research university. ENTR330 students search for codifiedopportunities with societal significance for technological innovations, including innovationsstudents developed in other engineering courses, and formulate sustainable strategies for thepursuit these opportunities.Discovering Codified OpportunitiesSmith, Matthews, and Schenkel (2009) characterize an entrepreneurial opportunity as well-documented

Conference Session

Community Engagement Division Technical Session 2 - Community Engagement without Frontiers

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Juan Lucena, Colorado School of Mines; Sofia Schlezak, Colorado School of Mines; Emma Chapman, Colorado School of Mines; Mateo Rojas; Jaime Elizabeth Styer, Colorado School of Mines

Education for Social Justice: Critical Explorations and Opportunities (Springer, 2013), and Engineering Justice: Transforming Engineering Education and Practice (IEEE-Wiley, 2017). Born in Colombia, he learned to value and learn from the poorest people in Colombian society. As an engineering student, he learned the strengths and limitations of engineering assumptions and methods for engaging communities, particularly those neglected by engineering. In his Ph.D., he learned that engineering has culture that can be studied and transformed for the wellbeing of communities, social justice, and sustainability.Sofia Lara SchlezakMateo Rojas © American Society for Engineering Education, 2022

Conference Session

ERM: Let's Continue the Conversation about Tests! Part 2

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Catherine Kenyon; Lisa Benson, Clemson University; William Bridges, Clemson University

, and assessments in Calculus classrooms.Lisa Benson (Professor) Lisa Benson is a Professor of Engineering and Science Education at Clemson University, and the Editor of the Journal of Engineering Education. Her research focuses on the interactions between student motivation and their learning experiences. Her projects include studies of student attitudes towards becoming engineers and scientists, and their development of problem solving skills, self-regulated learning practices, and beliefs about knowledge in their field. Dr. Benson is an American Society for Engineering Education (ASEE) Fellow, a member of the European Society for Engineering Education (SEFI), American Educational Research Association (AERA) and Tau

Conference Session

Environmental Engineering Division Technical Session 1

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Cara Poor, University of Portland; Kyla Burrill; Mason Jarvis

Paper ID #36427Development of a Low-Cost Constructed WetlandsExperimentCara Poor Dr. Poor teaches many of the integral undergraduate civil engineering courses at University of Portland, including fluids, environmental engineering, and capstone design. Dr. Poor is a licensed professional engineer with ongoing research in green infrastructure design, water quality, watershed management, and engineering education. She is currently developing new curricula for hydraulics, fluids, and environmental engineering labs, and conducting research on methods to improve conceptual understanding and critical thinking

Conference Session

DEED Technical Session 11 Empathy and Human-Centered Design 2

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kelley Dugan, University of Michigan; Shanna Daly, University of Michigan; Charlie Michaels, University of Michigan; Steve Skerlos, University of Michigan; Ann Verhey-Henke, University of Michigan

appliance industry for two years. Kelley is also a Graduate Facilitator with the Center for Socially Engaged Design and a Graduate Academic Liaison with the Ginsberg Center for Community Service and Learning.Shanna Daly Shanna Daly is an Associate Professor in Mechanical Engineering in the College of Engineering at the University of Michigan. She has a B.E. in Chemical Engineering from the University of Dayton and a Ph.D. degree in Engineering Education from Purdue University. In her work, she characterizes front-end design practices across the student to practitioner continuum, develops empirically-based tools to support design best practices, and studies the impact of front- end design tools on design success

Conference Session

Pre-College Engineering Education Division Poster Session

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Frank Bowman, University of North Dakota; Bethany Klemetsrud; Emine Ozturk; Julie Robinson, University of North Dakota

educationBethany Jean Klemetsrud Beth grew up in Devils Lake and on the White Earth Nation. Klemetsrud, who teaches unit operations, ethics, and lab classes, conducts research in renewable energy, broadening participation, and sustainability assessment. She is currently an assistant professor in Chemical Engineering at the University of North DakotaJulie Robinson (Professor)Emine Ozturk © American Society for Engineering Education, 2022 Powered by www.slayte.com Using Engineering Design Tasks to Create Indigenous Cultural and Community Connections with the Classroom for Elementary and Middle School Students (WIP, Diversity)BackgroundThis work

Conference Session

WIED: Activities and Programs

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Canan Bilen-Green, North Dakota State University; Adrienne Minerick, Michigan Technological University; Cinzia Cervato, Iowa State University of Science and Technology; Sonia Goltz; David Wahl, Iowa State University of Science and Technology; Patricia Sotirin; Mark Rouleau

Muhs et al. [31]). Within the PI team, discussions around the intersection of women faculty, facultyof color, and faculty caregivers became a central focus because each institution hadsingle-digit percentages of women faculty of color in STEM and could point to retentionissues. How could programs at each institution realistically provide relevant support andmentoring for these isolated individuals? It was decided that the partnership would create an integrated set of programsdesigned to address these problems across the four institutions. These programs wouldoriginate from previous ADVANCE grants at these institutions that would be adaptedwith specific intersectionalities in mind. Furthermore, the programs were also designedto

Conference Session

College Industry Partnerships Division Technical Session 1

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Hoo Kim, LeTourneau University

Paper ID #38151Lessons Learned from Collaborative Initialization ofMachine Learning Class and STEM Contest with Universityand Industry PartnershipHoo Kim Hoo Kim, Ph.D., P.E., is an Associate Professor in the School of Engineering and Engineering Technology at LeTourneau University. He received his B.S. and M.S. degrees from POSTECH, Pohang, South Korea, and his Ph.D. from the University of Texas at Austin. His professional interests include teaching in the area of electromagnetics and RF, integration of faith and engineering, and entrepreneurship in engineering. © American Society for Engineering

Collection

2005 GSW

Authors

Pradeep Bhattacharya; Nikhil Modi; Fred Lacy

introductory courses in semiconductor physics.Studies of introductory semiconductor courses have indicated that geometries, geometry-dependent properties of crystals, and an analysis of electrical, thermal, optical, orchemical energies in the electronics world, are among the common topics taught inintroductory courses in semiconductor physics. A review of available software tools forteaching and learning semiconductor geometries indicates that there is a lack of highlyeffective visualization methodologies for commonly used semiconductor materialstructures. The purpose of this paper is to describe a virtual environment tutorial that hasbeen developed to supplement a typical course in semiconductor physics

Collection

2005 GSW

Authors

Jorge E. Navarro; Apolinar Zapata

, “Research as Guide for Curriculum Development: an Example from Introductory Electricity. Part 1: Investigation of Student Understanding,” Am. J. Phys., 60 (11), pp. 994-1013.5. Linder, C. J., Hillhouse, G., 1996, “Teaching by Conceptual Exploration,” Phys. Teach., 34, pp. 332-338.6. Laws, P. W., 1997, “Millikan Lecture 1996: Promoting Active Learning Based on Physics Education Research in Introductory Physics Courses,” Am. J. Phys. 65 (1), pp. 14-21. Proceedings of the 2005 ASEE Gulf-Southwest Annual Conference Texas A&M University-Corpus Christi Copyright © 2005, American Society for Engineering Education7. Thacker, B., Kim, E., Trefz, K., Lea, S. M., 1994, “Comparing

Conference Session

CIT Division Technical Session #2

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

James Nelson, Texas A&M University; Brent Donham, Texas A&M University - Commerce

otherwise have been considered. In this context, thepolicy and form become an integral component of the education and strengthens their knowledgeas they move from being a student to a career in cybersecurity.As of the time of this writing, there has been no resistance to completing the review applicationand seeking approval. The faculty affected by the policy are supportive and understanding of theneed for the independent review and have willing prepared the necessary documentation.ConclusionsAs technologies advance and the world becomes more interconnected, the ability of government,industry, and the private sector to secure its cyberspace, from both physical and cyber threats,will continue to be a growing concern which must be addressed. In a