Conference Session

Design in Engineering Education Division (DEED) - DEI and Design Education

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sebastian Dziallas, University of the Pacific; David Mueller, University of the Pacific; Shelly Gulati, University of the Pacific; Mary Kay Camarillo, University of the Pacific; Abel A. Fernandez P.E., University of the Pacific; Chi-Wook Lee, University of the Pacific; Vivek Pallipuram, University of the Pacific

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education Division (DEED)

• Is your assignment prompt visually organized and accessible? • How can you scaffold this assignment with smaller “stepping stones” assignments? • Can you analyze examples in class to distinguish between excellent and adequate work? Additional • How will you encourage creativity so that examples are not seen as templates? Considerations • Will students have the opportunity to engage in peer review before final submission? • How will students reflect and comment on their completed, graded work after evaluation to identify what they did well and changes to

Conference Session

Curricular Innovations for Future-Ready Engineering Talents

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Shiny Abraham, Seattle University; Mehmet Vurkac, Seattle University; Agnieszka Miguel, Seattle University; Margarita D. Takach, Seattle University; Eddy Ferré, Seattle University; Shruti Singh, Seattle University; Henry Louie, Seattle University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer Engineering Division (ECE)

-oriented skills into the curricula with our regular annual career-oriented departmental co-curricular events. And since these are under our direct control, the synchronization is not likelyto be broken without the knowledge of the departmental faculty.Thus, we believe we have set ourselves up to maintain this strategic reimagining of our EE andCMPE programs. This is because (1) professional formation is not relegated to a single coursethat could be discontinued under budgetary pressures or mostly avoided by some students, and(2) because it is not a loose suggestion that a few junior faculty handle some added material, buta careful plan that comes with ready-to-teach modules on relevant technical topics—owned byall, reflected in each set of our

Conference Session

Engineering Physics and Physics Division (EP2D) Technical Session 1

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Rodrigo Alonso Vergara, Universidad Andres Bello, Chile; Genaro Zavala, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Mexico; Universidad Andres Bello, Chile

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Physics and Physics Division (EP2D)

questionsFinally, the results of the open-ended questions in the survey will be presented. The firstquestion invited students to leave additional comments about the importance of the coursein an engineering program. Student response to the engineering course reflects a mixture ofappreciation and criticism. On the one hand, some students value the course for developingand expanding their ability to evaluate everyday situations methodically, which contributesto a better adaptation in the workplace, regardless of the direct use of the syllabus learned.However, others express frustration at being unable to understand key concepts, such asvoltage, resistance, impedance, and coil operation, pointing to a disconnect between theresolution of exercises and the

Conference Session

Software Engineering Division (SWED) Technical Session #2

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Maura Lyons, Codio; Elise Deitrick, Codio; Joshua Richard Coughlin Stowell Ball, Codio

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Software Engineering Division (SWED)

begun to address how computing education needs to change to reflect the newprofessional landscape graduates are entering where employees are expected to seamlesslyintegrate GenAI tools into their workflows for improved efficiency. Some faculty are providingGenAI tools to be used during the course, such as Harvard’s CS50 Duck Debugger, allowingstudents to practice leveraging such tools. Others are diving into the deeper pedagogicalimplications, such as Agarwal and colleagues [12], who highlight that teachers might need toshift focus from students' ability to write code from scratch to students' ability to critique code,potentially through the use of refute-style assessments.Turning to the students themselves, researchers conducted surveys to get

Conference Session

Innovative Laboratory Approaches in ECE Education

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ojonugwa Oluwafemi Ejiga Peter, Morgan State University; Oluwapemiisin Gbemisola Akingbola, Morgan State University; Pelumi Olaitan Abiodun, Morgan State University; Md Mahmudur Rahman, Morgan State University; Neda Bazyar Shourabi, Pennsylvania State University, York ; Lynford Goddard, University of Illinois at Urbana - Champaign; Oludare Adegbola Owolabi P.E., Morgan State University

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer Engineering Division (ECE), Experimentation and Laboratory-Oriented Studies Division (DELOS)

burgeoning expertise in the field. Now, as a graduate student majoring in Advanced Computing, Ejiga is not only expanding his academic horizons but also actively contributing to the evolving landscape of engineering education. His role in the pedagogy project reflects a keen interest in developing educational strategies that are more interactive and hands-on, a testament to his dedication to enhancing learning experiences in engineering. Ejiga’s background in computer science, combined with his current focus on advanced computing, positions him uniquely to contribute significantly to both his department and the broader academic community.Oluwapemiisin Gbemisola Akingbola, Morgan State University Masters student Of

Conference Session

DSA Technical Session 8

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Paula Francisca Larrondo, Queen's University; Brian M Frank P.Eng., Queen's University; Julian Ortiz, Queen's University

Tagged Topics

Data Science & Analytics Constituent Committee (DSA)

entity recognition [33]. While early automated feedback systemsrelied on domain-expert rules and were limited in addressing the diversity of open-endedassignments [34-36], data-driven approaches, though promising in highly semantically diverseresponses, often face challenges due to the lack of extensive training datasets [4, 37, 38].AFS based on LLMs holds the potential for a more effective and efficient solution. Applicationsrange from personalized hints for programming assignments [39] to reflective writing [40],including feedback on the appropriateness of the topic of a data science project proposal and thedescription clarity of goals, benefits, novelty and overall clarity of the report [41]. Despite thepromising results from studies like Dai

Collection

2022 CIEC

Authors

Marilyn Dyrud

argued for launch, with Larry Mulloy finally asking in exasperation, “My God,Thiokol, when do you want me to launch? Next April?” [20, p. 97]. Thiokol managementreversed its no-launch decision following an off-line caucus between managers.Professors Esser and Lindoerfer have examined teleconference statements in light of groupthinktheory, categorizing them as positive (reflecting groupthink tendencies) and negative (exhibitingmore individual thought). Their results indicate that the longer the meeting lasted, the moreparticipants’ comments tended to exhibit groupthink tendencies, with the most occurring afterthe off-line caucus [59]. NASA pressure swayed Thiokol managers. In fact, the House reportstates, “There is no doubt that operating

Collection

ASEE Mid-Atlantic Section Spring Conference

Authors

Bradley J. Sottile, The Pennsylvania State University; Arun Srivats Mohan, Pennsylvania State University; Frank Christopher Barber

personally. As asecond year student studying industrial engineering, I have learned many intangible skillsthrough this process. I have also learned more deeply about the importance of engineering ethics.I have been able to bring a unique perspective as a student to the micro-credential creation byusing as a baseline the typical knowledge of a current undergraduate engineering student andfurther by reflecting on the benefits to be gained by my peers going forward.I have learned about historical engineering ethical issues through the research on each of the fivecase studies. The cases cover a wide range of scenarios and thus have given me a practicalunderstanding of a broad area of engineering ethics. I originally wrote a review paper onsoftware

Collection

ASEE Mid-Atlantic Section Spring Conference

Authors

Prathyaj Bharadwaj Mantha, The George Washington University; Janet Mosby

switched to “old school”advertisement and outreach techniques such as press releases in local newspapers, ads in radiostations, billboard advertisements, posters in local barbershops, churches and handing outbrochures to help spread awareness of the membership program and WASH education. We havecreated and published our first success story highlighting the importance of stakeholderengagement in community outreach. We conducted our first annual community membershipmeeting that was a big success. BBUWP launched a mascot – Miss Poopette to help makeWASH education easier and accessible to local residents by removing the stigma around thetopic. The resulting change in outreach methods reflected an increase in press coverage andhigher membership

Collection

2024 ASEE North East Section

Authors

Sunil Dehipawala, City University of New York, Queensborough Community College; Lexi grace Robinson; Harsha Rajapakse; Tak Cheung

reflection, multi-disciplinary learning accomplishments, ground-breaking innovations, collaborative studies, entrepreneurship, intellectual and ethical responsibility, and service to the scientific, national, and international communities.Prof. Tak Cheung Tak Cheung, Ph.D., professor of physics, teaches in CUNY Queensborough Community College. He also conducts research and mentors student research projects. ©American Society for Engineering Education, 2024 Synchrotron X ray absorption student projects in community college and gateway for chemical engineering related educationAbstract:A Synchrotron radiation student project in our community college consists of data collection,data

Collection

2024 ASEE North East Section

Authors

Caeden Robert Goodnough, State University of New York, Canton; PS Dhanasekaran, State University of New York, Canton

. In this article, the authors delve into the significance of self-assessment withinthe broader context of social cognitive theory, emphasizing how individuals' beliefs, interests,and goals shape their career trajectories and academic achievements. Lent et al. (1994) arguesthat self-assessment processes, such as reflecting on one's skills, strengths, areas forimprovement, career goals, aspirations, and professional interests, play a pivotal role in guidingcareer decision-making and goal setting. By examining one's competencies and aspirations,engineers can better align their professional development efforts with their long-term careerobjectives, ensuring that they acquire the necessary skills and knowledge to thrive in their chosenfield. Lent

Collection

2024 ASEE PSW Conference

Authors

Marwan N. Youssef, California State University, Long Beach

. Most beams and slabs are continuous with three or morespans.System Layout and DesignTo present and teach the system approach of Reinforced Concrete design, a class project is oneway to do it. At a minimum, a three-story building is recommended and consists of enoughelements that work together to reflect a system behavior approach. Students should beassigned in groups of 3 or less to achieve such a task. Figure-1 presents such a system layout forstudents to study and design. Figure-1The system is initially analyzed for gravity load (dead load plus live load). Then at a later stagein design, the lateral loads generated from seismic activities are introduced. With buildingsystems designed from top to

Conference Session

Track 2: Technical Session 6: Minoritized Student Audio Narratives to Influence Faculty's Empathic Understanding: Learning from Sophie and Enola

Collection

2024 Collaborative Network for Engineering & Computing Diversity (CoNECD)

Authors

Stephen Secules, Florida International University; Maimuna Begum Kali, Florida International University; Cassandra J McCall, Utah State University; Gabriel Van Dyke, Utah State University

Tagged Topics

CoNECD Paper Sessions, Diversity

ResearchAs we reflect on the novel methodology incorporated in this study, we suggest the following implicationsfor broadening participation research.First, we offer our specific contribution as a possible augmentation to any qualitative broadeningparticipation research out there. We think this paper has demonstrated the wealth of insights available inlistening to a single participant, even just for a one-hour interview. Qualitative researchers could considerinvesting in simple audio equipment and learning techniques for re-recording interview content to helpdisseminate in podcast, YouTube, website, and faculty development sessions. We note that this could be arelatively simple and fruitful form of secondary data analysis for the many Broadening

Conference Session

Track 5: Technical Session 8: Interactive Session: Exploring Scripts of Whiteness in Engineering

Collection

2024 Collaborative Network for Engineering & Computing Diversity (CoNECD)

Authors

R. Jamaal Downey; Joel Alejandro Mejia, The University of Texas at San Antonio; Diana A. Chen, University of San Diego; Gordon D Hoople, University of San Diego; Susan M Lord, University of San Diego

Tagged Topics

CoNECD Paper Sessions, Diversity

continue a rapport). Discuss with your partner some of the comments from the gallery walk that stuck with/struck you. Have you seen those ones play out in front of you before? What did you do? What didn’t you do? What would you do if you could redo it? ○ Large group sharing and reflection on the identified scripts. ■ What are some potential remedies for these scripts?● Potential fall-back questions to spark conversation:○ How has whiteness been defined historically? What purposes have changing definitions of whiteness served in America?○ Why is colorblindness problematic in addressing racism? Is it possible to address

Collection

2024 South East Section Meeting

Authors

Larisa Olesova, University of Florida; Ayesha Sadaf, University of North Carolina at Charlotte; Ioulia Rytikova, George Mason University; Mihai Boicu, George Mason University; Harry J Foxwell, George Mason University

Instructional Design. Inthese courses, students engaged in authentic design activities via participation in a collaborativecommunity of inquiry to solve instructional design case problems. Learning experiencesinvolved the analysis and synthesis of, and reflection on, instructional design case studies.Students participated in weekly discussions and proposed/developed relevant solutions to theissues presented in a case. Course activities and assignments were designed to help studentsdevelop the knowledge, strategies, and attitudes needed to become effective instructionaldesigners.Data Collection and AnalysisData was collected by using the online survey at the end of the semester through Qualtrics.Students' perceptions of metacognition were measured using

Collection

2024 South East Section Meeting

Authors

Eva Theresa Singleton, The Citadel Military College

Tagged Topics

Diversity

demonstrated most to the least, numbering them 1-mostdemonstrated to the 12-least demonstrated. Part two of the assignment requires students to createan improvement plan to improve the three least ranked project management principles from partone. A template will be provided. Part three of the assignment requires students to provide aminimum 5 paragraph reflection of their behavior during the group project comparing theirbehaviors to what they learned from the project management principles module. A template willbe provided.The goal of this homework assignment is for students to become aware of their behaviors andunderstand how their behaviors can positively or negatively affect project outcomes. Thishomework assignment is a learning activity will

Collection

2024 South East Section Meeting

Authors

Ramana Pidaparti, University of Georgia; Zonila Robinson

this lesson allowedstudents to engage in completing hands-on activities and further enhanced their learning and un-derstanding of social studies concepts.AcknowledgementsThis research was supported by the National Science Foundation’s Innovative Technology Experiences for Studentsand Teachers (ITEST) program under award numbers DRL–1949384 and DRL–1949493. Any opinions, findings, andconclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect theviews of the National Science Foundation.References1 Enz, T. 2019b. Artificial Intelligence at Home and on the Go: 4D an Augmented Reading Experience. The World of Artificial Intelligence 4D Series. Capstone. ISBN 9781543554748.2 Enz, T. 2019a

Collection

2024 South East Section Meeting

Authors

Dipendra Wagle, Tennessee Technological University; Pedro E. Arce, Tennessee Technological University; Andrea Arce-Trigatti, Tallahassee Community College; Robby Sanders, Tennessee Technological University

ofstudents and total projects represented in this analysis from both semesters in the analysis. Table 1: Overview of Data from Semester 1 and Semester 2 Semester 1 (pre-EOP) Semester 2 (post-EOP) Total Projects 20 11 Students 60 33This comparison focuses on general distribution data from this rubric to understand differences inthe way students incorporated the EOP principles as part of their prototype of innovativetechnology. The rubric that was utilized reflected students’ performance at five levelsrepresentative of Poor to Excellent, with each integrating more elements of the Learning Outcomesassociated with

Conference Session

Track 5: Technical Session 5: Successful mentoring practices for women undergraduate STEM students

Collection

2024 Collaborative Network for Engineering & Computing Diversity (CoNECD)

Authors

Suzanne Zurn-Birkhimer, Purdue University at West Lafayette (COE); Elizabeth Hart, University of Dayton

Tagged Topics

CoNECD Paper Sessions, Diversity

within STEM degrees.Intentional reflective exercises are woven into each workshop which links the growthover the year.The program is financially supported by the Provost with funding for Graduate Studentsand shared financial budget responsibility from the Dean of Engineering and Dean ofArts & Science. A Grant from the Clare Boothe Luce Foundation supports scholarshipsfor two student scholarships to develop programming and support the mentoringprogram workshops. We also have a unique housing situation at the university wherestudents can write proposals to live under a proposed theme. A group of seniormentoring participants are organizing and facilitating the monthly social events at theiruniversity house.Funding sources isn’t an intentional

Conference Session

Track 7: Technical Session 5: TechArts & Crafts: Supporting STEM Capital Development for Marginalized Students

Collection

2024 Collaborative Network for Engineering & Computing Diversity (CoNECD)

Authors

Shaundra Bryant Daily, Duke University; Sandra Roach, Duke University; Alia Carter, Duke University; Raeven King; Mark Nabeta

Tagged Topics

CoNECD Paper Sessions, Diversity

media and at their stores. This community-rooted brand signaling STEM as cool and credible can shift mindsets. 14 Path Forward- By providing alternative pathways to engage with STEM content and see oneself as belonging in STEM, embracing role models with shared identities, and aligning with our partner to validate STEM as a viable field, we expect that participants will gain experiences that shape positive STEM identities and build STEM capital.- There is still immense work ahead. Dismantling systemic barriers requires tenacity. But equipping passionate students with experiences reflecting their brilliance and belonging drives us

Conference Session

Track 2: Technical Session 5: Understanding Decision Processes Related to Pathways of Community College Engineering Students

Collection

2024 Collaborative Network for Engineering & Computing Diversity (CoNECD)

Authors

Rene Alberto Hernandez, Virginia Tech; David B Knight, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Walter C. Lee, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Amy Richardson, Virginia Tech Department of Engineering Education; Sarah Rodriguez, Virginia Tech; Bevlee A. Watford, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University

Tagged Topics

CoNECD Paper Sessions, Diversity

reasons why students did not persist within the programas it was designed. While we focus and separate our four themes as to why our participants didnot persist, it is important to note that multiple variables were also involved and intertwined inthe decisions that each of the participants made. For many, finances and COVID-19 influencedtheir life events, some pointed to a comparable pre-transfer program was more appealing, andGPA requirements pushed decisions and actions that provided time away to reflect and make thechoice to change careers.Life EventsFor students in the program, life events took varying forms. The first was that of a globalpandemic and other health issues that took them away from school or led to them facingacademic challenges

Collection

2024 South East Section Meeting

Authors

Tyler Kinner, Georgia Tech Research Institute; Sean Wilson, Georgia Institute of Technology; Avaye Raj Dawadi

Tagged Topics

Diversity

programmed into the Robotarium for additional practice navigating the robotsacross the testbed using point or turtle movement schemes. Throughout the pilot and at theconclusion, we solicited feedback from participating teachers on the student learning module, theblock coding website, and the experience of using the Robotarium for learning in the high schoolsetting.Module FeedbackAs mentioned previously, the goal of the module was to use the Robotarium as a vehicle forteaching introductory coding concepts. The module was primarily implemented in introductoryhigh school courses in computer science, which meant that many students had little prior codingexperience. Feedback around the module reflected this, with much of the feedback reporting

Conference Session

Track 5: Technical Session 3: Weaving Students into Engineering Versus Weeding Them Out: A Framework for Institutions

Collection

2024 Collaborative Network for Engineering & Computing Diversity (CoNECD)

Authors

Jenna P. Carpenter, Campbell University

Tagged Topics

CoNECD Paper Sessions, Diversity

/2020/nsb202015.pdf, accessedApril 20, 2021.US College Student and Faculty Diversity At the current pace of change: it will take 300 years for US college students to reflect the % of Native Americans and Blacks in the US population. It will take more than 1,000 years at the current pace to reach parity with regard to faculty diversity for all US universities. R1 institutions will never reach faculty diversity parity at current rate of change.Adedoyin, O. “Despite Renewed Commitment to Diversity, Colleges Make Little Progress, Report Says,” The Chronicle ofHigher Education, July 18, 2022. Declines in Population & College-GoingWe are in the midst of a two-decadedecline in the US birth rate, with fewer& fewer high school

Collection

2024 South East Section Meeting

Authors

Robert GIll, Mercer University

theory, if narrated solutions are effective, examperformance should improve. There is a significant variability between the same exam indifferent semesters due to different questions and the addition or subtraction of content due to thepacing of the course. Effective teaching tools will lower the variability of understanding in aclass, which will be reflected in exam statistics. Thus, the standard deviation of exam scoresbetween semesters was also considered as a measure of impact.Results and AnalysisThe size of each class at the time of each exam is shown in Table 1. Number fluctuations are dueto students dropping out or taking that test with another section. Most fall and spring classes are20-30 students with some smaller classes in earlier

Collection

2024 ASEE North Central Section Conference

Authors

Joaquin Rodriguez, University of Pittsburgh

SustainableDevelopment (2005-2014)27. However, the field has been gaining increased importance andextended application in recent years, as reflected in some updated reviews28-30.Integration of green chemical engineering with traditional chemical engineeringThe implementation of sustainability into the engineering curriculum generally starts with theintroduction of some sustainability related topics in existing courses, to be followed potentiallyby an entire module or course, and then it may evolve into a full program26. At our institution,the University of Pittsburgh, we have experienced a fast development along this pattern. There isnow a wide spread of over one hundred sustainability focused or sustainability related coursesacross the various disciplines

Collection

2024 ASEE North Central Section Conference

Authors

Nada S. Al-Muntaser, Eastern Michigan University ; Suleiman A. Ashur, Eastern Michigan University

sinceAI is still in its initial stages of development and the issue of liability if an AI system makes amistake. The skill gap and training are required to prepare many workers on how to reflect AIsystems on their jobs.9 Finally, there are many ethical challenges the construction industryshould consider. Workers need to ensure that AI systems are used fairly, without bias, and withdue respect for human privacy. 10, 112. Study Objective This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of integrating AI into BIM software forinnovative construction management and decision-making. The software assesses an existingbuilding designed to meet LEED standards. Furthermore, the study aims to compare theevaluation of energy consumption. This involves

Collection

2023 ASEE Midwest Section Conference

Authors

Shiseido Robinson; Mirit Shamir; Amy Betz; Beth Montelone

reflection with thecoach who then provides follow up questions to guide students to think in a direction ofactionable steps and standardized approach towards their academic and professional goals.Step four is when establishing pull occurs. The principle of this lean manufacturing step is to setup a pull production system. It strengthens any system since it is necessary to produce only whatis necessary at the downstream step. It provides the final touch of reducing work-in-progress to amaximum. Now that KS-LSAMP Scholars have a standardized approach and actionable steps toachieving their goals, within this final meeting students are asked to return to their goals andevaluate if they have met their semester goals and/or steps towards their long-term

Conference Session

STEM and the Two-Year College

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Maria L Espino, University of Washington; Elizabeth Meza, University of Washington

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Two-Year College Division (TYCD)

, bridge programs, transfersupport, undergraduate research, industry and faculty mentors, and conference and writingworkshops. These each contribute to the S-STEM community college success as they navigatetheir career in the community college and their goals beyond. The breadth and depth of differentsupport reflects the unique needs of the campus where the S-STEM grant originated. Eachcampus or consortium of campuses creates their own program and therefore emphasizes differentapproaches to curricular and co-curricular supports.Lack of theory focussed program in implementation of S-STEM Program 2 Through the systematic literature review, we

Conference Session

Civil Engineering Division (CIVIL) Technical Session - Instructional Technology 1

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Salvatore Marsico, Penn State University; Henrique Oliveira, University of Campinas; Débora Paula Simões, University of Campinas

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering Division (CIVIL)

success.In the proposed approach, students engage in projects that not only address real-world problemsor challenges but also contribute to serving the needs of a community or organization - when adeliverable is created and shared with the community. These projects typically involveidentifying community needs (Step 2), designing and implementing solutions (Step 1), collectingand processing data (Steps 3 and 4), and reflecting on the impact of their work on both learningoutcomes and community well-being (Step 5).The set of sensors used in the proposed approach can be seen in Figure 2, where the cameras areshown in detail (Figure 2.a), and also the system assembled on top of a vehicle is presented(Figure 2.b). It used five GoPro cameras (three

Conference Session

Special Session: Engineering Leadership—The Courage to Change

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Marnie Jamieson, University of Alberta; John R. Donald P.Eng., University of Guelph

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Leadership Development Division (LEAD)

paper entitled Engineering Leadership: Bridging the Culture Gap in EngineeringEducation [1] we argued that a major barrier to change in engineering education, including theincorporation of engineering leadership into the curriculum, is the culture that exists in ourinstitutions. We proposed that the elements and dynamics of this culture can be examined in theform of co-contraries (or opposites that need each other) and that the relative emphasis in theseco-contraries reflects the engineering educational culture in a department, an institution or inengineering education as a whole. Example cultural co-contraries identified include: the powerdistance dynamic between the student and the professor; the nature of the distribution of effortbetween