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Displaying results 991 - 1020 of 1042 in total
Conference Session
Civil Engineering Division Poster Session
Collection
2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Mei-Mei Song, Tamkang University; Shang-Hsien (Patrick) Hsieh, National Taiwan University
Tagged Divisions
Civil Engineering
clear thatincorporating futures thinking is a good approach to motivate first-year civil engineeringstudents into thinking for the future, thinking for the present, and raising awareness aboutpeople and society. It provides a good stepping-stone for civil engineering students todevelop their capacities to design for the future. Additional efforts to further and deepenstudents’ learning, however, will continue to be pursued.    Bibliography1. Aktas, C. B. (2015). Reflections on interdisciplinary sustainability research with undergraduate students. Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education, 16(3), 354-366.2. ASCE: American Society of Civil Engineers. (2008). Civil engineering body of knowledge for the 21st century: Preparing the
Conference Session
NSF Grantees Poster Session II
Collection
2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Xumin Liu, Rochester Institute of Technology; Rajendra K Raj, Rochester Institute of Technology; Chunmei Liu, Howard University; Alex Pantaleev, SUNY Oswego
Tagged Topics
NSF Grantees Poster Session
guest lecturer issue.(3) Design the lightweight and more detailed version for each course module so that itwill take less lecture time and leave some work for student to do after class.AcknowledgementsThis material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation underAwards DUE-1140567, DUE-1141112, and DUE-1141200. Any opinions, findings, andconclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the authors anddo not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation. The authors alsothank the anonymous reviewers for their feedback.Reference:1. G. Bieber, L. Architect, and I. Ci. Introduction to service-oriented programming. In Openwings, 2001.http://www.openwings.org.2. P. Brusilovsky. Webex
Conference Session
Promoting Engineering and Technological Literacy
Collection
2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Jonathan Grunert, Virginia Tech; Stephanie G. Adams, Virginia Tech
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Technological and Engineering Literacy/Philosophy of Engineering
and Exposition,Seattle, Washington. 10.18260/p.246415 Riley, Donna. Engineering and social justice. Chapter 2 “Mindsets in Engineering” Synthesis Lectures onEngineers, Technology, and Society 3.1 (2008): 33-45.6 Bandura, Albert. (1977). “Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change.” Psychological Review,Vol 84(2), Mar 1977, 191-215.Acknowledgment: This material is based upon work supported, in part, by the National ScienceFoundation, under grant 1256529. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendationsexpressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views ofthe National Science Foundation.For more on content of the course, see Riley, D., Grunert, J., Jalali, Y., Adams, S.G
Conference Session
Materials Division Technical Session 1
Collection
2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Suzanne Lane, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Andreas Karatsolis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Donald R. Sadoway, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Tagged Divisions
Materials
suggests that much of thisknowledge is not taught explicitly, nor are students usually taught how to perform this complexintegration. Recent research in knowledge transfer also suggests that making explicit therelationship between a discipline’s ways of knowing and its central genres can help studentsrecognize when they can connect knowledge learned in one context to a new context, or adapt itfor a new purpose.8 Making key concepts visible and helping students to reflect on theapplication of those concepts in multiple contexts has also been shown to aid knowledge transferamong college students writing in different disciplines.9The implications of making disciplinary concepts and relationships explicit, either through theintroduction of “threshold
Conference Session
Corporate Member Council Poster Session
Collection
2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Jared V. Berrett, Utah State University; Cedale Sage Armstrong, Utah State University; Curtis G Frazier, Utah State University Eastern
Tagged Topics
Corporate Member Council, Diversity
, stipends, when coming, more touch base with mentors ahead of time… • Use the companion course as a big stick… (Extrinsic motivation) for kids to perform while they are up there. Written explanations, experience, etc.According to the weekly journals and summative reflections from the Canvas course, theparticipating Native American students, said:Student 1: “I was apprehensive and had shaky confidence in my skill set to participate in thisprogram.” “Within these four short weeks I feel that I have grown much more than the person Iwas when we first started the program.”Student 4: “I do feel that I gained more confidence to compete in a global economy.” “The factthat they (mentors & facilitators) have confidence that we can make it
Conference Session
Size, Civility, and the Classroom Culture: Setting Class Tone with a Student-centered Perspective
Collection
2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Ralph Ocon, Purdue University Calumet
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
New Engineering Educators
nature of work requires cooperation for organizational and career success. Civility can be instrumental in promoting the collaboration necessary for positive synergy. • Workforce composition: the American workforce has experienced a significant increase in diversity.21 Employment today reflects large numbers of women, minorities, persons with disabilities, immigrants, and people from different generations and with different education levels. Diversity and inclusion require civility in order for people to get along with each other and have equal career opportunities. Being treated in a respectful manner is a fundamental expectation of all employees.4. Laws and Policies Against Inappropriate
Conference Session
First-Year Programs Division Technical Session 5B: Work-In-Progress: 5 Minute Postcard Session II
Collection
2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Bruce W. Char, Drexel University; Isuru Daulagala, Drexel University; Nagarajan Kandasamy, Drexel University; Thomas T. Hewett, Drexel University
Tagged Divisions
First-Year Programs
proctoring period.Furthermore, problems with variants can be used both for practice and for assessment.QuizPack, an automated assessment system for C programming was found to encourage practiceand enhancement accomplishment in programming when used in such circumstances5.We believe that the immediate feedback of Cody is most beneficial when the student is close tobeing able to complete a solution unaided -- the desired goal state of the learning. Using Cody’sfeedback to infer how to fix fundamental defects in algorithmic is not likely to be veryproductive use of time for the student. Stopping when Cody accepts a solution as correct alsodoes not encourage further reflection on code improvement that might be sorely needed if thesolution was obtained
Conference Session
Idea Generation and Creativity in Design
Collection
2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Eli M. Silk, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey; Shanna R. Daly, University of Michigan; Kathryn W. Jablokow, Pennsylvania State University; Seda Yilmaz, Iowa State University; Amy Rechkemmer; Jennifer Marguerite Wenger, University of Michigan College of Engineering
Tagged Divisions
Design in Engineering Education
one design situation togenerating more innovative or radical ideas in another design situation is an indication of theircapability for being flexible in their design approaches.In idea generation, a measure of flexibility can be thought of as the ability to apply a range ofapproaches, choosing the approach that best aligns with particular situational characteristics (asopposed to applying the same approach regardless of alignment with particular situationalcharacteristics). In our prior work, we utilized individual’s reflections on their ideation process toqualitatively characterize their approach and how that approach changed from on situation to thenext.7 We build on that work by focusing this study on developing a quantitative measure
Conference Session
CAD Within Engineering Design Graphics
Collection
2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Dongdong Zhang, Prairie View A&M University; Xiaobo Peng, Prairie View A&M University; Bugrahan Yalvac, Texas A&M University; Deniz Eseryel, North Carolina State University; Uzair Nadeem, Prairie View A&M University; Atiq Islam, Prairie View A&M University; T Fulya Eyupoglu, North Carolina State University; Tianyun Yuan, Prairie View A&M University
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Engineering Design Graphics
learning skills. We will continue to iterate the designefforts. We will re-evaluate and re-design the project activities in order to help our studentsimprove their life-long learning skills and engineering attitudes in the upcoming semesters.Acknowledgement This material is supported by the National Science Foundation under HRD Grant No.1435073. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations presented are those of theauthors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation.References1. David, R., Frischknecht, A., Jensen, C. G., Blotter, J., and Maynes, D., 2006, “Contextual Learning of CAx Tools within a Fundamental Mechanical Engineering Curricula,” PACE Forum, Provo, UT, July.2. Palaigeorgiou, G. and
Conference Session
Innovative Approaches to Ethics Instruction
Collection
2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Alison J. Kerr, The University of Tulsa; Bradley J. Brummel, The University of Tulsa; Jeremy S. Daily P.E., The University of Tulsa
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Engineering Ethics
material are thoseof the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation.Bibliography1. Brummel, B. J., & Daily, J. S. (2014). Developing engineering ethics through expert witness role plays.Proceedings of the American Society of Engineering Education Conference 2014.2. Brummel, B. J., Daily, J. S., Stauth, J. T. (2015). Guidelines for constructing expert witness role plays forengineering ethics. Proceedings of the American Society of Engineering Education Conference 2015.3. LeClair, D. T., & Ferrell, L. (2000). Innovation in experiential business ethics training. Journal of BusinessEthics, 23(3), 313-322.4. Newberry, B. (2004). The dilemma of ethics in engineering education. Science and Engineering
Conference Session
Assessment of Learning in BME
Collection
2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Aldin Malkoc, Arizona State University ; Stephen J Krause, Arizona State University; Casey Jane Ankeny, Arizona State University
Tagged Divisions
Biomedical
, Krause S, Ankeny C. “Unmuddying” Course Content Using Muddiest Point Reflections. Front Educ. 2013;Oct 23-26:937-942.[11] Springer, L., Stanne, M. E., & Donovan, S. S. (1999). Effects of small-group learning on undergraduates in science, mathematics, engineering, and technology: A meta-analysis. Review of educational research, 69(1), 21-51.[12] Pollard, J. K., & Magdi, S. (2014, October). Building motivation by student-teaching. In Frontiers in Education Conference (FIE), 2014 IEEE (pp. 1-5). IEEE.[13] Lin, T., Sharif Ullah, A. M. M., & Harib, K. H. (2006). On the effective teaching of CAD/CAM at the undergraduate level. Computer-Aided Design and Applications, 3(1-4), 331-339.[14] CELANI, M. G
Conference Session
Concurrent Paper Tracks Session II Courses
Collection
2016 ASEE International Forum
Authors
Jennifer Craig, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Tagged Topics
International Forum
students how to composeand deliver various modes of presentations effectively even as they worked on a fast-paceddesign project. These outcomes were reflected in the pre/post survey questions and guidedby the CDIO standards (CDIO, 2014). CDIO is an international engineering educationframework developed at MIT and adopted by Skoltech that focuses not only on the technicalknowledge an engineer must have but also on the professional, communication, andinterpersonal skills so essential to an engineer’s success.RATIONALE and PEDAGOGY:Oral presentation is often taught as if it is a single genre and as if one lecture canencompass all the complexities of that genre. In fact, oral presentation is a range of smallergenres with some striking and also subtle
Conference Session
Construction Session 4: Outside of the Construction Curriculum
Collection
2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Joseph A Raiola III, Central Connecticut State University
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Construction
thesame side and removes the adversarial nature of a traditional construction project. Therefore,these skills align with research on what BIM should look like. The final skill, writtencommunication, is important because of the nature of construction, being able to communicateintent and requirements efficiently through writing. This has been and will continue to be anecessity in the industry.DiscussionImplications for Construction Management EducationCurriculum developers and instructional designers should find this research particularly useful.In reflecting on the findings it is worthy to note that BIM education is not as simple as atechnical skill or learning a piece of software. On the contrary, true BIM education withinconstruction management
Conference Session
NSF Grantees Poster Session I
Collection
2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Sushil Acharya, Robert Morris University; Priya Manohar, Robert Morris University; Walter W Schilling Jr., Milwaukee School of Engineering; Peter Y Wu, Robert Morris University
Tagged Topics
NSF Grantees Poster Session
a comprehensive list of Case Studies, Class Exercises, and Video CaseStudies.3.1.1.1 Development MethodologyAn iterative development methodology depicted in Focus groups Decide on Active LearningFigure 1 was used to ensure the modules reflected both Contents and Formats (case study, class exercise, or case studyacademic research and industry best practices. The video)content development process began with a meeting of PI & Co-PI refine Contents Listthe focus groups at the author’s institution. The
Conference Session
Assessment I: Developing Assessment Tools
Collection
2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Leroy L. Long III, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, Daytona Beach
Tagged Divisions
Educational Research and Methods
reliability of each survey tool. To establish content validity,the NSSE relies on a panel of experts and uses student self-report data.31 In terms of reliability,NSSE has a reported value of 0.70 or higher for deep learning which includes higher-order,integrative, and reflective learning items.32 Reliability values close to or above 0.70 are generallyconsidered acceptable in statistical analysis.33 In terms of response process validity, NSSE usedcognitive interviews and focus groups to determine that the survey was valid for students ofdifferent races/ethnicities.34 ECAR has not published information on the validity or reliability ofits questionnaires.Since the present study relied on a newly constructed assessment tool, a panel of experts wasused to
Conference Session
Active Learning & Laboratories in Statics, Dynamics, and Mechanics
Collection
2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
John W. Sanders, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign; Matthew West, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign; Geoffrey L Herman, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign
Tagged Divisions
Mechanics
was supported by the College of Engineering at the University of Illinois atUrbana-Champaign. This work was also supported by the National Science Foundation undergrants DUE-1347722 and CMMI-1150490. The opinions, findings, and conclusions presented inthis paper do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation or the authors’institution.Bibliography [1] M. M. Lombardi. Making the grade: The role of assessment in authentic learning. EDUCAUSE Learning Initiative, 2008. [2] J. Reeve. Why teachers adopt a controlling motivating style toward students and how they can become more autonomy supportive. Educational Psychologist, 44:159–175, 2009. [3] F. Marton and S. Booth. Learning and Awareness. New York: Lawrence
Conference Session
Teaching and Advising Tools Using Computers and Smart Devices
Collection
2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Oscar Antonio Perez, University of Texas - El Paso; Virgilio Ernesto Gonzalez, University of Texas - El Paso
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Computers in Education
% 30.80% Table 5. Shows the results of answers for question 5In addition to results shown in Table 5 reflecting what other commitments students have everyweek, an average of Work/Family/Other commitments was calculated with results showing anaverage of 52.1 hours committed to activities per student. Table 6 shown below displays thestudents’ preference by grouping the answers from question one into two groups. These twogroups being prefer and not prefer. Advising System Type System Type at least Preferred not preferred no answer Face 2 Face 87.90% 12.10% 0.00% Mobile 70.10
Conference Session
Division Experimentation & Lab-Oriented Studies: Laboratory Pedagogy
Collection
2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Laura A. Garrison, York College of Pennsylvania; Timothy J. Garrison, York College of Pennsylvania
Tagged Divisions
Division Experimentation & Lab-Oriented Studies
improvement in student learning, however it had itsown issues, the most troubling being the long waits that the students tended to encounter whentrying to get their pre-labs checked. The following is the Reflection section from the FCAR: What worked well: Needing to get the pre-labs 100% correct helped the students understand the concepts better and certainly made the post-labs drastically better. I felt that the students learned more and fewer were just going through the motions when doing the experiments. My post-lab grading time was cut to almost nothing. The field trip was great. What didn’t work as well: I spent A LOT of time checking and re-checking pre-labs and helping students. The lines were long
Conference Session
Classroom Practice II: Technology - and Game-Based Learning
Collection
2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Derrick S. Harkness, Utah State University; Angela Minichiello, Utah State University; Joshua Marquit, Pennsylvania State University, Brandywine
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Educational Research and Methods
aremore frequently placed in the role of a passive spectator, it can often be difficult to get studentsto participate in class1-3. Despite some of its drawbacks and difficulties, discussion can also be used as a tool foractive learning when applied in an online discussion forum. During discussion, participants havethe opportunity to interact and collaborate with one another to fulfill and meet their learningneeds8. Furthermore, moving discussion to an online venue has several advantages. First,instructors and students have the convenience of being able to add to a discussionasynchronously. They have the time to reflect on discussion prompts and to formulate a well-thought out response. Second, online discussions can increase the amount of
Conference Session
Potpourri: Various Issues and Topics in Graduate Studies
Collection
2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Donna M Mohr, Lehigh University; Jennifer H. Gross P.E., Lehigh University; Raymond A Pearson, Lehigh University; John B Ochs, Lehigh University; Ana-Iulia Alexandrescu, Lehigh University
Tagged Divisions
Graduate Studies
questions. First andforemost, the responses emphasize the importance of investing time and resources in educatingyour own undergraduates about the options available to them at their home academic institution.As reflected in the data, a number of students will opt to stay an additional fifth year to obtain amaster’s degree especially when they are not considering continuing on to a Ph.D. Furthermore,keeping faculty informed of your programs will pay dividends during the recruiting season. Evenin this advanced technological age, quality students continue to reach out to faculty members foradvice on where to attend graduate school. The combined response totals for interactions withfriends or program alumni as a significant factor in their decision to
Conference Session
Engineering Cultures and Identity
Collection
2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Anita Patrick, University of Texas, Austin; Maura Borrego, University of Texas, Austin
Tagged Topics
ASEE Diversity Committee, Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Educational Research and Methods
Conference Session
Division Experimentation & Lab-Oriented Studies: Laboratory Pedagogy
Collection
2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Bridget M. Smyser, Northeastern University; Sahar Tariq, Northeastern University
Tagged Divisions
Division Experimentation & Lab-Oriented Studies
andgraduate work. High level skills in scientific and academic argument and analysis requirestudents to make inferences from their data, relate their data to previously published results, anduse their data in order to justify their conclusions.5 Since lab reports typically require tasks suchas statistical data analysis, graphical presentation of results, and uncertainty analysis, theybecome an excellent medium to assess the development of these high level skills.A variety of methods have been employed to teach writing skills and related data analysis skills.The Science Writing Heuristic6 is a method of guided inquiry that leads students to reflect onwhat they are learning and ask a series of standard questions about their data and observations.This
Conference Session
Aerospace Engineering Education
Collection
2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Elizabeth Scott Fleming, Georgia Institute of Technology; Amy Pritchett, Georgia Institute of Technology
Tagged Divisions
Aerospace
, but technicalcourses should also present a discussion of how that technical content aligns with and integrates into theengineering design process. Additionally, the students should be given opportunities to practiceintegrating the design considerations of each area into a design context. This might be done through ahands-on project or through reflective design portfolios. 14Conclusions/Future WorkThroughout the conceptual design process, many constructs of coordination of knowledge about adesign are apparent. First, the tasks set forth by textbooks of aerospace design align with a high-leveltask and subtask structure. It’s also noted that each task has a goal or expected outcome. For
Conference Session
Green and Sustainable Manufacturing Education
Collection
2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Tzu-Liang Bill Tseng, University of Texas, El Paso; Aditya Akundi, University of Texas, El Paso; Richard Chiou, Drexel University; Arturo Olivarez Jr., University of Texas, El Paso; Eric D. Smith, University of Texas, El Paso
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Manufacturing
Conference Session
Multidisciplinary Effects on Student Learning
Collection
2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Jennifer Harper Ogle, Clemson University; Jeffery M Plumblee II, Clemson University; David E Vaughn, Clemson University; Aaron S. Gordon, Clemson University
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Multidisciplinary Engineering
the micro- and nanoscales; and must know how to conceive, design, and operate engineering systems of great complexity. They must also work within a framework of sustainable development, be creative and innovative, understand business and organizations, and be prepared to live and work as global citizens. That is a tall order…”Engineering education has progressed with the introduction of different active learningpedagogies over the years, including project-based learning, problem-based learning, service-learning, and peer-led team learning. However, students are still mostly trained to solve welldefined problems which do not reflect the complexities of real-world problems.10 We proposethat translational research can
Conference Session
K-12 & Pre-College Engineering Division: Sustainability and Interdisciplinary Practices in K-12 Engineering Education Curriculum
Collection
2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Arthur D. Kney, Lafayette College; Rebecca Arielle Citrin, Lafayette College; Pamela L.B. Clark, PLB Clark Consulting LLC
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Pre-College Engineering Education Division
, adjustments were made to the questionnaires and later to the learningoutcomes to reflect the content of each camp theme..The structure and basic nature of the questions used in our questionnaires were initially based onour learning outcomes, feedback offered by our experts, and the research literature. Prior to the2013 camp, initial (pre-) and concluding (post-) questionnaires were piloted among a focus groupof five youths representing the age range of camp participants. The two goals of this focus groupwere to ensure that questions were not too easy or too challenging for the intended age group andto determine whether the students understood what was being asked of them. The focus grouprevealed valuable information regarding survey instructions
Conference Session
Best of DEED
Collection
2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Susannah Howe, Smith College; Sophia L. Poulos, Smith College; Laura Mae Rosenbauer, Smith College
Tagged Divisions
Design in Engineering Education
regular progress/status reports; schedules Plan/Manual 29 user manual or training manual; business plan; manufacturing plan General 17 varies; client determined deliverables; many deliverables; the usual Student peer evaluations; ethics assignments; individual reflections; classAccountability 16 attendance and participation Final report Interim reports Final recommendation Patent disclosure Conference or journal paper 0 50 100 150 200 250
Conference Session
NSF Grantees Poster Session I
Collection
2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Gisele Ragusa, University of Southern California
Tagged Topics
Diversity, NSF Grantees Poster Session
data. Ideas or phenomena were first identified and flagged to generate alisting of internally consistent, discrete categories (open coding), followed by fractured andreassembled (axial coding) of categories by making connections between categories andsubcategories to reflect emerging themes and patterns. Categories were integrated to formgrounded theory (selective coding), to clarify concepts and to allow for interview interpretations,conclusions and taxonomy development. Frequency distribution of the coded and categorizeddata were obtained using a computerized qualitative analytical tool, Hyperrresearch® version3.5.2. The intent of this intensive qualitative analysis was to identify patterns, make comparisons,and contrast one transcript of
Conference Session
Influencing the Next (Third!) Edition of the Civil Engineering Body of Knowledge for the 21st Century
Collection
2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Kenneth J. Fridley, University of Alabama; W. Edward Back, University of Alabama; Derek G. Williamson, University of Alabama
Tagged Divisions
Civil Engineering
Conference Session
Capstone Design Courses II
Collection
2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
April M. Bryan, Western Washington University; John Andrew Lund, Western Washington University
Tagged Divisions
Design in Engineering Education
Finalization Phase, were completed overone summer period by four students. Two of the four students were students who participated inthe Conceptual Design Phase, and two of the students were new. Table 4 Team RolesThe teams of students were diverse and reflective of the demographics in the department. Thefirst student to join the project was female. This student was joined by one male and one femalestudent for the Conceptual Design Phase. The team that completed the Detailed Design andDesign Finalization Phases consisted of one female and three male students. Two of the students’were enrolled in the Plastics Engineering Program and the remaining students two students wereenrolled in the Manufacturing Engineering