Conference Session

Effective Projects and Experiments in Instrumentation and Control

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Chao-Chia Cheng, National Central University; Lee king-lien, Department of Electro-Optic Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei, Taiwan 542, R.O.C.; Chih-Hsiung Ku, National Dong Hwa University

Tagged Divisions

Instrumentation

one important optical property of materials. For liquid materials, it alsoprovides information to analyze liquids or mixed solutions, such as chemicals, foodstuffs, drinks,and pharmaceuticals. In general, the instruments to characterize the index of liquids weredeveloped according to the fundamental optical properties such as total internal reflection (Abberefractrometer)1, diffraction (grating)2, interference3, or deflection4,5, etc.Minimum deviation method (MDM) is one well-known and well-developed index measurementmethod since 1930.6-9 In this method, the index was deduced by the “minimum deviation angle”of the probe beam when it passed through the material under test. Such a material can be solid orliquid, but it has to be shaped as a

Conference Session

Engineering Professional Development for K-12 Teachers

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Taryn Melkus Bayles, University of Maryland, Baltimore County; Julia M. Ross, University of Maryland, Baltimore County; Jonathan E. Singer, University of Maryland, Baltimore County; Jacqueline Krikorian; Tushar P. Sura, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Department of Education

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

program has allowed for a more in depth cohesion of engineering content,pedagogy, and reflection. The PD program was split up into three distinct sections. In themornings, the teachers were team taught the heart lung curriculum by experienced engineeringfaculty and inquiry-based pedagogical facilitators. In the afternoons, the teachers applied whatthey learned as they taught students that were enrolled in the Upward Bound program. Whileteaching, the teachers were videotaped and observed by the INSPIRES team. After each lesson,the teachers and the INSPIRES team reviewed the recordings and collectively providedconstructive criticism to improve content understanding, teaching pedagogy and curriculumdelivery. Although this new PD program

Conference Session

Certifying Teachers in Engineering or Integrated STEM

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Yvonne Ng, St. Catherine University; Lori R. Maxfield, Saint Catherine University

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

teams; e) identify, formulate andsolve engineering problems; g) communicate effectively; h) understand theimpact of engineering solutions in their daily lives; and i) engage in life-longlearning. Each participated in pre- and post-surveys and reflections. Together,with our formal evaluation through tests and projects, they provide a baseline for Page 22.520.2other engineering courses regarding, knowledge, skills and dispositions necessaryfor future competent, confident and comfortable elementary school teachers ofengineering.It’s all over the news: Kindergartners doing engineering before they can evenspell the word. As school districts and state departments of

Collection

1997 Annual Conference

Authors

Josef Rojter

Session 3260 RESHAPING ENGINEERING EDUCATION TOWARDS THE PRACTICING PROFESSIONAL Josef Rojter Department of Mechanical Engineering Victoria University of Technology, P.O. BOX 14428 MCMC Melbourne Victoria 8001. Australia. Consider the turtle. It makes progress when it sticks its neck out. The evolution of knowledge based economies coupled with the accompanying socialchanges is placing new demands on engineering education in meeting societal needs. Thepoor image of the profession reflects the lack of strong links between engineering andcommunal development. Restructuring of

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jiabin Zhu, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Jonathan Hicks, Purdue University; Monica Cox, Purdue University; Osman Cekic, Purdue University; Rocio Chavela Guerra, Purdue University

‟ instruction in engineeringlabs. Semi-structured interviews were conducted among five GTAs who were selectedpurposefully from an engineering lab, enrolling approximately 1800 students, to elicit GTAs‟self-reflections regarding their teaching philosophies, practices, and experiences in instruction.Content analysis was conducted to examine how GTAs engaged with the four elements of theHPL framework (i.e., knowledge-, learner-, assessment- and community-centeredness) withintheir engineering laboratories. Findings from our analysis offer an overall view of GTAs‟instructional practices in engineering labs and provide a general profile of GTAs‟ teachingrelated to the HPL framework. This profile may be used for the future training and evaluation ofGTAs to

Conference Session

Design Methodology and Evaluation 1

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Nicholas D. Fila, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Senay Purzer, Purdue University, West Lafayette

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

justification of their decisions1. Further investigation is required in order todetermine how engineering students justify their decisions and whether the resulting decisionsand justifications reflect best practices in engineering design.The purpose of this paper is to develop a framework to investigate and assess the quality ofengineering students’ formal justifications of their engineering decisions. Using this framework,we identify aspects of decision justification with which students struggle with an end goal of Page 23.1227.2identifying need areas for instruction. Further, we present a rubric for evaluating engineeringdesign decision justifications

Collection

2023 ASEE Midwest Section Conference

Authors

Hossein Saiedian

articulation of the problem or query before promptingthe LLM. Exploratory skills are essential to navigate and become proficient with majorLLM tools like ChatGPT, Bing AI, and Google Bard. Hands-on experimentation allowsfor direct interaction, fostering a deeper understanding of LLM capabilities. Willingnessto reflect is paramount, as it encourages critical evaluation of AI-generated content andpersonal beliefs. An illustrative diagram emphasizes the interplay between promptingLLMs and receiving responses, underscoring the iterative nature of refining promptsfor optimal outcomes.Ethical Considerations and Academic Integrity. The integration of LLMs in educationbrings forth ethical considerations, particularly in maintaining academic integrity.Concerns

Conference Session

First-Year Programs Division GIFTS: Great Ideas For Teaching Students

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Lee Kemp Rynearson, Campbell University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs Division (FYP)

in general – whichsome students described as illustrative of the potential worth and impact of a single engineer.The breadth of approaches, observations, and principles relating to beauty and eleganceillustrated by this limited sample is desirable, as the point of the class is not to converge on adefinition of beauty but rather for each student to find examples, methods, and possibly widerprinciples that are meaningful to them. An individual student’s findings could potentially informor expand their appreciation for what engineering can be and accomplish, offer them places tointegrate engineering with their existing identities or interests, or influence career planning.After class, students are assigned to write reflections based on prompts

Conference Session

First-Year Programs Division GIFTS: Great Ideas For Teaching Students

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Lisa K. Murray, Western New England University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs Division (FYP)

/users. Student groupscollaborated and communicated to the whole group about their motivations and perspectives fortheir design choices. The students then reflected on the possible value of their designs. Studentsthen wrote reflections that described the societal benefits of creating inclusive designs. Theirreflection pieces included thoughts on unconscious bias, challenging/disrupting beliefs, norms,habits and expectations that highlights problems behind oppressive worldviews, and socialinsight/imagination of what life is like for others considering social circumstances such as culturalidentity, privilege, and positionality. A self-reflection rubric is used to assess student self-reflectionsubmissions.Overall, this module enables educators to

Conference Session

Pre-College Engineering Education Division (PCEE) Technical Session 13: Attitudes & Prespectives of Teachers

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Adrienne Decker, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York; Monica McGill, CSEdResearch.org

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Pre-College Engineering Education Division (PCEE)

CSEdResearch.org 1 adrienne@buffalo.edu, 2 monica@csedresearch.orgAbstractWe recently hosted a workshop that brought together 12 K-8 teachers who teach computer science(CS) and/or computational thinking and 12 CS education researchers. Since there is a known gapbetween practices that researchers study and practices that teachers implement in a learningenvironment, the purpose of our full-day workshop was to create a meaningful space for teachersand researchers to meet and explore each others’ perspectives. The dialogue was framed aroundteachers’ classroom experiences with researchers reflecting on how they could improve theirresearch practice. The workshop, held during the 2022 CS Teachers Association (CSTA)conference

Conference Session

Experiential Learning and Professional Skills and Competencies: Attainment, Assessment, and Evaluation.

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

John H. Callewaert, University of Michigan; Cassandra Sue Ellen Jamison, University of Michigan

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Cooperative and Experiential Education Division (CEED)

abilities to inform career decisions [10]. Strong evidence suggests the importance ofidentity formation through experiential education; however, there are many questions that stillremain unanswered about how engineering programs can help create pathways for students tomeaningfully participate and develop professional identity, especially at scale.While experiential learning and engineering identity formation are important to the collegeexperience, challenges remain for creating robust structures for students to reflect, conceptualize,and apply their learning. Kolb [13] recognized that the experiences themselves are not enough.His model describes a cyclical process that begins with a concrete experience, followed byreflection on that experience

Conference Session

Materials Division Technical Session 2

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Susan Gentry, University of California, Davis; Rachel Altovar

introduction. RQ (2) reflects the reality of the state ofaffairs: the study was conducted during the COVID-19 pandemic, which would inescapablyaffect these perceptions.This study surveyed MSE students at the University of California, Davis (UC Davis). Thesestudents utilized computational tools in several required classes, including a lower-divisionmathematics lab and a required computational methods course. In students’ third year, upper-division MSE courses integrated these tools, such as MATLAB and other simulation tools (e.g.,ThermoCalc), to supplement course material and expand on core MSE concepts. Studentscompleted many of the programming assignments in MATLAB, although other languages suchas Python were also permitted. Students could utilize

Conference Session

High-impact Learning Practices

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Hwangbo Bae, University of Florida; Madeline Polmear, University of Florida; Denise Rutledge Simmons P.E., University of Florida

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

, and todevelop relationships with professionals. While internships have been studied invarious disciplines, few studies have tried to understand how civil engineeringstudents demonstrate their learning behaviors during an internship. Previousstudies used Kolb’s experiential learning model as a theoretical framework toexplore students’ learning styles as part of an internship experience. This studyextends the use of Kolb’s model as a theoretical framework by focusing on civilengineering students to examine their internship experiences and apparentpatterns of learning styles. Kolb’s experiential learning theory involves fourlearning modes: concrete experience, reflective observation, abstractconceptualization, active experimentation; and four

Conference Session

Entrepreneurship and Engineering Innovation Division Technical Session 1

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Sarah E. Zappe, Pennsylvania State University; Stephanie Cutler, Pennsylvania State University; Thomas A. Litzinger, Pennsylvania State University

Tagged Divisions

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation

entrepreneurshippractices into the educational change process. The Entrepreneurial Mindset for InnovativeTeaching (EMIT) Academy is based on the tenet that the practices and mindset associated withquality teaching mirror practices of entrepreneurship and the entrepreneurial mindset. As part ofthe EMIT Academy, faculty engage in a series of workshops and activities intended to have themcritically reflect upon a course that they teach. One of the key elements of the Academy is thatfaculty engage in “customer” discovery process in which they collect feedback from keystakeholders of their course, usually students. This paper describes the Academy, discussespreliminary assessment data, and provides information on future directions.IntroductionThis work-in-progress

Conference Session

First-Year Programs: Focusing on Student Success

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Laurel Whisler, Clemson University; Abigail T. Stephan, Clemson University; Elizabeth Anne Stephan, Clemson University

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

-longcalculus course.Entangled Learning [2] provides the pedagogical framework for the learning strategies course.The pedagogy is an action-based metacognitive framework for individual and collective self-directed learning. The active processes of Entangled Learning, “design,” “learn,” “apply,” and“know,” are informed by cycles of documenting, self-regulating, critically reflecting, integrating,and collaborating. Course activities and assignments scaffold learning through these actions.Most of the assignments are learning journal activities for which students identify adevelopmental behavior. Students identify a resource that will inform their decisions onchanging their behavior or conceptual understanding, engage with and document their activity

Conference Session

Design Assessment

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Martina Margaret Moyne, University College Dublin; Maxwell Herman, Harvard University; Conor Walsh P.E., Harvard University; Donal Padraic Holland, University College Dublin

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

Concept Presentation 10 6 Final Design Presentation 15 10 Final Design Report 15 11 Individual Design Debate 5 0 Reflective Essay No.1 10 5 Reflective Essay No. 2 10 11Data Collection MethodsDEFT is a web-based system that facilitates frequent student reporting of their

Conference Session

Measuring the Impact of Community Engagement on Students

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Matthew Siniawski, Loyola Marymount University; Sandra G. Luca, Loyola Marymount University; Jeremy S. Pal, Loyola Marymount University; Jose A. Saez, Loyola Marymount University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Community Engagement Division

reflection component on personal development, social impact, academic enhancement,university mission, and ethics. A mixed-methods approach was used to examine differencesbetween first-year engineering students who participated in service-learning projects during thefall semester of 2014 and those who did not. Students participating in service-learning projectsshowed significantly higher gains in confidence in both technical and professional engineeringskills. Female students in particular showed the most dramatic gains, with an average increase of81.6% in technical engineering confidence as a result of their service-learning course. The highergains in confidence can be attributed to the students learning more about how to identify andunderstand

Conference Session

Engineering Ethics Division Technical Session 4

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Bhavna Hariharan, Stanford University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Ethics

  Implementation in GEE  Collaboration with underserved community   Regular Skype calls with Community partners  Understanding the complexity of the Readings from multiple fields includingproblem space   gender studies, philosophy, economics, sociology  Equality of engagement by students and Articulation of what I care about andfield partners   employing a discourse on care  Active reflection   Journaling and reflection papers on class readings   Table 1: Summary of the

Conference Session

Problem- Project- and Case-based Learning in Environmental Engineering

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Maeghan Marie Brundrett, Texas Tech University; Dylan Christenson, Texas Tech University; Paula Ann Monaco, Texas Tech University; Kevin A. Nguyen, Texas Tech University; Audra N. Morse, Texas Tech University

Tagged Divisions

Environmental Engineering

down the watershed. Data collected from their sample was then gathered into alarger data set representing data from all three lab sections and the three lake sites. Students werethen given the task of analyzing and reporting the data throughout the semester. To examine therelationship between field work and student attitudes and perception on field studies, students inan environmental engineering laboratory course were assigned a reflection paper before and afterperforming the field work exercise. Further reflection was given by the instructor of the labcourse on student’s performance, attitudes, and the instructor’s perception of the field study.Final results revealed a positive response by both students and instructors in regard to

Conference Session

Design and the Capstone Experience

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Rachael E. Cate, Oregon State University; Donald Heer, Oregon State University

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

Contribute to Transformative Learning in an Electrical and Computer Engineering Undergraduate Capstone Design Project and Selecting Action Research Methods to Frame a Study Rachael Cate and Donald Heer, Oregon State UniversityAcknowledgement: ​The authors are grateful for support provided by the National ScienceFoundation grant DUE 1347817. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendationsexpressed in this material are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of theNational Science Foundation.Abstract​: Electrical and Computer Engineering (ECE) design capstone instructors and coursedevelopers at Oregon State University are conducting a study to investigate the efficacy ofEvidence

Conference Session

ASEE Multimedia Session

Collection

2003 Annual Conference

Authors

Azzedine Lansari; Abdullah Abonamah; Akram Al-Rawi, McKendree University; Faouzi Bouslama, Université Laval

. They include thecorrelation between the selection of the evidence and the achievement of a specific learningoutcome, the students’ reflection on their learning experiences, and the subjectivity andconsistency in the assessment of student portfolio.In this paper, we give an overview of the Zayed University OBE model with a focus on the Page 8.860.2ZULOs component. We provide an overview of the learning outcomes assessment courses used Proceedings of the 2003 American Society for Engineering Education Annual Conference & Exposition Copyright © 2003, American Society for Engineering Education

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Alexander John De Rosa, University of Delaware; Teri Kristine Reed, OU Polytechnic Institute; Samuel Van Horne, University of Delaware; Angela E. Arndt, Tech Literacy Services

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

indicated thatstudents were successfully able to use integration to determine the area of the plate (see Fig.1)but were unable to find its centroid. Common reasons given by the participants for this inabilitywere the lack of applications of centroids being taught or reinforced within the curriculum afterthey were initially taught. Student participants also displayed novice or rote approaches tosolving the problem rather than following what might be considered a more logical,“engineering” problem solving approach grounded in fundamental theory and governingequations. Both the faculty participants (n=2), as well as the single student (male, sophomore)who came closest to the correct answer, displayed significant reflective practices in evaluatingtheir

Conference Session

Communication: From Pecha Kucha to Bullets

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Isabel Simões de Carvalho P.E., ISEL, Lisbon, Portugal; Christy Moore, University of Texas, Austin

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education/Engineering & Society

example Page 22.332.2of the latter is the Atlantis Programme where the European Union and the United Statesof America have been co-operating in higher education and vocational training since1995. Although these initiatives are admirable, in general engineering educators need todo more to address this problem, but American faculty especially need to make strides.Statement of PurposeDewey’s theories about the importance of cultivating reflective practice (1993) have hadenormous influence on classroom teaching strategies and methods. Walkington, et al(2001) argue that developing reflective practices is just as important to teachers as it is tostudents

Conference Session

Current Topics in IE Education

Collection

2005 Annual Conference

Authors

Veronica Dark; Frank Peters; Sarah Ryan; John Jackman; Sigurdur Olafsson

the need for reflection in criticalthinking for ill-structured problem scenarios. Students often assume that whatever enhancesperformance in the short-term will enhance performance in the long-term, but in fact,circumstances that make initial acquisition more difficult may improve later performance. Afocus on metacognition may fall into that category. Numerous studies have shown that goodproblem solvers (experts) differ from poor problem solvers (novices) in their use ofmetacognition. Although few studies have directly assessed whether the relationship is causal,the assumption is that as students become more aware of their own thinking and problem solvingprocess and of the effectiveness of different strategies, their learning will be

Conference Session

Reimagining Pathways: Nurturing Diversity and Identity in STEM Education

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Raghu Pucha, Georgia Institute of Technology; Shivani Kundalia, Georgia Institute of Technology; Vijay Sreenivasan, Georgia Institute of Technology

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Culture & Social Justice in Education Division (EQUITY), Equity

of Technology. ©American Society for Engineering Education, 2024 Socio-technical and culture-inspired projects in freshman engineering design course bring context and emotion to learningAbstractLearning is not an unemotional consideration of facts but emotion is integrally woven into theexperience of learning [1]. Situated cognition model [2] is a theoretical approach to learning thatsupports the idea that learning takes place when an individual is interactively doing somethingthrough situated activity that has social, cultural, and physical contexts. This paper presents post-activity reflections in student design projects with socio-technical and socio-culturalinterventions in a freshman design

Conference Session

First-Year Programs Division (FYP) - Technical Session 11: Projects

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Randy Hugh Brooks, Texas A&M University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs Division (FYP)

using the Engineering Design Process (EDP)within the context of the accomplishments and mindset of Da Vinci. The course exploredengineering mechanics and design topics concurrent with applying physics topics in anengineering laboratory. A qualitative analysis was performed using a new reflective tool,PhotoVoice. The purpose of the assessment was to better understand the impact of the course onthe student vision, the operation of the course relative to what they have encountered in theireducational careers, and student-perceived learning outcomes. Analysis of student reflectionsrevealed themes of “Changed Perspectives,” “Engagement in the Classroom,” and“Brainstorming Benefits” when describing the impact of the course on their career visions

Conference Session

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation Division Technical Session 1

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kay Cutler, South Dakota State University; Craig Silvernagel, South Dakota State University; Todd Letcher, South Dakota State University

process, undergraduates from mechanical engineering, entrepreneurial studies, interiordesign, and early childhood education completed pre- & post- surveys measuring the soft skillsmentioned above. In addition, students completed weekly mind-maps measuring their currentstate of mind regarding the design process. Finally, there were self-reflections at four milestonesduring the eight-week process focus on the space-in between qualities of movement,experimentation, lines of flight and sense of stuck-ness.IntroductionHigher education’s organizational nature often limits multidisciplinary interaction throughdisciplinary silo-ing. Conversely, multidisciplinary interactions support cross-pollination of ideasand raising multiple awareness of

Conference Session

Industrial Engineering Division Technical Session 2

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Elif Akcali, University of Florida; Mariana Buraglia, University of Florida; Andrea Essenfeld, University of Florida; Jade Williams, University of Florida

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Industrial Engineering

important tool for imaginative or creative self-expression. Infact, the use of poetry for the cultivation of creative thinking, imagination, reflection, andcommunication skills has been widely recognized in several scientific fields, including medicine[2, 3, 4], nursing education [5, 6], science education [7], mathematics [8], neuroscience [9, 10],biology [11], and conservation science [12] among others. Hence, it can be argued that poetry canbe an effective teaching and learning tool in engineering education as well.The remainder of the paper is organized as follows: In the next section, we provide a review of therelated literature. The following section describes the course and the specifics of the poetryassignment. We then present an overview of

Conference Session

Reassessing Your Teaching Through Turmoil

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Claudia Mara Dias Wilson, New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology; Janille A. Smith-Colin, Southern Methodist University; Baris Salman, Syracuse University; Rodolfo Valdes-Vasquez, Colorado State University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

instructors can enhance the module for future offerings.Findings from the module's implementation demonstrate increased knowledge and understandingof the impacts of COVID-19 on different transportation systems from various stakeholderperspectives. SMU students' mean scores showed high post-evaluation scores, and NMTstudents’ scores increased from pre to post evaluation. Additionally, the reflective writingassignment revealed students' awareness of various issues, including operational and economicimpacts on operators and users. This paper offers contributions to our engineering community byfocusing on lessons learned from the COVID-19 experience while providing recommendationsfor improving this co-create module.Keywords: COVID-19, Infrastructure

Conference Session

Assessing Literacies in Engineering Education

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Patricia R Backer, San Jose State University; Laura E Sullivan-Green, San Jose State University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education/Engineering & Society

justice in the United States (750-1250 words).  ENGR 195A Reflection Paper 2: In his essay, Dyson gives some historical examples of technological innovations that he claims have increased social justice. Considering the technological innovations in your discipline, please describe another example and indicate how it has increased social justice in the U.S. (250- 500 words)  Aerospace Engr 171A – Reflection Paper 3 (250-500 words): Consider the technological innovations in aerospace engineering in general and aircraft design in particular, describe a historical example and indicate how it has increased social justice in the U.S. and the world.  Aerospace Engr 172A – Reflection Paper 3 (250-500 words