Collection

Middle Atlantic ASEE Section Spring 2021 Conference

Authors

Peter Mark Jansson, Bucknell University

majors. Projects ranged from printed circuit board designs for amission control panel for a local children’s museum to developing/running a virtual poster sessionplatform for Bucknell University’s annual River Symposium. In each instance, the senior ECE consultantwas charged with meeting with their clients to identify their technical needs and then to negotiate areasonable scope of work (given the 20/40 hour engineering time constraint). After agreeing on projectscope they were charged with creating a project plan, list of deliverables/milestones and a Gantt chartschedule. Clients ranged from professors and staff of the university to community partners. It was animportant aspect of the project that students would begin to take stock of what

Collection

Middle Atlantic ASEE Section Spring 2021 Conference

Authors

Suzanne Keilson, Loyola University Maryland

-time event that thegroup created on their own to teach some probability theory and then provide a fun game toreinforce that learning. This was the ‘probability jeopardy’ event.Probability JeopardyThe event was planned completely by the students engaged with the service-learning option.The community partner provided some guidance from their experience about what would beengaging to their students and were also able to provide money for a small prize. The author hadinitially thought to engage parents and others in the event that would perhaps be longer and overmultiple days and would include discussion of the idea of expected value and how that impactspeople’s everyday understanding of decisions they make, such as buying a Lottery

Collection

2021 ASEE North Central Section Conference

Authors

William T. Evans PhD P.E., The University of Toledo

. Additional units will be built in the future although there is no plan for 8 units, ourtarget for most labs.Students must address the scale interface in this lab. The scale accuracy, update speed and PLCresponse are all integral in the accuracy of a weight. Also, the interface of the scale to anoperator and automated process is important. Here the use of a specification is extremelyimportant, namely SP 88, the ISA batching specification. While the specification may not befollowed in all aspects, its use in the design of the batching application is a good starting pointfor any PLC batch program. To use a specification in the application of programming is veryimportant, especially one developed over many years by experts in the field. Collection of

Collection

ASEE 2021 Gulf-Southwest Annual Conference

Authors

Peter D. Rogers P.E., University of Southern Mississippi

Study. Proceedings of the EDU-COM 2008 International Conference, 19-21 November 2008. Retrieved from: http://ro.ecu.edu.au/ceducom/7 3 EdSurge. “Revisiting Blended Learning Principles, With School Plans in Limbo.” 2020. Retrieved from: https://www.edsurge.com/news/2020-07-20-revisiting-blended-learning-principles-with-school-plans-in- limbo 4 eLearning Industry. “The History of Blended Learning.” 2018. Retrieved from: https://elearningindustry.com/history-of-blended-learning 5 Friesen, Norm. "Report: Defining Blended Learning". 2012. Retrieved from: http://learningspaces.org/papers/Defining_Blended_Learning_NF.pdf 6 Hartman, J., Dziuban, C., and Moskal, P. “Strategic initiatives in

Collection

ASEE 2021 Gulf-Southwest Annual Conference

Authors

David Joseph Ewing, The University of Texas at Arlington; Catherine Mary Unite; Monica Franco; Kimshi Hickman

Tagged Topics

Diversity

; how to methodically break down a problem they have never seen before; and othersuch activities. The goal of these activities was to increase students’ study skills to help thembecome more effective not only for this course but their subsequent courses. We were not able toindividually assess the effectiveness of these activities versus the problem solving activities. Theassessment plan to be able to delineate these activities is planned to be the focus of a future work.Problem Solving ActivitiesThe faculty for the course develops a weekly packet of problems that the PLTL leader facilitates intheir sessions and guides the leaders through the material. The focus is on the process of solving theproblem and the conceptual understanding acquired

Collection

ASEE 2021 Gulf-Southwest Annual Conference

Authors

Tariq Khraishi, University of New Mexico

).UNM is a four-year public institution which is also classified as Minority Institution (MI) and aHispanic-Serving Institution (HSI). For ME512, the author was supposed to teach it as a hybridcourse (about half the students in-person with the teacher, and about half remote or liveonline). However, one week before the semester started, the University switched all studentsto a pure online modality.With this sudden change in plans, the teacher and the student had to adapt to somethingdifferent. More importantly, the teacher had to quickly switch his course offering and itsmaterials to suit an online modality. Others in the meantime, had since the Spring 2020 2semester to adapt to such modality

Collection

2003 GSW

Authors

Terrence L. Chambers; William E. Simon

LearnedThe main lesson learned was that it is very difficult to do a complete custom designproject, using the university purchasing system, within only one semester. As a result,we will be looking for projects that can more appropriately be done in two semesters. Aswitch to a two-semester project will probably result in an increase in the price. Also, ourexperience with the scope of the projects will cause us to be a bit more conservativeregarding what we are able to do within a particular time period. We also plan to try toformalize the customer requirements sooner and in greater detail so that disagreementsover scope issues will be less of a problem. Summary and ConclusionsIn summary, we are experiencing some growing

Collection

2003 GSW

Authors

Melanie Hagewood; Ken Van Treuren

). IntroductionIt is important with any wind tunnel to be able to characterize the flow characteristics present inthe test section. Understanding qualities such as flow velocity and uniformity, as well asturbulence levels, enables a better understanding of the test environment. This leads to betterexperimental planning. An elevated freestream turbulence level is sometimes desirable as theeffects of turbulence on heat transfer and boundary layer transition are becoming more widelyinvestigated experimentally. Experimental data often provides the basis for computational Proceedings of the 2003 ASEE Gulf Southwestern Annual Conference The University of Texas at Arlington Copyright©2003

Collection

2008 GSW

Authors

Jerry K. Keska

usage and application, the utilization ofrandom and/or deterministic analysis techniques. These problems also allow the student to comeup with a full-cycle solution that includes the inception of the initial idea, the design anddevelopment of a prototype, the feasibility/proof-of-concept, a final report with a formalpresentation, and a plan for the prototype’s improvement.Instrumentation and measurements of two-phase flows in mini- or microchannels or issues inmicro fluidics are excellent examples of challenging problems for open-ended projects.10 There arenumerous other examples of challenging open-ended problems well-suited to this purpose4, 5, 7:(a) AC and DC parameters including spatial and temporal distribution of concentrations(b) Flow

Collection

2008 GSW

Authors

Richard Bannerot

= [4η/ηavg + 2W*/W*avg + $*/$*avg ]/7 (1) where η = performance efficiency: energy collected over the four-hour testing period that was actually used to evaporate water (i.e., the mass of distilled water collected times the heat of vaporization per unit mass of water) divided by the insolation on the still’s aperture during the same four-hour testing period (to be provided by the instructor). W* = total weight of the still per unit area of aperture $* = total cost of still materials per unit area of aperture Subscript “avg” = class averageResultsThe plan was for the testing to take place approximately during the class time on Mondayand Wednesday

Collection

2008 GSW

Authors

Carol Costello; August Allo

was a five-minute PowerPoint team effort to introduce their design ideas. The last presentation wasa formal 10 to 14 minute proposal presentation containing a project plan through the endof the next semester. This latter was the only presentation on which the team was gradedusing a rubric. In addition, individual “score cards” were given to team membersimmediately after their presentation on what they had done well, and on areas forimprovement6.The Entry Survey showed that “nervousness” was cited most frequently in relation topresentations. The details the students included on their survey included the followingmanifestations of anxiety: • Feeling of excitement with sweaty palms • Shaky voice, talking too fast • Trouble making eye

Conference Session

Project-based and Experiential Learning in Civil Engineering

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Susan M. Reynolds, Colorado School of Mines

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

abilities with respect to spatial analysis and technical drawings.Finally, there is a known experience gap in engineering mechanics courses. It is not related tostudents’ math aptitude, but to the practical knowledge some students have accrued related tonuts, bolts, nails, screws, welds, etc. Not all students have experienced the act of building orfixing things at home or in school. The CAD visualizations demystify the jargon for studentswho may have less practical building experience and provide a more equitable learningexperience for all.Recommendations for others who wish to undertake similar projectsThe first-generation of the Seeing Structures repository of CAD visualizations was completedduring Fall 2020. The work was not pre-planned and was

Collection

Middle Atlantic ASEE Section Spring 2021 Conference

Authors

Kyle P Fuller, Northeastern University; Andrew J Lopreiato, Northeastern University; Raiden L Schodowski, Northeastern Univeristy; Alec W Silverman, Northeastern University; Samantha L Bowman, Northeastern University; Caitlynn E. Tov, Northeastern University; Joshua L. Hertz, Northeastern University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Ethiopian culturelectures. Since the students were traveling to a foreign country and collaborating withEthiopians, it is important that they are respectful of the values and culture of the people there.Furthermore, it is crucial for the students to recognize their privilege and cultural differenceswhen communicating with the hospital staff.ConclusionNU-IGH plans to continue and build upon its model from the surgical lamp project in futuredesign projects. Its design group’s next project after the surgical lamp is a low-cost ECGelectrodes project based on the group’s needs assessment from their last trip to SPHMMC. Onedesign goal the group is planning on integrating is the ability to mass produce a device locally inEthiopia. Designs that can be

Collection

2021 Northeast Section Meeting

Authors

Wei Wei

I. I NTRODUCTION drawbacks of TPAs: (i) TPA are not due immediately, and Computer programming is a critical component of the Com- hence students are more likely to procrastinate [8], [9]. As anputer Science discipline. It is considered a problem solving example, if a programming assignment is due in two weeks,process, including formulating, planning and designing the many students will not start working on it until one weeksolution, translating, testing, and delivery [1]. For students to before the due date. (ii) When completing a TPA, studentsbe proficient in computer programming, they need to learn the

Conference Session

Entrepreneurship and Engineering Innovation Division Technical Session 4

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Erin A. Henslee, Wake Forest University; Lauren Lowman, Wake Forest University; Michael D. Gross, Wake Forest University; Anita K. McCauley, Wake Forest University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation

. in Public Policy Studies from Duke University. Her research investigates how extreme events affect overall ecosystem health, productivity, and sustainability using numerical models, geospatial data analysis, and field experiments. She is also passionate about developing and sharing inclusive teaching practices in STEM fields and received a 2020 Engineering Unleashed Fellowship from the Kern Family Foundation to support this work.Dr. Michael D. Gross, Wake Forest University Dr. Michael Gross is a Founding Faculty and Associate Professor of Engineering at Wake Forest Uni- versity and is part of the team that is planning, developing, and delivering the brand new Engineering program. The Engineering department is

Conference Session

Assessment in Multidisciplinary Learning Environment

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Sara A. Atwood, Elizabethtown College; Brenda Read-Daily, Elizabethtown College; Jean Carlos Batista Abreu, Elizabethtown College

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering

. While the instructor did not teach this course again due to rotating instructor coverage,she implemented this approach in her Thermodynamics course.Details are presented in Appendix A.Thermodynamics (Spring 2020)While an epic finale approach was already planned, the instructor felt it was particularlyappropriate given the quick pivot online during COVID in Spring 2020. All students had beenassessed individually on partial exams and a cumulative FE-style quiz. The epic finale wasconducted virtually on Zoom and was less structured. Students were placed into random breakoutgroups and asked to figure out how a hospital ventilator works with schematics drawn,components identified, and technical considerations and related to thermodynamics and

Conference Session

Holy Cow! We’re Going Online When? 

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Monica Palomo P.E., California State Polytechnic University, Pomona; Bettina Jeanine Casad, University of Missouri - St. Louis

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

taken in March of 2020, there was no time forsuch course development and planning.On the other hand, synchronous online learning or instruction takes place at a fixed schedule andin real-time where the instructor and learners interact in diverse and planned ways. Classengagement can happen via discussion (e.g., written chat, verbal communication, etc.), and withimmediate feedback (e.g., via polls, verbal comments, etc.) from instructors or peers. It allowsspontaneity and flexibility of the questions, answers, or content presented; and it promotesimmediacy or community development. The rigidity of the schedule and potential technicaldifficulties are drawbacks of synchronous online learning environments. The time and resourcesrequired to design

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Amanda Gonczi, Michigan Technological University; Whitney Nicole McCoy, University of Virginia; Robert M. Handler; Jennifer L. Maeng, University of Virginia

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

example, teachers were asked “In what ways, if at all, do you believestudents benefit from using digital technology in engineering lessons?” Interviews tookapproximately 30 minutes. They were audio recorded and transcribed for analysis. Lesson Observations. The original research plan entailed collecting one recorded lessonfrom each participant that they identified as reflecting engineering instruction. Due to COVID19, only a small number of participants were able to record their instruction before the academicyear came to premature end in March, 2020. In total, 9 teachers recorded a lesson that theyidentified as including elements of engineering.Table 1. Research Questions, Data Sources, and Methods of Analysis Research Questions

Conference Session

Assessment in Multidisciplinary Learning Environment

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Ellen M. Swartz, North Dakota State University; Ryan Striker P.E., North Dakota State University; Lauren Singelmann, North Dakota State University; Enrique Alvarez Vazquez, North Dakota State University; Mary Pearson, North Dakota State University; Stanley Shie Ng, Biola University

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering

as the K-12 Outreach Coordinator where she plans and organizes outreach activities and camps for students in the Fargo-Moorhead area.Mr. Enrique Alvarez Vazquez, North Dakota State University Enrique is an experienced Systems Engineer with a demonstrated history of working in the electrical and electronic manufacturing field. Highly skilled in Embedded Devices, Software Engineering, and Electronics. He is a strong information technology professional with two MSc’s and working on a Doctor of Philosophy - PhD focused in Electrical Engineering from North Dakota State University.Mary Pearson, North Dakota State University Mary is a Ph.D. candidate in biomedical engineering with research focused in the area of

Conference Session

Professional Formation and Career Experiences

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Angela R. Bielefeldt, University of Colorado Boulder; Jake Walker Lewis; Madeline Polmear, University of Florida; Daniel Knight, University of Colorado Boulder; Chris Swan, Tufts University

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education/Engineering & Society

perspective, before coming to a conclusion on an ethical course of action[14]. However, despite understanding an appropriate course of action, individuals may stillbehave unethically. Explorations of unethical behavior have explored this process using theTheory of Planned Behavior [15, 16] and identifying obstacles to ethical behaviors [17]. In astudy on temptations to engage in unethical behavior in academic settings and work settings(e.g., undergraduates with internship experiences), similar decision-making processes andmotivators were identified in the academic and work settings, although with differentialimportance in their model [18]. For example, engaging in cheating behavior in high school waspredictive of decisions to violate workplace

Conference Session

Bridging Content and Context in the Classroom

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Heather Dillon, University of Washington Tacoma; Tammy VanDeGrift, University of Portland

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Culture & Social Justice in Education, Equity

performingsections was observed by an independent educator who shared a few observations. The studentsdid not ask many questions, and the questions that did come up were occasionally hostile. Anexample student question in one of these sections was “Why should girls get specialscholarships? This is unfair to me as a white male, and I should get the same chances.” Whenthe students broke into groups to work on solutions and strategies to improve diversity cultureone group of male students actually made a plan to form a “white male club” that would focuson supporting their rights. This result is disappointing, but consistent with the literature onbacklash from more privileged groups during diversity dialogs [23]. In the future, the teamplans to restructure the

Conference Session

Community Engagement Division Technical Session 5

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Srinivas Mohan Dustker, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Bandi Surendra Reddy, Hyderabad Institute of Technology and Management; Rohit Kandakatla, KG Reddy College of Engineering and Technology; Gopalkrishna H. Joshi, KLE Technological University; William C. Oakes, Purdue University, West Lafayette

Tagged Divisions

Community Engagement Division

emerginglevel. A key takeaway from Figure 1 is that no student was reflecting at the surface level by theend of the semester.In this quote is an example of Deep Level reflection. The student is reflecting on the wholesemester from multiple perspectives, while also recognizing the conflicts and acknowledging thedifferences. Thus, this student is critically thinking at the Deep level. …, I have learned the importance of flexibility and keeping an open mind. After school was called off and classes moved online midway through the semester, everything changed, and we had to quickly change our entire plan. … Remaining frustrated and stuck on our old plans and ideas of how the semester was supposed to go would only slow our

Conference Session

Student Division Technical Session 1

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Melissa Shuey, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute; Atsushi Akera, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute; Sarah Appelhans, University at Albany-SUNY; Alan Cheville, Bucknell University; Thomas De Pree, University of New Mexico; Soheil Fatehiboroujeni, Cornell University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Student

asynchronous model is easier to implement because it doesn’t requireas much effort and planning. Because the transition to online learning was so sudden, it makessense that professors looked toward implementing an asynchronous model, but students reallystruggled with this course design. Only 4 of the 22 interviewees stated that they preferredasynchronous learning in the online environment.Tara is a graduate from Ohio State University who majored in food, agricultural, & biologicalengineering. She was taking six classes during the spring 2020 semester, two of which wereengineering classes that both shifted to complete asynchronous delivery methods. She constantlyfelt like she was behind in her courses and she described how completing the

Conference Session

Virtual Instruction of Chemical Engineering Courses

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Milo Koretsky, Tufts University

Tagged Divisions

Chemical Engineering

resources, and, importantly,taking time (even a small amount) for mental health.Table 3. Coded response for strategies and resources by frequency Category Sample response Percent Response I have been splitting up my work into smaller sections rather than Study approach/work habits/ just doing it all at once. I feel like this makes it easier to stay on 29% planning top of my work and had really helped with

Conference Session

Research on Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Trina L. Fletcher, Florida International University; Alexandra Coso Strong, Florida International University; Jay Phillip Jefferson, Florida International University; Jade Moten, Florida International University; Sung Eun Park, Florida International University; D'Aundray James Adams, Florida International University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

campusculture [9], [10]. In these studies, campus culture considered (1) classroom experiences, (2)faculty-staff relationship, (3) institutional support services, (4) peer interactions, (5) studenteffort to learn, (6) goal development and management, and (7) institutional commitment. As aresult, we integrated these components of campus culture into our understanding of institutionalclimate to ground our data collection approach and provide a helpful framework for uncoveringways in which institutional climate can impact how a Black HBCU undergraduate engineering orcomputing student navigates their post-graduate planning and decision-making.Identity and SuccessUnderstanding how an institution’s culture and climate support students’ personal identities is

Conference Session

Faculty Development 1: Social Justice Research

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Sylvia L. Mendez, University of Colorado at Colorado Springs; Valerie Martin Conley, University of Colorado at Colorado Springs; Katie Johanson, University of Colorado at Colorado Springs; Richard Carroll Sinclair, University of Colorado at Colorado Springs; Comas Lamar Haynes, Georgia Tech Research Institute; Rosario A. Gerhardt, Georgia Institute of Technology; Kinnis Gosha, Morehouse College

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Faculty Development Division

faculty of color mentees to develop a career goal that attended totheir career stage and intended career trajectory. Pre-tenure mentee career goals centered aroundtenure and promotion, while post-tenure mentee career goals were more individualized, such asmoving into an administrative post. The mentees were required to select an emeriti faculty as amentor to specifically grow their mentoring network; thus, the inclusion of emeriti faculty wasmeant to supplement not supplant any existing mentoring relationships. Collaboratively, thementoring pairs were invited to co-determine a mentoring plan to include their planned mode andfrequency of communication and shared mentoring goals. Therefore, the mutual mentoringmodel served as the foundation of the

Conference Session

Personnel Development & Retention

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Yun Dong, Iowa State University; Subhanwit Roy, Iowa State University; Lorenzo D. Baber, Loyola University, Chicago ; Benjamin Ahn, Iowa State University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Aerospace

careers socialization, Korte et al. [23] foundthat new employees expect a formal development plan for adjusting to their new workingposition, guidance from their manager, and opportunities of undertaking work-related tasks.Harris et al. [21] revealed that, in the context of learning and adjusting to existingorganizational practices, new employees proactively formulate a sense or reliableunderstanding of the organizational practices by adjusting or improving the practices. Theyalso check their understanding and assumptions of the practices by asking for feedback orobserving their managers' and coworkers' reactions. These studies revealed similarities inproactive behaviors in STEM with those found in a general context, such as FeedbackSeeking and

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Johanna Milord, University of Missouri - Columbia; Fan Yu, University of Missouri - Columbia; Sarah Lynn Orton P.E., University of Missouri - Columbia; Lisa Y. Flores, University of Missouri - Columbia; Rose M. Marra, University of Missouri - Columbia

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

styles. Research thatsupports efficacy of online education [19, 20, 21] highlights important features such as teacherpreparedness, clear guidelines, and structured coursework. These online courses typically arearranged in advance with planning and thorough organization about six to nine months before thecourse is delivered [17]. Another study found that aspects of online education that are integral tolearning virtually include staff's readiness and confidence, student accessibility and studentmotivation [23].This past March 2020, Universities across the U.S. experienced an emergency shift to remoteteaching almost overnight [24]. This sudden shift caused courses designed for face-to-faceinstruction to be moved online for “remote learning

Conference Session

Understanding Students' Authentic and Reflective Experiences of Ethics Education

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Luan M. Nguyen, Iowa State University of Science and Technology; Cristina Poleacovschi, Iowa State University of Science and Technology; Kasey M. Faust, University of Texas at Austin; Kate Padgett Walsh, Iowa State University of Science and Technology; Michaela Leigh LaPatin P.E., University of Texas at Austin; Scott Grant Feinstein; Cassandra Rutherford

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Ethics

inaccurate planning and the project may face resistance from somerefugees .This example illustrates a complicated and interdependent relationship betweentechnical and ethical aspects of engineering work [5]. In addition, it reveals the importance ofethics in engineering work and the need to focus on broad societal impacts in engineering ethicseducation [1]. Here, the lack of macroethical understanding of the context of the engineeringproject led to the engineers facing resistance from the refugees. Current engineering education tends to focus on technical aspect and issues internal toengineering practice (e.g., relationship between individual engineers, or between the engineersand their clients) [1]. Even though ethics is intrinsically part

Conference Session

First-Year Programs: Diversity, Equity and Inclusion in the First Year

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Janet Aderemi Omitoyin, The University of Illinois at Chicago ; Renata A. Revelo, The University of Illinois at Chicago; Betul Bilgin, The University of Illinois at Chicago; Houshang Darabi, The University of Illinois at Chicago; Rezvan Nazempour, The University of Illinois at Chicago

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

resources.While students felt competent in their abilities to pursue an engineering degree, they describedcompetence as individual knowledge and understanding of engineering and access to resources.These resources were described as people (e.g., advisors, tutors), and as non-human resources(e.g., libraries, relevant laboratories, tutorials). Having access to resources made them feelcompetent and confident in themselves in the present and in their future. Often studentsconflated competence with confidence, which we plan to discuss in a separate study, but ingeneral, students felt like competent learners. Therefore, they felt confident they can becomeengineers in the long run. Access to resources made sense as contributing factors to students’competence