Conference Session

Mechanical Design and Projects

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Janet Dong, University of Cincinnati; Janak Dave, University of Cincinnati

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

process. Atthe completion of this capstone project, students will have acquired the following necessaryskills, which will apply to their professional careers: 1. Synthesizing knowledge from earlier courses. 2. Starting from concept to a working prototype. 3. Project management. 4. Time management. 5. Dealing with vendors. 6. Oral communication to a technical and a non-technical audience. 7. Writing a formal project report. Page 12.449.2Senior Capstone ProjectThe four-course sequence for the senior project consists of Senior Seminar, Senior DesignProject I, Senior Design Project II, and Senior Communications. This

Conference Session

Outstanding Contributions to ME

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Peter Avitabile, University of Massachusetts-Lowell

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

progressivelyevolved over the past several years. The new approach integrates materials that are taught inDifferential Equations, Mathematical Methods for Engineers, Mechanical Laboratory courses and thenonto the Dynamic Systems course. Some novel approaches for presenting the material along withhands-on experimentally acquired data have been developed. The Response Under Basic Excitation(RUBE) online experiment along with all of the supporting analytical and virtual tools that have beendeveloped over the past several years under an NSF funded project are described in this paper. Allmaterials are available online at http://dynsys.uml.edu/.1 - PROBLEMGenerally, students do not understand the need for basic STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering andMathematics

Conference Session

K-12 Programs (Co-sponsored by K-12 Division)

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Carol Stwalley, Purdue University

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering

remained stagnant. Americanengineering colleges had just 20.1-20.6% women graduates for the last five years, while overallgraduation rates have declined.1 The Commission on Professionals in Science and Technology Page 12.1415.3state that there must be attention paid to the domestic degree production of the science andengineering (S&E) workforce to replenish the retiring segment and allow for a slight growthindustry.2 The Bureau of Labor Statistics concurs and states that even with a stagnant industry,the number of retiring engineers will keep the demand strong for American engineers through thenext 10 to 15 years.3 The National Science Board

Conference Session

Computer and Information Technology-Related Issues

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Gary Steffen, Indiana University-Purdue University-Fort Wayne; Iskandar Hack, Indiana University-Purdue University-Fort Wayne

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

to implement this knowledge into their own life. Thispaper will discuss the use of small scale routers, access points and operating systems in thetraining of a security specialist in a Computer Engineering Technology program.FirewallThe word firewall has become synonymous with network and computer security. A firewall isan information technology (IT) security device which is configured to permit or denyconnections set and configured by the organization's security policy. A firewall's basic task is tocontrol traffic between computer networks with different zones of trust (figure 1). Typicalexamples are the Internet which is a zone with no trust and an internal network which is (andshould be) a zone with high trust. The ultimate goal is to

Conference Session

Innovations in ECE Education III

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Brian Otis, University of Washington; Linda Whang, University of Washington

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

the major factors influencing an engineer’s choice of information source is itsaccessibility, or perceived accessibility.1-2 Since “the more experience engineers have with aninformation channel or source, the more accessible they perceive it to be,”1 it makes sense tointroduce engineering students to a variety of reliable information sources while they are inschool so that when they are working in industry or academia, they will have familiarity withthem and be more likely to consult them. Rodrigues states that “the ideal time for the engineer todevelop his or her information gathering and management skills is not when entering thecorporate world, rather, it is during the engineering education,”9 when they have access to moreinformation

Conference Session

Web-Based Education

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Thomas Walker, Virginia Tech

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

traditional boundaries of timeand space."1 Of course, instructors might also take the time to replace “CMS” with “textbooks”and reread that sentence. The question is not one of “extending the classroom” with technology– it is one of changing the teaching/learning paradigm with technology in a way that enhances“learning” without requiring significant additional financial, temporal, or physical resources.Coincidentally, driven largely by a combination of decreasing resources and increasing demand,engineering instructors are being “encouraged” to develop “online” versions of their courses.The two greatest disincentives to offering engineering courses in “distance” mode are theadditional effort required for faculty to prepare and deliver the materials

Conference Session

Best of the NEE

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Wendy James, Oklahoma State University; Stacee Harmon, Oklahoma State University; Richard Bryant, Oklahoma State University

Tagged Divisions

New Engineering Educators

, scientific methods in thelatter part of the nineteenth century when researchers asked subjects to reflect and report on theirown cognition. At the turn of the nineteenth century, using such subjective data for analysis was Page 12.556.7abandoned in favor of using only observable actions as appropriate objective data. This resultedin the behaviorist perspective, where learning is understood as the formation, strengthening, andadjustment of associations between ideas, stimuli, and responses. These theories “are framed bythe assumption that behavior is to be understood as the responses of an organism to stimuli in thesituation,”1 which usually can

Conference Session

Engineering Professional Development for K-12 Teachers – II

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Marilyn Barger, University of South Florida; Richard Gilbert, University of South Florida; Robin Little, Douglas L. Jamerson Jr. Elementary School; Chuck Parsons, Douglas L. Jamerson Jr. Elementary School; Kim Parsons, Douglas L. Jamerson, Jr. Elementary School; Pat Van Driessche, Douglas L. Jamerson, Jr. Elementary School; Debbie O'Hare

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

Elementary Education from the University of South Florida. His experiences include over 30 years teaching in Kindergarten through fifth grade classrooms and 1 ½ years as a resource teacher. Chuck has curriculum writing experience and has presented at various state and national venues.Kim Parsons, Douglas L. Jamerson, Jr. Elementary School KIM PARSONS is the Reading Coach for Kindergarten through Third grade at Douglas L. Jamerson, Jr. Elementary School Center for Mathematics and Engineering. She earned a B.A. in Elementary Education from Florida Atlantic University and a Master of Arts in Education from the University of South Florida. Prior to her position as Reading Coach, Kim’s experience

Conference Session

Computer-Assisted Lab Studies

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Michael Parten, Texas Tech University; Timothy Maxwell, Texas Tech University

Tagged Divisions

Division Experimentation & Lab-Oriented Studies

AC 2007-2064: MONITORING AND CONTROL IN ADVANCED VEHICLEENGINEERING LABORATORIESMichael Parten, Texas Tech UniversityTimothy Maxwell, Texas Tech University Page 12.1079.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2007I IntroductionOver the past several years, Texas Tech University’s Advanced Vehicle EngineeringLaboratory (AVEL) has converted numerous conventional vehicles to hybrid electric(HEVs) and alternative fueled vehicles.1-14 Each vehicle is composed of many subsystems all of which require extensive monitoring and control in addition to the overallvehicle control issues. Many of these sub systems have built-in microprocessor basedmonitoring and control systems that must be

Conference Session

ECE Poster Session

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Doug Sterk, Virginia Tech; Tim Thacker, Virginia Tech; Elizabeth Tranter, Virginia Tech; Richard Goff, Virginia Tech; Janis Terpenny, Virginia Tech

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

and the LSAMP program in order to develop an REU in power electronics targeted toLSAMP participants. The purpose of this program is threefold: 1) to provide additionalopportunities to ERC students to obtain a rich undergraduate research experience, includingconsecutive summer experiences, for interested students; 2) to extend ERC resources to non ERCstudents; and 3) to encourage the participants’ pursuit of engineering research activities andgraduate study after completion of the REU program. Opportunities to expand collaboration arefurther enhanced by the consortium organization of the Louis Stokes Alliances, which provideaccess to several institutions through each regional alliance.The structure of the CPES REU and LSAMP REU programs are

Conference Session

FPD6 -- Early Intervention & Retention Programs

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ken Yasuhara, University of Washington

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

. Our conclusion discusses the challenge undergraduate CSE education faces in addressingthese perceptions and concerns in order to help students make more informed decisions aboutmajoring in CSE.IntroductionAfter years of booming interest, enrollment in computer science and engineering (CSE) is nowsuffering a startling, rapid drop in North America. Between 2000 and 2004, the fraction ofincoming undergraduates planning to major in computer science fell by over 60%, and,historically, this statistic has accurately predicted bachelor’s degree production.1 Likelyconsequences include a shortage of qualified, domestic candidates for computing-related jobsand the downsizing or even elimination of CSE programs and departments.Having recognized the

Conference Session

Undergraduate Aerospace Design – General Topics

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Daniel Biezad, California Polytechnic State University; Joon Kim, Lockheed Aircraft Co

Tagged Divisions

Aerospace

Education Annual Conference * Exposition Copyright © 2005, American Society for Engineering Education they relate to flight, and a systems view of planning, task scheduling, documentation, and testing. Students completing this course will be able to: (1) explain fundamental manufacturing and fabrication techniques used for aircraft made of metal or of composites; (2) implement the types of fabrication processes used by industry and by small aircraft builders; (3) document their own progress using established procedures; (4) demonstrate expertise in reading aircraft plans and construction diagrams, especially as the systems of the aircraft come together; (5) analyze how modifications and errors impact fabrication time and cost

Conference Session

Ethical Responsibilities of Engineers in the World of Corporate Business

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Donna Riley, Smith College

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education

literature that may be adapted for work in developing communities? Through aseries of case studies, we explore models for engineering development projects and studentparticipation in them. Potential pitfalls are examined, and the implications for globaldevelopment efforts within engineering education are discussed. Page 12.1240.2IntroductionThere has been an explosion of interest in global development engineering within engineeringeducation in recent years. ABET’s criterion 3 requires that students obtain “the broad educationnecessary to understand the impact of engineering solutions in a global, economic,environmental, and societal context.”1 The interpretation of this phrase varies widely withinengineering

Conference Session

ChE: Innovations in Student Learning

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Danial Hohne, University of Michigan; Leeann Fu, University of Michigan; Barry Barkel, University of Michigan; Peter Woolf, University of Michigan

Tagged Divisions

Chemical Engineering

include redundanthomework problems, mid-term exams, comprehensive creative exercises (projects) and adiagnostic final exam. These types of assignments rely heavily upon repetition for learning andthey work well for many lower-level engineering courses, but often do not include synthesis ofideas by the students. Typically, higher level courses require the students to do more synthesisand rely less on memorization of material for learning.Using the traditional approach, the student creates an extensive body of work. While completinghomework assignments in the form of problem sets is invaluable for introductory courses,1 thephysical pieces of paper produced by doing homework are likely of little use as reference uponcompletion of the course

Conference Session

FPD6 -- Early Intervention & Retention Programs

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Daniel Knight, University of Colorado at Boulder; Jacquelyn Sullivan, University of Colorado at Boulder; Beverly Louie, University of Colorado at Boulder

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

Styles AssessmentThe retention of first-year engineering students and the development of their teamwork skills areboth important concerns in engineering education.[1, 2] Factors that have been found to helppredict retention and success in teams are student characteristics known as “style” (e.g., learningstyle, cognitive style). [3-5] One criticism of these types of assessment is that they are potentiallyinaccurate due to their self-reporting format. [6] The authors seek to deepen understanding of therelationship between student style, retention and team effectiveness through peer assessments ofstudents’ social styles. To that end, social style assessment and team training are discussedwithin the context of a first

Conference Session

Computer Engineering Technology Curriculum

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Xuefu Zhou, University of Cincinnati; James Everly, University of Cincinnati; Max Rabiee, University of Cincinnati

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

advisor committee. The new course has been offered twice in 2006and received very positive student responses. This paper describes the course information,lecture topics, laboratory exercises, student feedback, and the instructor’s reflections.1. IntroductionWireless computing is a rapidly emerging technology which offers network connectivity therebyminimizing the need for a wired connection and thus supports the concept of mobility. Wirelesstechnology has already become the most exciting area in telecommunications and networks. Therapid growth of wireless and mobile telephones, satellite communication, wireless local areanetworks (WLAN), wireless personal area networks (WPAN) and wireless metropolitan areanetworks (WMAN) and the applications of

Conference Session

Capstone Design II

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kyu-Jung Kim, California State Polytechnic University-Pomona

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

2D & 3D vector and equilibrium analysis of particles,rigid bodies and structures (Fig. 1, Table 1) and Mechanical Design Toolbox (MDT) for stressanalysis and design of various mechanical components (Fig. 2, Table 2). Page 12.390.3 2 Figure 1 Equilibrium Toolbox (EQT). The main control interface consisting of nine analysis modulesFigure 2 Mechanical Design Toolbox (MDT). The main control interface and description Page 12.390.4 of analysis panels

Conference Session

Critical Success Factors for Technopolis Creation

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

W. Andrew Clark, East Tennessee State University; Peter Hriso, East Tennessee State University; Craig A. Turner, East Tennessee State University

Tagged Divisions

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation

andentrepreneurship. Carolyn O’Grady in her text, “Integrating Service Learning andMulticultural Education in Colleges and University”1 described the National Service Actof 1993 as a method: • “Under which students learn and develop through active participation in thoughtfully organized service experiences that meet actual community needs and that are coordinated in collaboration with the school and the community; • That is integrated into the students’ academic curriculum or provides a structured time for a student to think, talk or write about what the student did and saw during the actual service activity; • That provides students with opportunities to use newly acquired skills and knowledge in real-life

Conference Session

Creating a Technology Incubator and Creating a Seed Fund

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jim Subach, Arizona State University; Lakshmi Munukutla, Arizona State University; John Magrane, Microchip Technology Inc.; Carol Popovich, Microchip Technology Inc.

Tagged Divisions

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation

of a product; then developbusiness and marketing plans for the product, while gaining an understanding of thepatent process. All of these activities are part of a capstone project that is alreadyincluded in the curriculum at ASU‘s Polytechnic campus, Department of ElectronicSystems.Introduction ASU defines entrepreneurship as “the spirit and process of creative risk takingand innovation that leverages university knowledge to spur social development andeconomic competitiveness.”1 Additionally, in a contributed article to Mechanical Engineering Magazine,Ephraim Suhir, President and CEO of ERS/Siloptix Co. in Los Altos, CA, wrote that “atechnological professional with entrepreneurial skills has a better chance than a

Conference Session

Instrumentation and Laboratory Systems

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

John Bell, University of Illinois-Chicago

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

benefits to thosestudents by providing them opportunities to work together with others to meet long-term goals.This paper will discuss how one such laboratory, the Virtual Reality Undergraduate ProjectLaboratory, VRUPL, serves education on two fronts by developing large-scale virtual realityeducational simulations in an undergraduate research laboratory, and distributes the resultingproducts free of charge.PEDAGOGICAL BACKGROUNDThe work presented in this paper is based upon three important pedagogical foundations: 1. Dale Edgar’s Cone of Learning: Students retain more knowledge for a longer period of time when the information is presented through multiple delivery channels, particularly when one or more of those channels involves

Conference Session

Assessment Methods

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Susan Scachitti, Purdue University-Calumet; Gregory Neff, Purdue University-Calumet; Christine Corum, Purdue University; James Higley, Purdue University, Calumet; Mohammad Zahraee, Purdue University-Calumet; Heather Cooper, Purdue University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

, and levels of expectation are similar. Given these variations in detail, regional accreditation of higher education institutions is intended to: 1. foster excellence in higher education through the development of criteria and guidelines for assessing educational effectiveness; 2. encourage institutional improvement of educational endeavors through continuous self-study and evaluation; 3. ensure the educational community, the general public, and other agencies or organizations that an institution has clearly defined and appropriate educational objectives, has established conditions under which their achievement can reasonably be expected, appears in fact to be

Conference Session

Introducing Active and Inductive Learning and Improving the Learning Curve in ME

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Olga Pierrakos, Virginia Tech; John Charonko, Virginia Tech; Alicia Williams, Virginia Tech; Satyaprakash Karri, Virginia Tech; Kelley Stewart, Virginia Tech; Pavlos Vlachos, Virginia Tech

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

proudly displaying theirresearch infrastructure and state-of-the-art facilities, a vast majority of these students graduatewithout ever being exposed to these assets. Even those students who are introduced to researchoften remain oblivious to the rich research diversity and the multi-disciplinary culture ofengineering. This is an increasingly important concern because the future engineer is expected toadapt to a varying and continuously evolving environment while simultaneously being able tooperate outside the narrow limits of one discipline, crossing over boundaries and interfacingbetween different fields. In recent years, the Boyer Commission,1 the National ScienceFoundation,2 the American Association for the Advancement of Science,3 and the

Conference Session

Two year Colleges

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Gary Mullett, Springfield Technical Community College; Ellen Hause, AACC; Benjamin Taylor, Seminole Community College

Tagged Divisions

Two Year College Division

year 2002 somesixty-three community colleges had received grants that directly addressed the IT workforcetraining needs of their local communities [1]. To a great extent, the success of this program wasdue to the vision and generous philanthropy of the Microsoft Corp., the expertise of the AACCmanagement team who oversaw the program on a day-to-day basis, and the dedication of thecommunity college faculty and administrators that took part in the mentoring process.It should be noted that prior to the Working Connections program and the start of the NationalScience Foundation’s Advanced Technology Education (ATE) program in the early 1990’s, mostcommunity college faculty worked in relative isolation with very little contact with colleaguesthat

Conference Session

Product Innovation and Entrepreneurship

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Richard Fry, Brigham Young University

Tagged Divisions

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation

solution within a narrow range. They then workquickly to achieve, test, and validate that solution. These two mind-sets often clash as one seeksto broaden the scope of the problem, while the other is working to achieve closure. This contrastis illustrated in FIG. 1 FIG.1 Page 12.405.5 Contrast of divergent/convergent processesApplying characteristics of creative thinking, and accommodating the different flavors ofcreativity, successful projects focusing on the collaboration between multi-disciplinary studentgroups should require students to be flexible, fluent, original, and have

Conference Session

ChE: Assessment

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Daina Briedis, Michigan State University; Mark Urban-Lurain, Michigan State University; Robert Ofoli, Michigan State University; Dennis Miller, Michigan State University; Jon Sticklen, Michigan State University

Tagged Divisions

Chemical Engineering

AC 2007-2107: ENABLING CURRICULAR INTEGRATION THROUGHMULTI-COURSE ASSESSMENTDaina Briedis, Michigan State UniversityMark Urban-Lurain, Michigan State UniversityRobert Ofoli, Michigan State UniversityDennis Miller, Michigan State UniversityJon Sticklen, Michigan State University Page 12.602.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2007 Enabling Curricular Integration through Multi-Course AssessmentIntroductionIn 1991, ABET was faced with a major challenge of transforming from a rigid set ofaccreditation criteria to evaluation criteria based on constituency focus, continuousprogram improvement, and outcomes in student learning.1 To accomplish this change,ABET underwent a massive

Conference Session

ERM Potpourri II

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kevin O'Connor, University of Rochester; Daniel Amos, University of Washington; Tori Bailey, Stanford University; Gary Lichtenstein, Stanford University; Lari Garrison, University of Washington; Heidi Loshbaugh, Colorado School of Mines; Marcus Jones, Howard University; Derek Seward, University of Rochester; Lisa Perhamus, University of Rochester; Reed Stevens, University of Washington

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

students’interests and their decisions to persist in or leave their major. We argue that students’interests become differentially identified as “intrinsic” or “extrinsic” to engineeringthrough the work of powerful sponsors within the discipline. We argue further that a viewof identity as socially produced is necessary in order to avoid taking for granted crucialaspects of disciplinary practices of identifying engineers, and in particular ways in whichcertain kinds of interests might be sponsored over and above others.IntroductionRecent educational research has emphasized the centrality of identity to learning anddevelopment.1 In engineering education research and in SMET fields more broadly, formationof a professional identity is increasingly viewed as

Conference Session

Computer Tools for Education

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Vinod Lohani, Virginia Tech; Ricky Castles, Virginia Tech; Jenny Lo, Virginia Tech; Odis Griffin, Virginia Tech

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

their individual and group efforts incompleting a 6-week long sustainable energy design project. A summary of assessment datafrom in-class clicker-based questions and end of semester course exit survey is presented todiscuss the effectiveness of Tablet based instruction. Students liked electronic note takingfeatures and quickly became proficient at setting up collaborative sessions using Tablet PC fordesign and problem solving activities and thought the Tablet PC was a good tool for thatpurpose.1. IntroductionThe College of Engineering (COE) at Virginia Tech announced a new Tablet PC computinginitiative in summer 2006 for incoming freshmen. This initiative made it mandatory for allengineering freshmen (~1200 each year) to own a Tablet PC

Conference Session

Engineering Ethics and Global Issues

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Dawn Bikowski, Ohio University; Melissa Broeckelman, Ohio University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Ethics

which qualityteaching and learning are prioritized while also establishing policies that deter academicdishonesty. Research has shown, “Serious test cheating on campuses with honor codes istypically 1/3 to 1/2 lower than the level on campuses that do not have honor codes. The level ofserious cheating on written assignments is 1/4 to 1/3 lower” 3.FacultyThough student involvement is of utmost importance in developing a culture of academicintegrity, faculty also play a critical role. Indeed, students’ lack of understanding about academicexpectations14 and their belief that there will be no consequences for cheating or plagiarizing8 aretwo key factors that increase academic dishonesty, both of which are factors over whichinstructors have a great

Conference Session

Distance, Remote, and Virtual Experiments

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Trishna Das, University of Minnesota-ECE; Paul Imbertson, University of Minnesota-ECE; Ned Mohan, University of Minnesota

Tagged Divisions

Division Experimentation & Lab-Oriented Studies

. The Host shares the master terminal desktop using the Breezefeature of screen and application sharing. Now the Presenter or the selected student performs apart of the experiment.Fig. 1 Breeze Meeting RoomTypically there are ten students in the laboratory section forming five teams. The experimentstarts with a few Matlab Simulink models that selected student Presenters simulate. Thehardware part of the experiment begins by first creating the Matlab Simulink models using thedSPACE toolbars. Then the models are built in real time using the Matlab Real Time Workshopthat generates the C-code of the dSPACE model. The students then create the layout using theControl Desk toolbars which gives them the required measurements and readings from

Conference Session

Preparing Civil Engineering Students for a Flat World

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

James Ledlie Klosky; Stephen Ressler, U.S. Military Academy

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

connectivityformed the essential technology needed to support the remote learning experience.The final key decision to be made was “What is the best way to teach the material to thestudent?”. In this case, given that there was one student, a key factor was cost, both in terms offaculty time and hardware. Further, with essentially no broader institutional support for theeffort, the methods had to be easy, available, and familiar to the instructor, who was carrying afull teaching load in addition to the remote course. With this in mind, the following methods andresources were employed: 1. The instructor’s notes, already available as formal, well-segmented chunks, or board notes1, where provided to the student as pdf documents on an ftp site. These