Conference Session

Biomedical Engineering Division (BED) Poster Session

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Joshua Robert Chan; Elizabeth Kathleen Bucholz, Duke University; Cameron Michael Kim, Duke University

Tagged Divisions

Biomedical Engineering Division (BED)

Paper ID #39938Board 19: Work in Progress: Integrating Ethics Education across theBiomedical Engineering Curriculum Increases Student Awareness ofFrameworks and Broader Applications to PracticeJoshua Robert ChanDr. Elizabeth Kathleen Bucholz, Duke University Dr. Bucholz is an Assistant Professor of the Practice for the Department of Biomedical Engineering at Duke University and has served as the Associate Director of Undergraduate Studies for the Department of Biomedical Engineering in the Pratt School of EngProf. Cameron Michael Kim, Duke University Cameron Kim is an Assistant Professor of the Practice in the Department of

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Zenaida Otero Gephardt, Rowan University; Stephanie Farrell, Rowan University; Mariano Savelski, Rowan University; Krchnavek Robert, Rowan University; C. Stewart Slater, Rowan University; Vladimir DeDelva, Rowan University; Michael Glasspool, Rowan University; Muhammad Iftikhar, Rowan University; Keith McIver, Rowan University; Katherine Ross, Rowan University; Kathryn Whitaker, Rowan University; Tatsiana Sokal, Rowan University

AC 2010-385: INTEGRATION OF PARTICLE TECHNOLOGY WITHPHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS IN THE CHEMICALENGINEERING UNDERGRADUATE CURRICULUM AND K-12 EDUCATIONZenaida Otero Gephardt, Rowan UniversityStephanie Farrell, Rowan UniversityMariano Savelski, Rowan UniversityKrchnavek Robert, Rowan UniversityC. Stewart Slater, Rowan UniversityVladimir DeDelva, Rowan UniversityMichael Glasspool, Rowan UniversityMuhammad Iftikhar, Rowan UniversityKeith McIver, Rowan UniversityKatherine Ross, Rowan UniversityKathryn Whitaker, Rowan UniversityTatsiana Sokal, Rowan University Page 15.784.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2010 Integration of Particle Technology with

Conference Session

Collaborative Projects in Architectural Engineering Education

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jacob Nathan Dunn, University of Idaho Integrated Design Lab; Kevin Van Den Wymelenberg; Sherry McKibben, IURDC, University of Idaho

Tagged Divisions

Architectural

workshops, to seven week design studios, to 15- Page 23.1307.7week seminars. One of the main goals of the curriculum is to “identify and applyintegrated performance metrics and assessment methods and tools,” and it does thismainly through the incorporation of the IES VE6 software. The software plays a criticalrole in the integrated approach of the courses, and provides a flexible, modularsimulation platform with a wide range of simple and advanced analyses. The IES VEsoftware provides an easy to use front end for Radiance and can handle advancedHVAC system design and calibration. The University of Minnesota curriculum serves asa good example of how critical

Conference Session

Engineering Libraries (ELD) Poster Session

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Greg Tourino, North Carolina State University; Martin W. King, North Carolina State University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Libraries

Paper ID #7475Engineering Librarians as Partners of Faculty in Teaching Scholarly Inquiryto Undergraduate Students through Curriculum Integration: The BiotextilesProduct Development Course BlogMr. Greg Tourino, North Carolina State University Greg Tourino is the associate director of Centennial Campus Research Services at North Carolina State University in Raleigh, North Carolina where he shares responsibility for planning, delivering, and manag- ing library services to the large and growing number of faculty and students in the Colleges of Engineering and Textiles on Centennial Campus.Prof. Martin W. King, North Carolina

Conference Session

NSF Grantees’ Poster Session

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Zenaida Otero Gephardt, Rowan University; Stephanie Farrell, Rowan University; Mariano Javier Savelski, Rowan University; C. Stewart Slater, Rowan University

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Tagged Divisions

Division Experimentation & Lab-Oriented Studies

FreshmanChemical Engineering course at the State University of New York-Stony Brook,4 has yieldedpositive assessment results. This work has resulted in the development of classroom problems,laboratory experiments and demonstrations that can be used throughout the undergraduateengineering curriculum and for K-12 outreach. The results have been disseminated throughASEE conference papers, the ASEE Chemical Engineering Division – CHED Summer Schoolfor Faculty.5 Problem sets developed through this work appear in undergraduate engineeringtextbooks.6Particulate systems can be found in more than 90% of pharmaceutical and chemical processes.6Laboratory experiments and demonstrations that include particulate systems is an excellent wayto integrate particle

Conference Session

Aerospace Division (AERO) Poster Session

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Yilin Feng, California State University, Los Angeles

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Aerospace Division (AERO)

Paper ID #42470Board 1: Empowering Underrepresented Minority Students in One AviationProgram: Integrating a National Airport Design Competition into the CurriculumDr. Yilin Feng, California State University, Los Angeles Yilin Feng is an assistant professor at California State University, Los Angeles. She received her Ph.D. degree from Purdue University. Her research interest is in airport simulation, operation, and management. ©American Society for Engineering Education, 2024 Empowering Underrepresented Minority Students in One Aviation Program

Conference Session

LEES 6: Writing & Communication

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Julie Stella, IUPUI; Steven Higbee, Indiana University - Purdue University Indianapolis; Sharon Miller, Indiana University - Purdue University Indianapolis

. © American Society for Engineering Education, 2022 Powered by www.slayte.com Thinking Beyond the Service Course Model: Intentional Integration of Technical Communication Courses in a BME Undergraduate Curriculum Introduc on In technical plans of study, such as Biomedical Engineering (BME), students are o en required to take an undergraduate level course in technical communica on, which supplements the freshman-level communica on courses required by a college or university. These courses tend to be generalized, and

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Zenaida Otero Gephardt, Rowan University; Stephanie Farrell, Rowan University; Mariano Javier Savelski, Rowan University; Stewart Slater, Rowan University; Maryfaith Rodgers, Rowan University; Pavlo Kostetskyy, Rowan University; Keith McIver; Haddy Diallo; Kaitlyn Jean Zienowicz; Jason J. Giacomelli, Rowan University; Vladimir de Delva

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees

AC 2011-1427: INTEGRATION OF PARTICLE TECHNOLOGY WITHPHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS IN THE CHEMICALENGINEERING UNDERGRADUATE CURRICULUM AND K-12 EDUCA-TIONZenaida Otero Gephardt, Rowan UniversityStephanie Farrell, Rowan University Stephanie Farrell is an Associate Professor in Chemical Engineering at Rowan University. Prior to joining Rowan in 1998, she was an assistant professor in Chemical Engineering and adjunct professor in Biomed- ical Engineering at Louisiana Tech University. She received her Bachelor’s, MS, and PhD degrees in Chemical Engineering from the University of Pennsylvania, Stevens Institute of Technology, and New Jersey Institute of Technology, respectively. Stephanie’s educational interests are

Conference Session

Simulations and Virtual Learning

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

MEHMET Nasir SARIMURAT, Syracuse University

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education Division (COED)

integrates theoretical foundations with practical,“tutorial-based” experiences.The curriculum balances theoretical fundamentals, solidified through numerical solutionimplementation in Python, with hands-on experience using industry-standard Ansys Fluentsoftware. Notably, the use of Python in the introductory phase prepares students for the increasingutilization of Python for customization and optimization within commercial CFD packages.Furthermore, the second part of the course adopts a unique problem-solving approach wherestudents actively replicate pre-recorded tutorials, fostering deeper understanding compared totraditional lecture formats. This comprehensive and student-centered curriculum prepares futureengineers with the critical skills and

Collection

2019 CIEC

Authors

Joseph Sanson

Session ETD 455 Drone Use in the Construction Industry Leads to Integration into the Current Civil and Construction Engineering Technology Curriculum Joseph S. Sanson Youngstown State UniversityAbstract:The last few decades Unmanned Aerial Vehicle-systems (UAVs) or Drones have becomerelevant in the Construction and Engineering Industry. Drones are being used in the Constructionand Engineering industry in many aspects, such as project development, project management,construction surveying, construction safety, construction inspection

Conference Session

DSA Technical Session 1

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Betul Bilgin, The University of Illinois at Chicago; Naomi Groza, The University of Illinois at Chicago

Tagged Topics

Data Science & Analytics Constituent Committee (DSA), Diversity

and faculty.The insights presented in this study offer valuable guidance for educators and industryprofessionals seeking to seamlessly embed data science into the chemical engineering curriculumand better prepare students for a data-centric industry.This paper provides a comprehensive overview of interview development, data distribution, andkey findings. It underscores the urgency of further research to enhance the integration of datascience in the CHE curriculum and the essential role of preparing students for an industry thatincreasingly relies on data analytics and computational techniques.IntroductionThe integration of data science in chemical engineering is a rapidly evolving field, with a focuson data management, statistical and machine

Collection

1996 Annual Conference

Authors

William H. Bassichis

simply not consistent with an integratedcurriculum that begins with beginning calculus. This presented a major problem.The fact that in the first attempt at an integrated curriculum there was only one half of a physics course persemester had other deleterious effects. The material was often too diluted in time which led to difficulties incomprehension. Furthermore students often ignored physics in order to concentrate their efforts on thosesubjects that counted more. This was an entirely reasonable behavior having disastrous consequences sinceother courses relied on the students’ mastery of the material covered in physics.The final reason for modifying the rather successful physics component was financial. If, as part of a teachingload, a

Conference Session

Design in Engineering Eduaction - Poster Session

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Charles Pezeshki, Washington State University; Kelley Racicot, Washington State University

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

AC 2007-465: EVERYDAY PROJECT MANAGEMENT PRODUCTS ARCHIVEDAS E-PORTFOLIO: EVIDENCE OF SOCIAL LEARNING IN AN ENGINEERINGDESIGN CURRICULUMCharles Pezeshki, Washington State University Chuck Pezeshki is a professor at Washington State University in the School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, and is the DIrector of the Industrial Design Clinic.Kelley Racicot, Washington State University Kelley Racicot is a graduate student in the Department of Teaching and Learning at Washington State University. She is employed at the Center for Teaching, Learning, and Technology at WSU. Page 12.702.1© American

Conference Session

Going Viral: Effective Instructional Techniques in an Online Environment

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Monique H. Head, Morgan State University

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

M.S. in civil engineering in 2000 and 2002, respectively, from the University of Delaware. Page 25.1448.1 c American Society for Engineering Education, 2012 Using Wikis to Facilitate Writing Research Abstracts in a Civil Engineering Graduate CourseAbstractThe objective of this study is to assess the impact of student performance and quality of writingresearch abstracts when using wikis to effectively engage students in a graduate course. Studentswill use wikis that are integrated within Blackboard to write an abstract for their project focusedon structural

Conference Session

Materials and Manufacturing Processes

Collection

2004 Annual Conference

Authors

Hari Janardanan Nair; Frank Liou

requires expertise spanning across biology, chemistry, fluids, mechanics, electronicsand signal processing. By selecting such unique projects as part of the curriculum, eachstudent within the study team will get an opportunity to work in their own area of interestand also benefit from each other’s experience. The team should also conduct different casestudy analyses of successful MEMS devices. Review of current journal and conferencepapers should also be an integral part of the curriculum to introduce the student to the latestdevelopments in the field.The educational curriculum should be designed such that it addresses the followingeducational goals:• Provide the ability for synthesis, processing and manufacturing of micro-system through

Conference Session

Cognitive and Motivational Issues in Student Performance II

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jeffrey Froyd, Texas A&M University; Larissa Pchenitchnaia, Texas A&M University; Debra Fowler, Texas A&M University; Nancy Simpson, Texas A&M University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

AC 2007-270: SYSTEMS THINKING AND INTEGRATIVE LEARNINGOUTCOMESJeffrey Froyd, Texas A&M University Jeff Froyd is a Research Professor in the Center for Teaching Excellence and Director of Academic Development and the Director of Academic Development in the Texas Engineering Experiment Station. He served as Project Director for the Foundation Coalition, an NSF Engineering Education Coalition and helped create the Integrated, First-Year Curriculum in Science, Engineering and Mathematics at Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology. His current interests are learning and faculty development.Larissa Pchenitchnaia, Texas A&M University Larissa Pchenitchnaia is a Curriculum Renewal

Conference Session

Developing Systems Engineering Curricula

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Satinderpaul Devgan, Tennessee State University; Sachin Shetty, Tennessee State University; Saleh Zein-Sabatto, Tennessee State University

Tagged Divisions

Systems Engineering Constituent Committee

 3.j).  k.  an ability to use modern techniques, skills and tools including computer based tools for  analysis and design (ABET Criterion 3.k).  l.  Knowledge of probability and statistics, numerical analysis and their applications.  (program criterion).  m.  familiarity with appropriate Codes and Standards. We can add other outcomes or modify these to meet the needs of systems engineering program. We already have established procedures and processes to measure and evaluate the results for continuous improvement. These same processes will be used to assess the success in achieving Program Outcomes and Program Education Objectives of the Systems Engineering integrated BSEE curriculum. New Courses Being Developed ECSE

Conference Session

Improving ME education: Broad Topics

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Daria Kotys-Schwartz, University of Colorado-Boulder; Derek Reamon, University of Colorado; Lawrence Carlson, University of Colorado-Boulder

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

taught Circuits and Electronics, Mechatronics, Component Design and the interdisciplinary First-Year Engineering Projects. He received his M.S. and Ph.D. in Mechanical Engineering from Stanford University. His foremost research interests include assessment of student learning, curriculum development and robotic controls.Lawrence Carlson, University of Colorado-Boulder LAWRENCE E. CARLSON is a founding co-director of the Integrated Teaching and Learning Laboratory and Program, as well as professor of mechanical engineering. He received his M.S. and D.Eng. degrees from the University of California at Berkeley. His primary educational passion is real-world design, and he spent his last sabbatical

Conference Session

OMCED Topics

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Edgar An, Florida Atlantic University; Manhar Dhanak, Florida Atlantic University

Tagged Divisions

Ocean and Marine

the workshop, and itseffectiveness. They were given a post-workshop survey, which consisted of the following questions:1. How would you integrate the Project-based Learning method in your class? How would you teach differetnly? Please explain as much as you can.2. Will you consider summer internship programs for your students, and how that might be organized?3. Do you think collaborating with FAU for teaching/curriculum enhancement is an important goal for you or your school? Elaborate on what collaboration should be.4. What impact has this workshop had on you? Did you get what you wanted to achieve from this workshop?5. Do you think this workshop should be repeated for other teachers? And what suggestions or ideas do you

Conference Session

Energy Conversion and Conservation Division Best Papers

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jan T. Lugowski, Purdue University, West Lafayette; William Hutzel, Purdue University, West Lafayette

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

Education, 2018 Integrated Learning In Context for Heat Exchanger AnalysisAbstractAn Engineering Technology program is developing a new vertically integrated undergraduateenergy systems curriculum that crosses traditional course boundaries. The goal is for students torecognize and understand energy conversion in a more comprehensive way by showing howsimilar processes occur in different disciplines. Courses in thermodynamics, electrical powergeneration, fluid power, manufacturing processes, and internal combustion engines are all beingmodified to include modules on energy conversion as a unifying and integrating theme. Thispaper targets one module of this comprehensive multi-course re-design, where a two-weeksegment of an introductory

Collection

2005 GSW

Authors

Timothy I. Matis; Linda Ann Riley; James H. Matis

to construct empirical probability distributions, 2. the key role of certaindescriptive statistics to describe the shape of a distribution, and 3. the calculation of regressioncoefficients for statistical predictions of future system behavior. The modules are integrated into the curriculum of high school probability and statisticscourses, including the Advanced Placement Statistics course. The number of schools offeringthis course has been rising rapidly in number since the introduction of the Advanced Placementprogram in the early 1990’s. A module whose topic involves the population dynamics of theAfricanized honeybee infestation is described in this paper. This module is presently beingimplemented in several schools in Texas in a

Conference Session

Multidisciplinary Programs and Curricula

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jane M. Fraser, Colorado State University, Pueblo; Leonardo Bedoya-Valencia, Colorado State University, Pueblo; Jude L. DePalma, Colorado State University, Pueblo; Nebojsa I. Jaksic, Colorado State University, Pueblo; Ananda Mani Paudel, Colorado State University, Pueblo; Hüseyin Sarper, Colorado State University-Pueblo; Ding Yuan, Colorado State University, Pueblo

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering

becontroversial. We learned that we experience very little push back from students. Presentingsustainability in the context of the engineering profession lends it credibility. For example, thesustainability focus in the NAE Grand Engineering Challenges certainly shows that sustainabilityis now mainstream engineering. Without calling attention to sustainability, we incorporateapplications of sustainability in a way that conveys to our students that sustainability is obviouslyand without controversy part of engineering.Sustainability is just one way to achieve multidisciplinarity in engineering and we use otherthemes as well. We use design as an integrating idea in our curriculum, building up students’ability to do design. We stress community engagement as

Conference Session

Design in the Engineering Core

Collection

2002 Annual Conference

Authors

Sanford Meek; Mark Minor

their concepts and they are now ready in their third year to study and practice the design ofintegrated electro-mechanical systems: mechatronics. The mechatronics curriculum marries traditional design of mechanisms with current toolsfor system integration: microprocessor applications, sensing and actuation techniques, systemsmodeling, and feedback control. This union facilitates the study of traditional subjects whileproviding a practical motivation for understanding the benefits and applicability of modernautomation techniques. Such an understanding is crucial since mechanical engineers mustfrequently consider the design of a system or process that is subject to rigid constraints on cost,weight, space, and performance. All of these

Conference Session

ET Curriculum and Programs II

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Yoonill Lee, Purdue University Northwest

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

for a process control course in electricalengineering technology. In general, this course provides an overview of process controlprinciples and practices. Topics include analog and digital signal conditioning, temperaturesensors, mechanical sensors, optical sensors, final control, discrete-state process control, andproportional-integral-derivative (PID) controllers. We devote more time to the study of the PIDcontroller in particular because there are so many applications in various industries. For example,power plants need a PID controller to obtain desired control performances. However, teachingmere theoretical concepts to students is often challenging because such concepts require teachingadvanced mathematics that is difficult to

Conference Session

Revolutionizing Engineering Departments (RED)

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Tom Chen, Colorado State University; Branislav M. Notaros, Colorado State University; Ali Pezeshki, Colorado State University; Sourajeet Roy, Colorado State University; Anthony A. Maciejewski, Colorado State University; Melissa D. Reese, Colorado State University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

: Knowledge Integration to Understand Why Tom Chen, Branislav M. Notaros, Ali Pezeshki, Sourajeet Roy, Anthony A. Maciejewski, Melissa D. Reese Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering Colorado State University1. Introduction Mastering key concepts within electrical engineering often involves students taking coursesin electronics, signals and systems, and electromagnetics. These courses are typically taughtduring the middle two years of an electrical engineering program where these courses are oftentaught in parallel during semesters, however, typically few interactions occur among them.Consequently, students learn key concepts in

Conference Session

DEED Technical Session 1: Adapting to COVID and other Design Challenges

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Christopher Rennick, University of Waterloo; Eugene Li, University of Waterloo; Michael Lenover, University of Waterloo; Wesley Blankespoor; Sanjeev Bedi, University of Waterloo

practice of manyof the skills industry requires of engineering graduates, however it is difficult and expensive(both in material costs, but also in development time) to create new design activities andintegrate them into an already very full engineering curriculum. In addition, for these designactivities to have the most impact for students, they need to be closely aligned with the real-world of engineering practice which is collaborative, multi-disciplinary, and which employscomplex engineering tools which are difficult to introduce to students in their first year or two oftheir studies as they are still building their foundational knowledge. This paper will describe onemethod that has been successfully used by the Engineering Ideas Clinic at the

Conference Session

Trends in Mechanical Engineering

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Patricia Campbell, Campbell-Kibler Associates, Inc; Eann Patterson, Michigan State University; Ilene Busch-Vishniac, McMaster University; Tom Kibler, Campbell-Kibler Associates, Inc

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

Integrating Applications in the Teaching of Fundamental ConceptsIntroductionStudent retention through to the successful completion of an undergraduate degree in engineeringis of increasing concern to educators, policy makers, and, of course, students. It has beenestimated that only half of those entering an undergraduate engineering program go on tocomplete the degree.1 This is particularly low when one considers that the bar to enter anengineering program is often higher than for other programs.2 By 2007, Dean, Anthony, andVahala reported that the retention of engineering students had become a major undertaking formost institutions.3 As one of the largest engineering disciplines, awarding 21% of the 2007engineering bachelor’s degrees,4 retention is

Conference Session

Committee on Educational Policy Presents: Pillars of Our Classrooms

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kevin A. Waters, P.E., Villanova University

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering Division (CIVIL)

graduates need to have experience working with GIS technology, buteven more so, recognize its fundamental functions and capabilities across a range of applicationsto translate those skills to solving real problems or analyzing designs. As a result, GIS instructionat the undergraduate level should seek to intersect software training elements with broaderdiscipline-specific learning outcomes.With a revamped Civil and Environmental Engineering (CEE) curriculum at VillanovaUniversity, CEE software electives are being developed and integrated into the undergraduatecourse offerings. The first of these electives, GIS for Engineers, provided an opportunity for theaffiliated faculty to incorporate cutting-edge technology into the classroom in a way that

Collection

1999 Annual Conference

Authors

Ronald J. Gatehouse; John R. McWhirter; George J., Jr. Selembo

and demand specification to go on. The goal of the project described here is toenhance the current curriculum in order to better prepare students for this senior design course,which will in turn help them to better understand the application of chemical engineeringknowledge in general. Page 4.547.1Rather than add new courses or completely change the curriculum in place, we propose thatdesign projects be included within the six core courses of the chemical engineering curriculum.This "vertical integration of design" will expose students to the concepts of applied design whilethey are learning about a particular topic. There are several reasons

Conference Session

Professional Skills Development

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

John Dee Clay, Ohio State University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Chemical Engineering

student learning experience. Linking theory and calculations from the lecture to somethingconcrete to which the students are routinely exposed provides relevancy and can successfullyreinforce key aspects of the topic. This paper illustrates the integration of a practical exampleinto a chemical engineering curriculum, with the example pulled from a Mass and EnergyBalances course.The problem involves calculation of the power required to vaporize the liquid in an electroniccigarette (e-cigarette or vaporizer). Solution of this problem requires a coupled mass and energybalance and requires some knowledge of vapor-liquid equilibrium. Obviously, someassumptions are required to analyze this problem. Even with these assumptions, a reasonableestimate of