Conference Session

Women in Engineering Division (WIED) Poster Session

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Lisa K Davids, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University; Jeff R. Brown, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University; Joseph Roland Keebler, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University; Jenna Korentsides, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering Division (WIED)

Paper ID #42176Board 180: Impacting Engineering Students’ Perceptions of DEI ThroughReal-Life Narratives and In-Class Discussions with an Empathetic LensProf. Lisa K Davids, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University To continually improve the experience of the students in her courses, Lisa engages in applied pedagogical research, implementing research-based techniques in the classroom. Currently teaching Introduction to Engineering and Graphical Communications courses, Lisa has implemented active teaching techniques, team and project-based assignments, and emphasizes self-reflection in her students.Dr. Jeff R. Brown, Embry-Riddle

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Stephen J. Krause, Arizona State University; Jacquelyn E. Kelly, Arizona State University; Andrea Marta Eller, Arizona State University; Dale R. Baker, Arizona State University; Jessica Triplett, Arizona State University

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees

from long-term research on student learning in materials courses. Tools for assessing prior knowledgeinclude the Materials Concept Inventory and Pre-post Topic Concept Quizzes. Eliciting suchinformation is critical in informing creation of innovative teaching materials. Constructivistmaterials and activities to support conceptual framework development included: Mini-LectureMisconception Informed Slide Sets, Concept-in-Context Class Activities, Concept-In-ContextHomework, Concept-Context Maps, Concept-Context Quizzes, and Visual Glossaries. A toolcreated to promote metacognition was the Daily Reflection sheet which prompted students todescribe their Most Interesting, Muddiest, and Learn-About-Learning Points. The tools werecreated to promote

Collection

ASEE Mid-Atlantic Section Spring Conference

Authors

Alexander John De Rosa, University of Delaware; Teri Kristine Reed, OU Polytechnic Institute

such as GPAs, scores in prior courses from which the knowledge is to betransferred, etc. To date however, this has not been done. Finally, the think aloud methodologyused in this study has been shown in the past to positively influence student performance suchthat this activity may overestimate actual student performance “in the field” (Gagne et al., 1962;Davis et al., 1968).4. Presentation of DataThis paper presents data taken from the analysis of a single interview from this study. In this casea faculty member in a mechanical engineering department was the participant. Two main themesemerged in the analysis of the data; (1) the extensive use of reflection by the participant inevaluating their problem solving approach and solution(s); (2) the

Conference Session

First-Year Programs Division Technical Session 9: Student Growth & Professionalization

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Lawrence R. Chen, McGill University

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs Division (FYP)

engineering-related scenarios, situations, or dilemmas. The students areassessed based on the following: (1) individual or team responses to the engineering-relatedscenarios, situations, or dilemmas discussed in teams in class; (2) a reflective paper on theengineering profession, (3) a peer-reviewed paper on addressing a professional dilemma inengineering, and (4) two team-based assignments—an infographic and a video. Students areassigned to teams randomly by the instructor at the start of the semester (a maximum of 6students per team) and work in the same team throughout the semester, i.e., for the in-classdiscussions and the two team-based assignments.To facilitate team building, students participate in a number of ice-breaking activities. Teams

Conference Session

Global Roles and Societal Responsibilities of Engineers

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Juan C. Lucena, Colorado School of Mines; Mateo F. Rojas, Colorado School of Mines; Sofia Lara Schlezak, Colorado School of Mines; Emma Chapman, Colorado School of Mines

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education/Engineering & Society Division (LEES)

ofdepoliticization and technological or sociological determinisms, students are left in the middlewithout effective options to better understand how technology and society interact and howthis interaction could be put into practice in ways to empower the communities they want toserve [9]2.One antidote for this dichotomy is critical praxis in engineering research for communitydevelopment informed by STS. Adopting Paolo Freire’s concept of praxis in some courses in ourHumanitarian Engineering and Science (HES) program at Colorado School of Mines, we definethis type of critical praxis as the processes by which the theories, lessons, and practices of ECDare enacted, embodied, or realized through dialogue, action, and critical reflection to transformreality [11

Conference Session

Biomedical Engineering Division Poster Session

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ahmed Sayed, Milwaukee School of Engineering

included determination of the motion type, and also the starting and ending angularor linear positions. Readily available labels were utilized as passive joint markers. Students werethen instructed to video record their joint motions using their laptop cameras. A custom videotracking algorithm specifically designed to track spatial locations was then employed to capturerelative positions of the recorded motions. Laboratory instructions asked the students to performkinematic calculations on the algorithm’s generated positional data to determine joint velocitiesand accelerations, and then perform kinetic analyses to estimate the associated muscle forces.Laboratory requirements were concluded with a reflection prompt to evaluate the

Collection

ASEE Zone 1 Conference - Spring 2023

Authors

Amitabha (Amit) Bandyopadhyay, State University of New York, College of Technology at Farmingdale

rather than the process of learning when they focus on behavior.Learning StylesStudents take in and process information in different ways: by seeing and hearing,reflecting and acting, reasoning logically and intuitively, analyzing and visualizing,steadily and in fits and starts. Teaching methods also vary. Some instructors lecture, otherdemonstrate or lead students to self-discovery. Some focus on principles and other otherson applications. Some emphasize repetitions and others understandings. Whenmismatches exist between learning styles of most students in a class and the teachingstyles of the professor, the students may become bored and inattentive in class, do poorlyon tests, get discouraged about the courses, the curriculum, and themselves

Conference Session

Biomedical Engineering Division: Developing Lab and Research Skills for BioE/BME Students

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mark Chapman, University of San Diego; Marissa Forbes, University of San Diego

noticed this difference? 2.1 Give a summary of what you've been up to since your last post. Make sure to comment on your lab work as well as what you've been up to in the city. 2.2 Additionally, answer the following: Since starting your research work, what is one significant challenge that you have successfully overcome? In your response, make Weeks 4-6 sure you: a. Describe the challenge. b. Discuss what you have learned from this experience. c. Reflect on how this experience might help you in the future. d. Include at least one picture and aim for about 1-2 paragraphs. 3.1 Give a summary of what you've been up to since your last

Collection

2022 ASEE - North Central Section Conference

Authors

Colin K Drummond, Case Western Reserve University; Matthew L Moorman, Case Western Reserve University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

centered on a clinical problem seeking proposedsolutions. Post-case homework was a written reflection of about 1000 words describing theirunderstanding of the problem and their proposed initial solutions. These written assignments andtheir attendance were used to calculate a final grade.Clinical correlations in biomedical engineering enable synthesis of basic engineering conceptsaround applications in medical practice. Through the course, students draw upon prior trainingin biophysics, anatomic structure and function, and mathematical modeling of physiologicsystems in a weekly case-based critical care scenario. Blending engineering and clinicalconcepts in this fashion expands student medical expertise. This eight-week course featuredcritical care

Conference Session

M3C: Mentoring into the profession

Collection

2019 FYEE Conference

Authors

Whitney Gaskins, University of Cincinnati; Dewey Burnell Clark Jr

Tagged Topics

Diversity, FYEE Conference - Paper Submission

being successful in their courses and their co-opexperiences.As part of the retention program, students are required to perform fifteen (15) hours ofcommunity service each semester, complete and essay related to their experience, completereflections after the monthly socials to share their learned experiences, meet once per semesterwith their Choose Ohio First Program coaches and track their progress using our e-portfoliosystem. We monitor the students’ experiences through surveys and self-reflections and well asthrough progress reports from their professors. Our results are then compared to other students inthe College of Engineering.Successes and opportunities for improvement, program compliance data and next steps will beshared in the

Conference Session

Biomedical Division Poster Session

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Todd Freeborn, University of Alabama; Memorie Gosa, University of Alabama

Tagged Divisions

Biomedical Engineering

experiences had engineering students observe clinicians and student-clinicians at the Speech and Hearing Center (SHC) during typical therapy sessions with communityclients and reflect on their experiences. In this work, an overview of the logistical elements, asummary of the student feedback from the written reflections and focus groups, and futurerecommendations for the program are presented.Speech Pathology Shadowing SessionsShadowing and clinical placements are a key part of healthcare professional education [2] and webelieve that engineering students will also benefit from observation and interaction with groupsoutside of their discipline. This is supported by recent experiences reported on inter-professionalshadowing for senior medical students

Conference Session

Communication and Collaboration

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sally Blomstrom, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University; Hak Tam, University of California, Santa Barbara

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education

accountability.The overall assessment plan included direct and indirect measures gathered as formative andsummative assessments using quantitative and qualitative assessments [3]. The portion of theplan presented in this paper is a quantitative, indirect assessment used as a pretest and posttest.We recognized the importance of alignment [4] and examined the university’s mission, thegeneral education goals, and the student learning outcomes for the course. The instrument usedin this study was developed to align with the course outcomes and the course content. Evaluationforms used by the instructor, the student for her/his own reflection, peers, and audience memberswere developed to reflect the same criteria. The instrument reported on in this paper

Conference Session

Women in Engineering Division Technical Session 5

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Alandra Kahl, Pennsylvania State University, Greater Allegheny

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering

playing field can help combatthose disparities. For instance, inclusion of service learning has also been shown to increaseretention of women and underrepresented minorities in engineering 10,11. Other approaches suchas pairing female students with mentors and creating discussion groups that explore diversity andinclusion have also been shown to help, as was done in this study.Methodology:Participants shared experiences during weekly discussion and through journaling about howgender norms in engineering and the sciences tend to reflect masculine values, experiences andlife situations. Through these discussions, participants learned to address underlyingassumptions, norms, and practices to change the culture for all members, men and women

Conference Session

Your Best in 5 Minutes: Demonstrations of Hands-On and Virtual In-Class Teaching Aids

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Laura Doyle, Santa Clara University; Tonya Lynn Nilsson P.E., Santa Clara University

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

Hotel. In both cases, the modelsare loaded to failure and the total weight added before failure is compared. After a shortdiscussion, a video of the Hyatt Regency Hotel tragedy is shown. The in-class assignment isfollowed up with a reflection paper assignment. In a survey administered to students in thecourse during fall 2017, 89 percent of student respondents (n = 48) indicated the activity addedto their understanding of the topic and indicated in descriptive questions that the activity washelpful and increased their interest in engineering.IntroductionDue to the nature of civil and mechanical engineering projects, it is vital for practitioners touphold ethical standards during the engineering design process. As educators, we have

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Andrew L. Gillen, Virginia Tech; Jacob R. Grohs, Virginia Tech; Holly M. Matusovich, Virginia Tech; Gary R. Kirk, Virginia Tech; Holly Larson Lesko, Virginia Tech; Cheryl Carrico P.E., Virginia Tech

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

such as student reflections and other worksheets are collected forevaluative purposes. Newly in year two of the program, reflections have been transitioned from apaper activity to a whole class discussion facilitated by the classroom adults to mitigate some ofthe writing communication challenges discovered in the first year [23].Current statusEngagement with teachers and youth. Data collection for year one of the project has come to anend, and data collection in year two is currently underway. Considering student and teacheroutcomes to address research questions 1-3, analysis of the year one data has begun. Forteachers, findings suggest improvement around teacher confidence in teaching engineering aswell as challenges that still remain

Conference Session

Materials Division Technical Session 1

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Stephen J. Krause, Arizona State University; Dale R. Baker, Arizona State University; Adam R. Carberry, Arizona State University; Terry L. Alford, Arizona State University; Casey Jane Ankeny, Arizona State University; Bill Jay Brooks, Oregon State University; Milo Koretsky, Oregon State University; Cindy Waters, North Carolina A&T State University; Brady J. Gibbons, Oregon State University

Tagged Divisions

Materials

principles, which include the following. For moreeffective learning, instructors need to: 1) elicit students' prior knowledge to help informinstruction; 2) engage students to promote conceptual change so they can construct deepknowledge organized in a conceptual framework; and 3) encourage metacognition to build habitsof expert learners who define their learning goals and monitor their own progress. The pedagogyuses two-way formative feedback in which students reflect on their learning in a class with class-end Muddiest Point feedback and instructors respond to student misconceptions and learningissues by adjusting instruction and providing next class feedback to the students. The two-wayfeedback process promotes self reflection not only on the part

Conference Session

NSF Grantees’ Poster Session

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Joachim Walther, University of Georgia; Nicola Sochacka, University of Georgia

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Paper ID #12991Building capacity and social capital around interpretive research qualityDr. Joachim Walther, University of Georgia Dr. Walther is an assistant professor of engineering education research at the University of Georgia (UGA). He is the director of the Collaborative Lounge for Understanding Society and Technology through Educational Research (CLUSTER), an interdisciplinary research group with members from engineering, art, educational psychology, and social work. His research interests range from the role of empathy in engineering students’ professional formation, the role of reflection in engineering

Conference Session

Visualization Within Engineering Design Graphics Education Session 2

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Monika Herrmann, University of Wisconsin, Stout

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Design Graphics

scores, schools payless attention to non-tested academic subjects2. As Diane Ravitch (2010) points out in her book“The Death and Life of the Great American School System” even the National Academy ofEducation worries we are apt to measure what we can, and eventually come to value what ismeasured over what is left unmeasured (p.167)3. In response to an educational background thatinforms the study habits of many students, this study is exploring teaching methods that focus ondeveloping students’ confidence in their actual abilities of visualization and graphic expressionthrough classroom experience and reflection. The experience in the classroom can either confirmstudents’ perception or broaden their framework. As Mezirow (1991) pointed out in his

Conference Session

Viewpoints, Perspectives, and Creativity in Civil Engineering Education

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Aatish Bhatia, Princeton University; Maria E. Garlock P.E., Princeton University; Evelyn Hanna Laffey, Princeton University

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

 question to assess understanding of the relation between form and forces in a suspension  bridge. Image: Maria Garlock  4. To encourage experiential learning.​  Here we use a sequence of polling questions to guide students through an interactive lecture demonstration or hands­on activity.  Encouraging experiential learning through lecture demonstrations and hands­on activities  We typically implement an interactive lecture demonstration in three stages: ​ predict​ experience​ , ​ ,  reflect​and ​  [3]. In the first step, students make their predictions about the outcome of an experiment or

Conference Session

Make It!

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sheng-Jen Hsieh, Texas A&M University; Vania Willms

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

, whichbounces off a reflective surface and returns to the sensor. Then, using the amount of time it takesfor the wave to return to the sensor, the distance to the object can be computed.The ultrasonic range finder emits a high-frequency sound wave that alerts the robot to things inits path. A Programming Kit is needed to change the program in the VEX Controller. These arespecific behaviors achieved by the ultrasonic range finder: measure distances from 1.5in to115in; detect obstacles using high frequency sound waves; create more autonomous functions.The sensor can be used to determine distances to objects. It can be used as a tool to determine ifany objects are in the robot’s path at all. To increase the sensing range, the sensor can bemounted to a

Conference Session

Track: Learning Spaces, Pedagogy, and Curriculum Design Technical Session I

Collection

2019 CoNECD - The Collaborative Network for Engineering and Computing Diversity

Authors

Tikyna M. Dandridge, Purdue University, West Lafayette ; Hassan Ali Al Yagoub, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Sharlane Cleare, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Justin Charles Major, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Shalin Lena Raye, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Casey E. Wright, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Alice L. Pawley, Purdue University, West Lafayette

Tagged Topics

Diversity, Learning Spaces, Pedagogy & Curriculum Design

staff primarily evaluated based on their engineering education research pro- ductivity. She can be contacted by email at apawley@purdue.edu. c American Society for Engineering Education, 2019 Engaging in STEM education equity work through a course: studying race, class and gender theory in engineering educationAbstractEach of the authors are currently enrolled as students or serving as an instructor in a graduate-level engineering education course which is cross-listed with the women’s, gender, and sexualitystudies program at a large research university in the Midwest. Through engagement withpodcasts, readings, reflection, and discussion with others, this course seeks to help

Conference Session

Engineering and Math Potpouri

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

John Schmeelk, Virginia Commonwealth University; Jean Hodges, VCU\Qatar Campus

Tagged Divisions

Mathematics

expand upon rotations, reflections, andtranslations. In addition, the course begins with mathematical formulas that speak to the issue ofgeometric shapes, followed by an intense development of the Fibonacci sequence and several of Page 13.1184.3its properties illustrating the utility of the sequence in the “real world.” In the current study,students were shown some past student projects submitted as partial fulfillment in the previousMATH 131 courses to introduce each new topic visually and were required to complete a muchmore comprehensive project component (hence the term Implementing Techniques for Project-Directed Mathematics). The students

Conference Session

NSF Grantees' Poster Session

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Wei Zheng, Jackson State University; Liusheng Wang, Jackson State University; Jianjun Yin, Jackson State University

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

onesemester. Student participants were freshmen who were involved in the required communityservice learning projects. Participating students were assigned to the community servicelearning sites, required to provide innovative solutions to the problems they identified on thesites, and facilitated with the designed interventions of question prompts on self-regulatedlearning and creative problem solving, which included metacognitive prompts, proceduralprompts, elaboration prompts, and reflective prompts, as well as prompts for creative problemsolving strategies. The presented results were based on analysis of data collected throughstudents’ process journals and project reports. The students’ utilization of question prompts, andself-regulated learning

Conference Session

Minorities in Engineering Poster Session

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Wei Zheng, Jackson State University; Jianjun Yin, Jackson State University

Tagged Divisions

Minorities in Engineering

’ metacognitive skills in learning andcreative problem solving in their engineering education. This will help students to enhance theiracademic performance and pursue engineering studies as their career goals. The outcomes fromthe prior implementation are outlined through students’ responses and reflections on theirlearning experience. It is expected that the presented scaffolding could have positive impact onstudents’ self-efficacy and higher-order skill development, and further experimental research isneeded to validate this conclusion. Page 25.575.2

Conference Session

NSF Grantees’ Poster Session

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Melissa M. Bilec, University of Pittsburgh; Daniel Mosse, University of Pittsburgh; Margaret S. Smith, University of Pittsburgh; Jennifer L Cartier, University of Pittsburgh

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Tagged Divisions

Division Experimentation & Lab-Oriented Studies

attract college STEM majors into the teaching profession and bydeveloping a rigorous middle grades teacher preparation program that reflects core commitmentsof effective middle grades educators. We will present some of our progress thus far related toSUSTAINS development.IntroductionBeginning in 2012, teacher educators throughout Pennsylvania launched programs to prepareteachers who specialize in middle grades (4-8). The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania’s newemphasis on highly qualified middle grades teachers provides a unique opportunity to impactchildren at a crucial time in their formal education experience, when they are developing a senseof their efficacy as learners, exploring career aspirations, and developing as adolescents alongsocial

Conference Session

Serving the Information Needs of Engineering Technology Educators

Collection

2004 Annual Conference

Authors

Marilyn Dyrud

emerged over the years: the publication now servesas a research aid to members of the engineering technology community. Proceedings of the 2004 American Society for Engineering Education Annual Conference & Exposition Page 9.1258.1 Copyright 82004, American Society for Engineering EducationTrendsIn addition to providing an annual snapshot of engineering technology scholarship, thebibliography also reflects changes within the discipline. The first bibliography, which listed1986 publications, included just a few entries for computers and electronics: SPICE was the ragefor teaching electronics, and computer-aided

Conference Session

Recruiting/Retention--Lower Division

Collection

2002 Annual Conference

Authors

James Wood

meet a specific industry'sneeds, a model using the PBL-approach will be presented. In this model, an interdisciplinarydevelopment team, consisting of technical and general education instructors familiar withinterdisciplinary and problem-based instruction, is formed. Through interviews with plantemployees and visits to the plant floor, the team evaluates the scope and sequence of an existingcourse and identifies potential PBL modules to fit both the educational requirements of thecourse and workplace activities. Workplace scenarios are written, reviewed with industrypersonnel, and modified, if necessary, to reflect actual workplace situations. When the material ispresented, students are presented a problem that relates to their workplace and

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Janna Jobel, University of Massachusetts, Lowell; Hsien-Yuan Hsu, University of Massachusetts, Lowell; Yanfen Li, University of Massachusetts, Lowell

Tagged Topics

Diversity, NSF Grantees Poster Session

junioryear in undergrad through the completion of a master's degree or through the completion of theirqualifying exam within a Ph.D. program, the program provides opportunities throughout todeeply engage students in reflecting on social issues. The goal of the program is to foster theprofessional development of S-STEM scholars to develop socially conscious engineers andengineering faculty who support students and come up with innovative solutions that meet thediverse needs of different populations.Socially Conscious ProgrammingUML’s S-STEM Program is halfway through the second cohort’s first year. The programmingdescribed was offered in the first year for the first cohort and is being offered to the secondcohort during their first year in the

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Janeth Martinez-Cortes, The University of Texas at San Antonio; Mark Appleford, The University of Texas at San Antonio; Jose Francisco Herbert Acero, The University of Texas at San Antonio; Harry R. Millwater Jr., The University of Texas at San Antonio; Heather Shipley, The University of Texas at San Antonio

Tagged Topics

Diversity, NSF Grantees Poster Session

students experience.” Such data can contextualize the design and the delivery ofthe intervention. To examine FOI, an LR-LS fidelity rubric was developed by the research teamto score faculty on five “critical components” [1] of the LR-LS framework: 1) STEM/academicliteracy, 2) affordances for student interaction, 3) orientations to student learning, 4) reflectivepractice, and 5) faculty leadership. Our FOI rubric was intended to capture the extent to whichLR-LS components were enacted during lesson study (quality measure). The five LR-LScomponents were measured using a four-point scale. A score of “0” means the component wasnot present, “1” reflects minimal implementation, “2” reflects moderate implementation, and “3”reflects strong

Conference Session

Identity Formation and Engineering Cultures

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Timothy Duane Reedy, University of Maryland, College Park; David Tomblin, University of Maryland, College Park

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education/Engineering & Society Division (LEES)

ofdesigning and building technologies. However, they do this within the context of unique placesand among distinct milieu that reflects its own engineering culture [8]. Thus, engineering cultureand the development of engineering identity is inextricably tied to the places that reproduce itand contains within it specific organizational patterns, embedded norms and routines, sharedbeliefs, and values that often mediate how students engage with faculty, staff, and one another.In short, culture cannot be decoupled from the place in which it is experienced and imparted.Extant research delineates visible manifestations of culture as “ways of doing things” within theclassroom and laboratory spaces—which often prioritizes the teaching and development