Conference Session

Labs and Demonstrations in Chemical Engineering Education

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Lucas Landherr, Northeastern University; Courtney Pfluger, Northeastern University

Paper ID #37592Process Control Final Projects Inspired By Real UnitOperations Laboratory ModulesLucas James Landherr (Teaching Professor) Chemical engineering teaching professor at Northeastern University, conducting research on comics and videos as visual learning toolsCourtney Pfluger (Teaching Professor) Dr. Courtney Pfluger took a position in Fall 2011 as an Assistant Teaching Professor at Northeastern University as a part of the First Year Engineering Faculty and affiliated Faculty in the Chemical Engineering Department. Dr. Pfluger redesigned and piloted the first-year curriculum which included engineering

Conference Session

International Division Technical Session 3 - Humanitarian Design

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Thomas Siller, Colorado State University; Abigale Johnson; Samantha Fischer, Colorado State University; Matthew Lurtz

delivering the Engineering for People Design Challenge in participating countries, and worked closely with colleges in the US to implement this and other academic programs. Abigale has spent the last decade working in the education space, focusing on a variety of curricular and co-curricular programs, from e-learning course development to project-based, experiential, and competency-based learning programs. She is passionate about education that helps to inspire global responsibility and support of social and ecological systems and wellbeing.Samantha Fischer (Colorado State University) Samantha Fischer is a current graduate student at Colorado State University (CSU) working towards a Masters of Science in Civil Engineering

Conference Session

Software Engineering Division Technical Session 1

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Margaret Ellis; Ryan Gniadek, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Godmar Back, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Kirk Cameron, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University

Science and CS2114 Software Design and Data Structures and works with undergraduate research students on the Computer Systems Genome project(https://csgenome.org/). Margaret began teaching at Virginia Tech in 2013 and enjoys integrating her various professional experiences within her courses to provide students with real world perspectives and training in contemporary topics and skills for both research and industry. She is interested in Computer Science Education and approaches to support individuals from underrepresented groups in computing.Godmar Back (Assistant Professor) (Virginia Polytechnic Institute and StateUniversity)Kirk Cameron © American Society for Engineering Education, 2022

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Tariq Khraishi, University of New Mexico; Kristine Denman, University of New Mexico

Tagged Topics

Diversity, NSF Grantees Poster Session

Paper ID #40155Board 212: An Engineering/Computer Science Project with CommunityService FocusProf. Tariq Khraishi, University of New Mexico Dr. Khraishi currently serves as a Professor of Mechanical Engineering at the University of New Mexico. His general research interests are in theoretical, computational and experimental solid mechanics and ma- terials science. He has taught classes in Dynamics, Materials Science, Advanced Mechanics of Materials, Elasticity and Numerical Methods. For the last several years he has engaged himself in the scholarship of teaching and learning.Ms. Kristine Denman, University of New Mexico

Conference Session

AERO 4: New Technologies and Strategic Applications

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Elizabeth "Elisha" M.H. Garcia Ph.D. PE, United States Coast Guard Academy

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Aerospace Division (AERO)

Paper ID #36991Aerodynamics Airfoil Project: Analytical, Numerical, and ExperimentalIntroduction for UndergraduatesProf. Elizabeth ”Elisha” M.H. Garcia Ph.D. PE, United States Coast Guard Academy Elizabeth ”Elisha” MH Garcia, PhD, PE, is an Associate Professor of Naval Architecture & Marine En- gineering at the U.S. Coast Guard Academy in New London, Connecticut. She has taught at the USCGA for over a decade. Her research interests include analytical fluid-structures interactions, DEI in pedagogy, and concept mapping. ©American Society for Engineering Education, 2023 Aerodynamics

Conference Session

College Industry Partnerships Division (CIP) Poster Session

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Lufan Wang, Florida International University; Ruoying Chu; Fangzhou Xia, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Zhuoxuan Li, Stanford University; Yan Wei, Southern University of Science and Technology; Yiming Rong, Southern University of Science & Tech

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

College Industry Partnerships Division (CIP)

Paper ID #36732Board 49: Project-based learning course co-designed with regionalenterprisesLufan Wang, Florida International University I am an Assistant Teaching Professor at Florida International University.Ruoying ChuDr. Fangzhou Xia, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Fangzhou Xia received the dual bachelor’s degree in mechanical engineering from the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA, and in electrical and computer engineering from Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China, in 2015. He received the S.M. in 2017 and Ph.D. in 2020 both from the mechanical engineering department in Massachusetts Institute of

Conference Session

Electrical and Computer Engineering Division (ECE) Poster Session

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kenneth A Connor, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute and The Inclusive Engineering Consortium; Douglas A Mercer; Daniel D Stancil, North Carolina State University at Raleigh; John H. Booske, University of Wisconsin - Madison; Michael Devetsikiotis, University of New Mexico; Barry J. Sullivan, Electrical & Computer Engineering Department Heads Assn; Kathy Ann Gullie; Michelle Klein, Electrical and Computer Engineering Dept. Heads Assoc. (ECEDHA); Gregory T Byrd

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer Engineering Division (ECE)

Paper ID #39912Board 82: Remote, Hands-on ECE Teaching: Project RECETDr. Kenneth A Connor, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute and The Inclusive Engineering Consortium Kenneth Connor is an emeritus professor in the Department of Electrical, Computer, and Systems Engi- neering (ECSE) at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI) where he taught courses on electromagnetics, electronics and instrumentation, plasma physics, electric power, and general engineering. His research in- volves plasma physics, electromagnetics, photonics, biomedical sensors, engineering education, diversity in the engineering workforce, and technology

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mohsen Azizi, New Jersey Institute of Technology

Tagged Topics

Diversity, NSF Grantees Poster Session

Paper ID #36686Board 373: Renewable Energy Systems Training (REST) Project Final Re-portDr. Mohsen Azizi, New Jersey Institute of Technology Mohsen Azizi is an assistant professor in the School of Applied Engineering and Technology at New Jersey Institute of Technology (NJIT). He received the M.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees in electrical and computer engineering from Concordia University, Montreal, Canada, in 2005 and 2010, respectively. From 2010 to 2013, he was an R&D engineer at Aviya Tech Inc. and Pratt & Whitney Canada Inc., Longueuil, Canada, where he designed and developed control and fault diagnosis systems for jet

Conference Session

Experimentation and Laboratory-Oriented Studies Division (ELOS) Technical Session 1: Laboratories in Mechanics, Thermofluids, Embedded Systems, and Controls

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jonathan Abdou Merheb, Oral Roberts University; Josiah Kesler, Oral Roberts University; Ivan Samuel Esley, Oral Roberts University; Jesse Phillip Hosein, Oral Roberts University; Benitha Ndayisenga, Oral Roberts University; Lucas Oliveira de Freitas, Oral Roberts University ; John E. Matsson, Oral Roberts University

Tagged Divisions

Experimentation and Laboratory-Oriented Studies Division (DELOS)

Paper ID #39462An Optimized Elbow Project for Undergraduate Mechanical EngineeringStudentsMr. Jonathan Abdou Merheb, Oral Roberts University Mechanical Engineering Student at Oral Roberts University.Josiah Kesler, Oral Roberts University I am an Engineering student at Oral Roberts University in Tulsa, Oklahoma. I am 28 years old and am graduating this May.Mr. Ivan Samuel Esley, Oral Roberts University I am currently a Sophmore at Oral Roberts University in Tulsa, OK as a Mechanical Engineer. I will be earning my Bachelor of Science in Engineering in May 2023.Jesse Phillip Hosein, Oral Roberts University I was born in the

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Gary J. Mullett, Springfield Technical Community College

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

more efficient through the use of IoTapplications.This NSF ATE project has developed IoT curriculum and a one-year Certificate of Completionin IoT technology. It is believed that these curricula materials may be readily adopted by thevarious advanced manufacturing support technologies (e.g. Mechatronics, Robotics, Automation,Electrical/Electronics, Photonics, Nano, Metrology, etc.) taught at the two-year college level.This poster session presentation will highlight the significant outcomes of this ongoing ATEproject.IntroductionNow heading towards the middle of this new decade, the world has started to move beyond apandemic and entered a new post-pandemic era of how society lives, works, and interacts. TheInternet has facilitated many of these

Conference Session

Experiential Learning and Professional Skills and Competencies: Attainment, Assessment, and Evaluation.

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Emily Buten, University of Michigan; Jack Boomer Perry, University of Michigan; Aaron W. Johnson, University of Michigan

Tagged Divisions

Cooperative and Experiential Education Division (CEED)

Paper ID #37453Work in Progress: Are Project Teams Actually Developing ProfessionalSkills?Emily Buten, University of Michigan Emily (she/her) is a Ph.D. student in the Engineering Education Research program at the University of Michigan and received her B.S. in Mechanical Engineering from the University of Dayton. She is inter- ested in researching individuals’ development from students to professional engineers. She is particularly interested in studying experiential learning settings such as co-op and internship programs and diverse student experiences in those settings.Jack Boomer Perry, University of Michigan .Dr

Conference Session

Chemical Engineering Division (ChED) Technical Session 4: Junior & Senior Year Curriculum

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Joaquin Rodriguez, University of Pittsburgh; Schohn L. Shannon, University of Pittsburgh; Michael McMahon; Hseen Baled

Tagged Divisions

Chemical Engineering Division (ChED)

Paper ID #38836Process Control Laboratory Projects: Technical Training, TeamDevelopment, and Global CollaborationDr. Joaquin Rodriguez, University of Pittsburgh 2018+ University of Pittsburgh. Chemical and Petroleum Engineering Department. Assistant Professor. Teaching track. 1999-2018. Universidad Monteavila (Caracas, Venezuela). Founder, Academic Coordinator (1999-2004), Vice-Chancellor for Academic Affairs (2004-2005), Chancellor (2005-20015), President of High Studies Center (2015-2017) 1983-1998. Petroleos de Venezuela. Research Center (Caracas, Venezuela). Professional Engineer (1983- 87). Project Leader

Conference Session

Mechanical Engineering Division (MECH) Technical Session 2: Thermo-Fluids Projects and Active Learning

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Elizabeth "Elisha" M.H. Garcia Ph.D., PE, United States Coast Guard Academy

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering Division (MECH)

Paper ID #36994Project-Based Learning Success in Fundamentals of Fluid MechanicsProf. Elizabeth ”Elisha” M.H. Garcia Ph.D., PE, United States Coast Guard Academy Elizabeth ”Elisha” MH Garcia, Ph.D., P.E., is an Associate Professor of Naval Architecture & Marine Engineering at the U.S. Coast Guard Academy in New London, Connecticut. She has taught at the USCGA for over a decade. Her research interests include analytical fluid-structures interactions, DEI in pedagogy, and concept mapping. ©American Society for Engineering Education, 2023 Project-Based Learning Success in Fundamentals of

Conference Session

Assessment-Driven Practices in ECE

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Devin Connor Whalen, Bucknell University; Peter Mark Jansson P.E., Bucknell University

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer Engineering Division (ECE)

Paper ID #40034Renewable Energy Projects Enhance Pedagogy in Foundational ECE CourseMr. Devin Connor Whalen, Bucknell University Devin Whalen is a graduate student at Bucknell University, pursuing a master’s degree in electrical en- gineering. His research focuses on microgrids and energy harvesting, and aligns with his passion for renewable energy and sustainable solutions. In 2022, Devin graduated summa cum laude with a B.S.E.E. from Bucknell, where he developed a strong foundation in electrical engineering. He demonstrates his dedication to his field through his involvement in curriculum development, academic and research

Conference Session

Mechanical Engineering Division (MECH) Technical Session 10: Capstone and Design Education

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Stephen Pierson; Benjamin Fleming; Han Hu, University of Arkansas

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering Division (MECH)

Paper ID #39969CAM and Design for Manufacturing: A Project-Based Learning CourseStephen PiersonBenjamin FlemingProf. Han Hu, University of Arkansas Han Hu is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Mechanical Engineering at the University of Arkansas. He received his Ph.D. from Drexel University in 2016 and B.S. from the University of Science and Technology of China in 2011. Before he joined the University of Arkansas, he worked at the Cooling Technologies Research Center at Purdue University as a postdoc on two-phase electronics cooling. His current research is focused on the development of experimental and numerical

Conference Session

Engineering Technology Division (ETD) Technical Session 5

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kenny Fotouhi, University of Maryland Eastern Shore; Mahdi Joseph Fotouhi, University of Maryland Eastern Shore; Joel Michael Tomlinson, University of Maryland Eastern Shore

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology Division (ETD)

Paper ID #38899Practical Project in Linear Design Course During COVID-19Dr. Kenny Fotouhi, University of Maryland Eastern ShoreMahdi Joseph Fotouhi, University of Maryland Eastern ShoreJoel Michael Tomlinson, University of Maryland Eastern Shore ©American Society for Engineering Education, 2023 1 Practical Project in Linear Design Course During COVID-19AbstractPractical project design in the Linear Course in the Department of Computer Science andEngineering Technology is intended to be a real-world experience to help

Conference Session

Multidisciplinary Engineering Division (MULTI) Technical Session 10

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Reza Rashidi, SUNY University, Buffalo

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering Division (MULTI)

British Columbia in 2011. He also received a minor degree in Engineering Management and Entrepreneurship from the University of British Columbia in 2009. He has over 16 years of industrial experience. Before joining Alfred State, Dr. Rashidi was a Senior Engineer at Siemens, where he worked on research projects from 2011 to 2016. His expertise is in the development of nano, micro and mini sensors and actuators in Biomedical Engineering and Energy applications. Dr. Rashidi was a recipient of several awards including the 2008 British Columbia Innovation award, administered by BC province, Canada. He has written over 30 research articles and is currently a reviewer and technical committee member of several journals and

Conference Session

Committee on Educational Policy Presents: Pillars of Our Classrooms

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Xi Wang, Drexel University; Hans M. Tritico, University of Mount Union; Kathleen M. Short; Vahraz Honary

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering Division (CIVIL)

Paper ID #38740Service Learning Capstone Projects to Enhance Civil Engineering EducationDr. Xi Wang, Drexel University Xi Wang is an Assistant Teaching Professor in Construction Management program at Drexel University. She received her Ph.D. and M.Eng both in Civil Engineering from the University of Kentucky and Auburn University. Her research interests include technology adoption in building trades, learning motivation, and engineering student success.Dr. Hans M. Tritico, University of Mount UnionKathleen M. ShortVahraz Honary ©American Society for Engineering Education, 2023Service Learning

Conference Session

Materials Division (MATS) Technical Session 3

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Stephen Andrew Wilkerson P.E., York College of Pennsylvania; Stephen N. Kuchnicki, York College of Pennsylvania; Aidan T. McFall

Tagged Divisions

Materials Division (MATS)

Conference Session

First-Year Programs Division Technical Session 9: Decision Making, Problem-Based Projects, Role-Play, and a Nontraditional Project Theme

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Benjamin Goldschneider; Benjamin Chambers, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University

Paper ID #37484Student Engagement with a Nontraditional First-YearEngineering Project ThemeBenjamin Goldschneider (Graduate Student) Benjamin Goldschneider is a PhD Candidate in Engineering Education at Virginia Tech. He holds a Bachelor's degree in Industrial Engineering from Purdue University. His research interests include socialization, students' sense of belonging, interdisciplinary collaboration, and innovative teaching in First-Year programs.Benjamin Daniel Chambers (Associate Professor of Practice) Dr. Ben Chambers is an Associate Professor of Practice in the Department of Engineering Education at Virginia

Conference Session

Civil Engineering Division - Innovative Changes to the Typical Civil Engineering Coursework.

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jacob Henschen, University of Illinois at Urbana - Champaign; Arthur Schmidt, University of Illinois at Urbana - Champaign; Jeffery Roesler, University of Illinois at Urbana - Champaign; Jordan Ouellet, University of Illinois at Urbana - Champaign

Paper ID #37715Development of a Project-Based Civil & EnvironmentalIntroductory CourseJacob Henschen (Teaching Assistant Prrofessor) Jacob Henschen is a teaching assistant professor at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign in the Civil and Environmental Engineering Department. He received his B.S., M.S., and Ph.D. from the University of Illinois at Urbana- Champaign. His research interests include additive manufacturing with cementitious materials and the use of virtual reality in undergraduate education.Jordan Ouellet (Graduate Research Assistant) Graduate Teaching and Research Assistant

Collection

2004 GSW

Authors

Shunmugham R. Pandian

Session 013 Playful Learning: Robotics and Mechatronics Projects for Innovative Engineering Education Shunmugham R. Pandian Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Tulane University New Orleans, LA 70118 AbstractThe knowledge in the field of engineering is growing at an exponential rate. With onlyfour years available for studying undergraduate engineering disciplines, this leaves manyemerging and even established sub-fields and courses beyond the reach of students. Thisis particularly

Collection

2005 GSW

Authors

Richard Bannerot

Session T1B4 A Golf Ball Launcher as a Sophomore Design Project Richard Bannerot Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Houston AbstractThe first engineering course taken by mechanical engineering students at the Universityof Houston requires completion of a design, fabricate and compete team project. Theproject that was completed during the Fall 2004 semester is described in this paper. Thetwo “pronged” project evaluation process (testing results and direct assessment) isdescribed and the results are

Conference Session

Experimentation and Laboratory-Oriented Studies Division (ELOS) Technical Session 2: Manurfacturing, Simulation, Safety, and Technical Writing

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Josiah Kesler, Oral Roberts University; Christian Montgomery, Oral Roberts University; John E. Matsson, Oral Roberts University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Experimentation and Laboratory-Oriented Studies Division (DELOS)

Paper ID #39460A thermoforming student project including experiments, simulations, andtheory.Josiah Kesler, Oral Roberts University I am an Engineering student at Oral Roberts University in Tulsa, Oklahoma. I am 28 years old and am graduating this May.Christian Montgomery, Oral Roberts University Junior mechanical engineering student at Oral Roberts University.Dr. John E. Matsson, Oral Roberts University John Matsson is a Professor of Mechanical Engineering at Oral Roberts University in Tulsa, OK. He earned M.S. and Ph.D. degrees from the Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm, Sweden in 1988 and 1994 respectively

Conference Session

Design in Engineering Education Division (DEED) Technical Session 7

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sonia Travaglini, Stanford University; Sheri D. Sheppard, Stanford University; Helen L. Chen, Stanford University

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education Division (DEED)

conducts research on engineering education andDr. Helen L. Chen, Swarthmore College Helen L. Chen is a research scientist in the Designing Education Lab in the Department of Mechanical En- gineering at Stanford University. She has been involved in several major engineering education initiatives including the NSF-funded Center for the Advan ©American Society for Engineering Education, 2023 Engaging Aerospace Students With Experiential Learning in Hybrid Project-based CoursesIntroductionAs the Stanford Aeronautical and Astronautical department’s project-based Spacecraft DesignCapstone course returned to in-person instruction, elements of online teaching and learning thatwere

Collection

2022 ASEE Midwest Section Conference

Authors

Yang-Seon Kim; Keren Tshimanga

2022 ASEE Midwest Section Conference Make Students Confident in Thermodynamics: The Project Based Learning Methodology Yang-Seon Kim and Keren Tshimanga Wichita State University, KS, USAAbstractThe traditional teaching method, lecture-based learning, is currently changing to a model focusingon student-centered learning, such as problem-based or project-based learning (PBL). Typically,thermodynamics courses are taught by lecture-oriented methodology, and the course introducesmany new concepts, laws, definitions, and variables. Unlike concepts in other engineering courses,these concepts are not easy to visualize, tangible, or tactile senses in

Collection

2022 ASEE Illinois-Indiana Section Conference

Authors

Shantanu Gupta, Purdue University at West Lafayette (PPI); Mary E. Johnson Ph.D., Purdue University at West Lafayette (PPI); Jiansen Wang, Purdue University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

2022 ASEE Illinois-Indiana Section Conference Proceedings | Paper ID 36126 Motivation and Value of Diverse Student Teams in Graduate Projects Shantanu Gupta Dr. Mary E. Johnson* Jiansen Wang Purdue University Purdue University Purdue University West Lafayette, IN West Lafayette, IN West Lafayette, IN mejohnson@purdue.eduAbstractIn many industries, project teams are comprised of people with differing educational backgrounds,work experience, and cultural backgrounds. To better prepare students for these environments,instructors may simulate similar environments in courses

Collection

ASEE-NE 2022

Authors

Susan Freudzon, Fairfield University

Active and Project-Based Learning in Medical Device DesignIntroductionThe field of Biomedical Engineering has grown rapidly in recent years. The Bureau of LaborStatistics states that there were approximately 19,300 jobs in Biomedical Engineering in 2020and that employment of Biomedical Engineers is expected to grow by approximately 6% overthe next 10 years [1]. Many students in Biomedical, Mechanical, and Electrical Engineeringpursue careers in the medical device industry after graduation. To properly prepare engineeringstudents for careers in the medical device industry, students must complete multiple hands-ondesign projects and receive training on unique aspects of the medical device industry, such asdesign control guidance of

Collection

ASEE-NE 2022

Authors

Hugh L Mcmanus, Northeastern University; Kris Jaeger-Helton, Northeastern University

Paper ID #36041Catalyzing Capstone Project Success through Readiness Reviews andReflectionProf. Hugh L Mcmanus, Northeastern University Hugh McManus is an Associate Teaching Professor at Northeastern University. He uses active and simulation-based learning techniques to teach complex and context-dependent subjects such as process improvement, and co-supervises the Industrial Engineering senior capstone projects. He also develops, teaches and applies advanced methods in lean process improvement, systems engineering and preliminary design, and composite materials and structures. His current interest is understanding how

Collection

2022 ASEE Illinois-Indiana Section Conference

Authors

Hongli luo, Purdue University Fort Wayne

2022 ASEE Illinois-Indiana Section Conference Proceedings | Paper ID 36136 Design of Project-based Labs for Internet of Things Applications Hongli Luo* Purdue University Fort Wayne luoh@pfw.eduAbstractThis paper presents the design of a sequence of labs to teach data communication andnetworking course. Labs are based on a smart home project with integration of multipletechnologies, including sensor, microcontroller, mobile phone, data storage, and web application.Different data communication and networking technologies such as WiFi and Bluetooth providethe underlying infrastructure for data transmission