Conference Session

PCEE Session 9: Virtual Summer Programs

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Carol Geary, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Tawni Paradise, Virginia Tech Department of Engineering Education; Kim Lester, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Hannah Glisson, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University

assess theeffectiveness of the online virtual conversion. This was a similar problem that crossed over to the2021 online iteration of C-Tech2 as well. 3. EVALUATION A. LimitationsSome limitations to this evaluation are that the data that is used is emails from students thatdecided to send a follow-up email so we have a skewed sample. It is possible that all studentexperiences are not reflected in our subset of students represented with our data. Only qualitativedata is analyzed to provide some context into the differences between the student experiences(this is more of a reflective, lessons learned, sharing camp design paper). Looking forward, thecollection of quantitative data to compare specific

Conference Session

Computers in Education 11 - Modulus 3

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Andrew Gillen, Northeastern University; Ruiqiu Yao, University College London; Zheng Chen, University of Hong Kong

much.The topic "extracurricular experiences and plans for working or further study" appears the mostin the objective document, then appears majorly in the positive document (for more than aquarter). Before the pandemic, 21.4% of the neutral and negative words related to this topic.However, during the pandemic, this topic is not obviously reflected in the neutral and negativewords; instead, more words tend to directly express their negative sentiments. Therefore, it isdeducible that even though students' negative sentiments were expressed more directly, thesenegative emotions were not strongly relevant to "extracurricular experiences and plans forworking or further study".To investigate what content these directly expressed negative sentiments are

Conference Session

Graduate Studies Division Technical Session 3

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ha Pho, University of Massachusetts Lowell; Hsien-yuan Hsu, University of Massachusetts Lowell; Yanfen Li, University of Massachusetts Lowell; Shanna Thompson, University of Massachusetts Lowell

furthercustomize the tools to reflect their research career stage and mentor relationship. Finally, in thementor meetings, the mentor and mentee will negotiate to arrive at an agreed format of the tools,which later serve as the roadmaps for the mentee to follow to achieve his career goals. The AMPP model targets mentor and mentee pairs for training, requiring a strategicapproach for recruitment of participants by departments or schools. Faculty who are currentlyadvising students through their early research careers are the prime target. The faculty’s interestand commitment to the program ensure their participation and contribution to the trainingsessions. Furthermore, they are more willing to recommend student participation, encourage theuse of

Conference Session

Engineering Ethics Division: Approaches to Ethics Education (Part 3, Nature and Environment)

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Michaela Lapatin, University of Texas at Austin; Sara Barrens, University of Texas at Austin; Kyudong Kim, University of Texas at Austin; Cristina Poleacovschi; Kate Padgett Walsh, Iowa State University of Science and Technology; Scott Feinstein; Cassandra Rutherford; Luan Nguyen, Iowa State University of Science and Technology; Kasey Faust, University of Texas at Austin

provides scores based on the stages of Kohlberg’s Theory of MoralDevelopment [23–25]. The Defining Issues Test was revised over time in an effort to providescores that better reflect ethical understanding, allowing for better evaluation using the DIT-2 (e.g.[26, 27]). Other ethics evaluations include the Perceptions and Attitudes toward Cheating amongEngineering Students surveys (PACES), the Moral Judgement Test (MJT), and the Engineeringand Science Issues Test (ESIT). Studies use the PACES-1 survey primarily to evaluate studentperceptions and definitions of academic dishonesty [28, 29] while the PACES-2 survey is used toevaluate a theoretical model of ethical decision-making in cheating [27, 30]. The Moral JudgementTest (MJT) is based on

Conference Session

Joint Session: Entrepreneurially-Minded Learning in the Classroom

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Anna Howard, North Carolina State University at Raleigh

design a dam to holdback 10 feet of silt and 20 feet of water with 5 feet of water on the opposite side. Students wereexpected to pick between various concretes and show that their dam would not slip or tip. Costcalculations and height calculations were required with a penalty for a dam that was too high (asit irritated the neighbors). Students turned in their projects in three ways: using a Google formwhich allowed us to check student calculations, as a homework file which included their FBDsand analysis, and as a project report to include reflection, etc. The repetition of the problems helpstudents to connect the different topics in class. The final reflection asks students to comment onwhat value is created by such a dam.

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Greg Strimel, Purdue University at West Lafayette (PPI); Sherylyn Briller; Douglas Pruim; Todd Kelley, Purdue University at West Lafayette (COE); Jung Sohn, Purdue University at West Lafayette (COE); Rebecca Martinez, Purdue Polytechnic Graduate Programs; Jackson Otto

) embracingambiguity, 14) promoting technology savviness, 15) developing a work ethic for getting thingsdone, 16) designing for people through an empathetic approach, 17) applying differentdisciplinary lenses to problems or opportunities, and 18) being reflective and embracingcriticism. These items could give insight toward establishing a set of shared practices for theteaching of innovation that could bridge across disciplines.Institutional Barriers and Strategies. According to the stakeholder (i.e., faculty andadministrators) interviews, creating a shift in the paradigm of undergraduate innovationeducation, or undergraduate learning more broadly, faces multiple barriers to bothimplementation and student participation. In general, the interviewees noted the

Conference Session

ETD - A Technology Potpourri III

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Luis Trueba, Texas State University; Anthony Torres, Texas State University

milestone-baseddelivery method. This delivery system allowed the project to stay relevant throughout the yearand the learned knowledge from the project culminates as the course progresses. Thismethodology also allowed the students to immediately apply what they just learned on a portionof the project, as opposed to having to recall information learned weeks or months prior. Anotherunique aspect of this PBL methodology, is that, at the end of the semester an overall final projectwas due, which contained the five milestones. These five milestones were previously graded andreturned to the students shortly after they were due, therefore, the students were given theopportunity to reflect, and learn from their mistakes in their initial attempt at the

Conference Session

ECE Division Technical Session 2: Long-Term Institutional Outcome Evaluations and Capstone Innovations

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Annie Patrick, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Scott Dunning, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Mary Brewer, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Kimberly Johnston, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Nicole Gholston, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Susan Broniak, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University

) Resumes (3) Alumni (1) Design Teams (1)Though most of the advising focused on academic concerns, the analysis reflected that theadvisors’ work was not simply focused on coursework but advising students through academicstruggles, academic and major choice, and how to interact with faculty. “I had a student who picked electrical engineering and she's like ‘Oh, I didn't really know a lot about it, so I thought maybe I major in it and find out about it.’ But what she found out was that it wasn't for her…we're here to help them learn what is involved in their major and understand what they're getting into.”--Advisor 01-03

Conference Session

Civil Engineering Division - Innovative Changes to the Typical Civil Engineering Coursework.

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Andrea Welker, Villanova University; Virginia Smith, Villanova University; Kristin Sample-Lord, Villanova University; Shweta Shrestha, Villanova University

-based choices, employing empathy when evaluating conflicts of interest, trade- offs and uncertain knowledge and contradiction with problem constraints (ABET outcome 4) 35. Demonstrates self-awareness and ability to be a reflective practitioner with values, empathy and guardianship of one’s immediate environment (ABET outcome 4) 36. Understands and reflects on the norms and values that underlie one’s behaviors (i.e., normative thinking) (ABET outcome 4) 37. Understands that every person has a role in being environmentally responsible and has the right to be informed about the environmental/social/economic impacts of the products they purchase, consume and discard (ABET outcome 4)Communication

Conference Session

Mechanical Engineering: Student Growth

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Daniel Jensen, United States Air Force Academy; Luke Jensen; William Allison; Adam Goodworth; Douglas Fontes

employers in engineering industry. To nameone example, HP CEO Carly Fiorina graduated from Stanford with a degree not in a technicalfield, but in history. In 2016 the CEO and at that time Presidential Candidate said of liberal artseducation, “I learned how to condense a whole lot of information down to the essence. Thatthought process has served me my whole life… I’m one of these people who believes we shouldbe teaching people music, philosophy, history, art.” The hiring process Elon Musk has developedfor SpaceX and Tesla Motors reflects a similar sentiment, with many of the interview questionshinging on the ability to process and condense information down to a succinct remark orexplanation. To Musk as well as many other new engineering and

Conference Session

Electrical and Computer Engineering Laboratory and SoC Developments

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Matthew Spencer, Harvey Mudd College

to help students verify their own readiness. Second,students completed a short homework assignment with each lab, and then graded it themselvesso that they reflected on their work and their understanding (as in [22]).Grades in this version of the course were based on four graded components: problem sets,quizzes, lab reports, and exams. The weights assigned to each component of the course appearin Table 2.Week Lecture 1 Lecture 2 Lab1 Introduction Dynamics and Thevenin Oscilloscope Loading2 Diode Physics Diode Circuit Models Diode IV Curve3 BJT Physics BJT Circuit Models BJT IV

Conference Session

ERM: Instruction and Engagement

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Shamima Mithun, Indiana University - Purdue University Indianapolis

instructor’s frequent observations of immediate disengagement andwithdrawal of participation during these activities. For these reasons, we will consider whatadditional scaffolds, curricular revisions, and instructional strategies can be introduced into thenovice classroom to better foster engagement with course material within peer collaborativeactivities to be authentic to what is expected and productive in engineering industry settings.Sharing and Utilizing Peer Feedback While tightly interwoven with the tensions related to peer collaboration, there are uniqueconsiderations with regards to how each of the student groups offered, received, reflected on, andacted upon peer feedback for attaining insight into how students’ experiences and thus

Conference Session

ERM: Engineering Identity: (Identity Part 1)

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ciera Fluker; Lara Perez-Felkner; Kiaira McCoy, Florida A&M University - Florida State University

used data from institutional documents and observations tofurther triangulate our interview data. The first author used NVivo software to analyze the transcribed data using two levels of coding.During first-level coding, she inductively coded the interviews by identifying high-level conceptsand themes which emerged from the interview data [27]. To increase the trustworthiness of thisstudy, the author used annotations to capture her evolving reflections, questions, and feelings [27],[28]. During second-level coding, the author used an iterative process of revising and combining Table 1 Student profiles: pseudonym, gender, race, institution type, major, and year in college Pseudonym Gender Race

Conference Session

Minorities in Engineering Division Technical Session 7

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Gary Timko; Natalie Shaheen; Wade Goodridge, Utah State University; Theresa Green, Utah State University - Engineering Education; Daniel Kane, Utah State University

spatial language by teachers, parents, and peers highlights theimportance of spatial relations in everyday life which can spark a heightened sense of spatialawareness [22].The purpose of this paper is to explore results from a qualitative study of how high school agedBLV youth used spatial language during a virtual engineering experience administered by theNational Federation of the Blind (NFB). Findings from this study can provide recommendationsto enhance language in curricula that better reflects BLV studentscontent and may ultimately encourage more BLV students to pursue careers in STEM fields.MethodsData Collection Site and ParticipantsData was collected during synchronous virtual Zoom sessions of the Engineering Quotient (EQ)program, an

Collection

2023 Rocky Mountain Section Conference

Authors

Nathan Edwards; Steven Kiss; Carter Grizzle; Asher Edwards; Vaanathi Sekar; John Branning; Brett Meadows; Mohamed Kassem; Michael McGivern

solutions for real-world engineering problems. In other words, their currentschool systems have insufficiencies in establishing foundational knowledge needed to preparethem for the electronics industry.How might industry and schools partner to prepare students for electronics and otherengineering industries?When asked this question, each of the students reflected on their experiences and generatedseveral creative ideas on how industry and school systems can partner to be more effective atpreparing a needed workforce for the electronics industry talent pipeline. High school careerfairs could help students explore different STEM industry careers; many of the pilot participantsfelt that they lacked knowledge of all the opportunities available. Regular

Conference Session

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation Division Technical Session 3

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Alexandra Jackson; Kevin Dahm, Rowan University; Kaitlin Mallouk, Rowan University; Bruce Oestreich; Cheryl Bodnar, Rowan University; Scott Streiner, University of Pittsburgh

curriculum consists of a required design-related engineering course eachsemester of their first and second years. Though various courses in the engineering curriculumhave the potential to provide opportunities for entrepreneurship development, these courses aredesigned specifically to promote EM growth in students. The first year course is focused onenhancing technical skills such as CAD software, programming, and statistical analysis, as wellas enhancing entrepreneurial skills such as teamwork, leadership, creativity, and decision-making. EM is introduced in this course through the KEEN 3C’s: Curiosity, Connections, andCreating Value, and their design projects reflect each of these core EM elements. First yearstudents were exposed to two

Conference Session

Multidisciplinary Engineering Division Technical Session - Best Paper

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Illysa Izenberg, The Johns Hopkins University; Steven Marra, The Johns Hopkins University; Trevor Mackesey, Johns Hopkins University; Leslie Kendrick; Jenny Bernstein, The Johns Hopkins University

industry. Thus, our research reflects a desire to gain this industry perspectiveand identify a list of multidisciplinary teamwork skills that working engineers agreed wereimportant to the success of their organizations and projects.In this paper, we have built on existing literature and interviews with industry professionals toconstruct and carry out a survey to answer the following primary research questions: 1. Are there skills specific to working effectively on multidisciplinary teams? 2. How competent are newly hired engineering employees (i.e. entry-level hires) with these skills? 3. How long does it take a newly hired engineering employee unequipped in these skills to become proficient in their execution

Conference Session

LEES 3: Assessing/Addressing Mental Health

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kacey Beddoes, San Jose State University; Andrew Danowitz, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo

of engineering education are given, necessary, unchangeable, or desirable.Shedding light on the ways in which the features identified in this paper impact students can helpengineering educators, administrators, and other students critically reflect on how their role inperpetuating these characteristics affects students and the engineering education system as awhole.BackgroundMental health in engineering is a research area that has grown rapidly in recent years and studiesin this area have documented wide-spread and often severe problems [3]–[5]. In the past severalyears, nationwide surveys have found that undergraduate engineering students suffered from somemental health issues at significantly higher rates than the general U.S. population

Conference Session

ECE Division Technical Session 4: Student-centered Learning and Teaching Methodologies

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Yuchen Huang, Portland State University; Branimir Pejcinovic, Portland State University

% because 3 out of 5 pattern arecorrectly predicted.We solve this example step-by-step using document camera and different color of pens tohighlight the last and current occurrence of the branch pattern and their subsequent next branchpattern. This process helps students to use pattern recognition to predict the branch outcome.Such detailed process of solving example problem helps students connect all pieces of thiscomplex branch predictor together to solidify their knowledge.As a practical matter and based on students’ feedback, document camera works better indisplaying the problem solving steps than white board since white board has reflection andcannot be viewed well from all angles by students sitting at different seats in the classroom.3.4

Conference Session

Professional Skills and Community Building in Chemical Engineering Education

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Deborah Goldberg, University of Maryland College Park

. attributes relate to concepts. development. manufacturing, safety and efficacy. Strongly Agree Agree Neutral Disagree Strongly DisagreeFigure 4. Student perception of learning outcome mastery. Data was obtained frominstructor-administered post-semester survey. Data was similar for 2018 and 2019 and wascombined in this figure.In addition, students were asked on the instructor-administered survey to reflect on the finalgroup project. They were given the prompt “The goal of the group project was to challengestudents to combine their understanding of biopharmaceutical process development

Conference Session

Civil Engineering Division - Is This Real? Reaching Students with Virtual and Augmented Reality

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Edward Sippel, University of Wisconsin - Madison; Hannah Blum, University of Wisconsin - Madison

EducationCommittee. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, and recommendations expressed in this paper arethose of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the view of the sponsors or the other individualsmentioned here.References [1] M. Haque, “Visualization Techniques For Structural Design Education”, in 2003 Annual Conference, https://peer.asee.org/12260, Nashville, Tennessee: ASEE Conferences, 2003. [2] H. Demirkaya and Y. Atayeter, “A study on the experiences of university lecturers and students in the geography field trip”, Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, vol. 19, pp. 453–461, 2011. doi: 10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.05.154. [3] J. Barroso-Osuna, J. J. Gutiérrez-Castillo, M. C. Llorente-Cejudo, and R. V. Ortiz, “Diffi- culties in

Conference Session

ERM: Teamwork makes the dream work!

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Aparajita Jaiswal, Purdue University at West Lafayette (PPI); Kaushali Patel, Purdue University at West Lafayette (COE); Devang Patel, Purdue University at West Lafayette (COE); Alejandra Magana, Purdue University at West Lafayette (COE)

specialized in one aspect of the interaction about a topic. system. However, for them to complete the prototype, everyone must understand the system functionality as a whole. In addition, students utilize in-class time to work on the project and help each other as a team Group As a group, make Team retrospectives were used as a mechanism processing decisions about which for group processing. For every milestone, behaviors to continue students were asked to reflect on what went well

Conference Session

Industrial Engineering Division Technical Session 1

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Omar Ashour, Pennsylvania State University, Behrend College; Ashley Seamon, Pennsylvania State University, Behrend College; Christian Lopez, Lafayette College; Sabahattin Ozden; Daniell DiFrancesca, Pennsylvania State University, Behrend College; Conrad Tucker, Carnegie Mellon University

in a synthetic environment that is controlled yet realistic, thusavoiding safety concerns and expensive mistakes [1]. However, perhaps the greatest benefit tosimulation-based education is the connection established between classroom theory and real-world practice, a connection that is often lost within traditional teaching methods due to theoversimplified and/or unrelated content [11]–[18]. Other fields of education have experiencedpositive outcomes, especially in healthcare education. For example, a study concluded thatnursing students who were exposed to simulation-based learning found their experience to bemore reflective, practical, and engaging [19]. Similarly, another study found that learning invirtually simulated 3D worlds is not

Conference Session

ERM: Let's Continue the Conversation about Tests! Part 2

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Catherine Kenyon; Lisa Benson, Clemson University; William Bridges, Clemson University

connectedness and alignment andthe perceptions of exams factors existent in the multiple linear regression models and are excitedto continue building on these initial results from this pilot study. We intend to continue investi-gating these relationships at a similar land grant, R1 university in the southern U.S.. While wedid not report demographic information of the participants in this pilot study, we do want to notethat the institution we collected this data from has a predominantly white engineering studentpopulation. So, we wish to repeat this study at a second institution whose engineering studentpopulation is more reflective of the engineering degrees awarded nationally. The second phaseof this work will involve repeating the initial open-ended

Conference Session

ERM: Exploring Educational Technology in Engineering

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kelsey Rodgers, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University - Daytona Beach; Matthew Verleger, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University - Daytona Beach; Farshid Marbouti, San Jose State University; Angela Thompson, University of Louisville; Nicholas Hawkins, University of Louisville

that studentsdiscussed in their responses to open-ended survey questions [12]. To ensure validity of thecoding scheme, relevant modeling literature was reviewed to ensure the types of models inengineering were accurately reflected. Throughout the development of the coding scheme, theteam used inductive and deductive approaches to ensure both the literature and the data werereflected.Once intercoder reliability was obtained, the two undergraduate researchers coded a total of1,829 survey responses. This consisted of data collected at University 1 in two different first-yearengineering courses across two semesters. Throughout the development of this framework andanalysis of students’ responses, the researchers documented patterns and developed a

Conference Session

Educational Research and Methods (ERM) Division Poster Session

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Shamita V, Nanyang Technological University; Ibrahim H. Yeter, Nanyang Technological University; Eileen Fong, Nanyang Technological University

statisticalsignificance for various statistical relationships examined. As such, future studies shouldinvolve a larger number of participants to verify the results of this study. First-generation college students have a multitude of experiences that allow them topossess a vast pool of knowledge, skills, and methods. This study has only managed tocapture a fraction of the experiences, knowledge, skills, and methods students have acquired.Additionally, as this study only used data collected from one university in Singapore, theresults may not be reflective of the overall demographics of the population.Table 3. Summary of Data Analysis Results of Correlation Between Different Constructs

Conference Session

PCEE Session 11: Engineering Outreach / Summer Programs

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Maya Denton, University of Texas at Austin; Bryant Chambers; Indu Venu Sabaraya; Navid Saleh, University of Texas at Austin; Mary Kirisits, University of Texas at Austin

before STEM Activity 2 (year 2), the second after Engineering Module 2 (year 3), and thethird after Engineering Module 3 (year 4). The surveys included multiple-choice and open-endedquestions that had been adapted from existing, validated pre-college question sets [21], where thewording was modified slightly to better reflect the current outreach. The survey questionsaddressed three topics: perception of engineering (Table 1; six questions and one open-endedquestion), confidence in STEM skills (Table 2; three questions), and enjoyment of STEM classesand activities (Table 3; four questions). We chose to include surveys on STEM in addition toengineering for two reasons: 1) Activity 1 and 2 broadly focused on STEM and 2) STEM isintegral in pursuing

Conference Session

Civil Engineering Division - Huh? What Did You Say? What Does That Mean?

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Karin Becker, United States Air Force Academy; Timothy Frank, United States Air Force Academy; Joel Sloan, United States Air Force Academy

, as well as prepare engineering students forthe skills needed in the profession today. However, many challenges exist including extra timeneeded and borrowed technical writing expertise. Our study aims to provide a model fortechnical writing implementation on a small scale that can be replicated across the engineeringcurriculum. Developing a full semester-long technical communication class, to include oralpresentation skills, warrants further attention. Student self-assessment of their writing abilitiescan be a good metacognitive reflection exercise and potentially contribute to a betterunderstanding of technical communication principles.DisclaimerThe views expressed in this article are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect

Conference Session

Utilizing Technology to Train Chemical Engineering Students

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mark Burns, University of Michigan; Valerie Johnson, University of Michigan; Kaylee Smith, University of Michigan

this Number of questions in Canvas quizz: box, enter the percent error you will accept in the student's 1 answer, the number of questions you want to pick for the quiz, and the points for each question. Point value per question: 10 Step 5 – The "For copy-paste" tab should now contain a mix of randomized questions and answers, and the mix should reflect Total number of questions to pick from: the percentage values you entered in Step 4

Conference Session

International Division Technical Session 1: Looking at Study Abroad through an enhanced lens

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Meredith Blumthal; Luis Rodriguez; James Stubbins, University of Illinois at Urbana - Champaign; Brian Woodard, University of Illinois at Urbana - Champaign; Gretchen Forman, University of Illinois at Urbana - Champaign; Molly Goldstein, University of Illinois at Urbana - Champaign; Hannah Dougherty, University of Illinois at Urbana - Champaign; Ernest-John Ignacio, University of Illinois at Urbana - Champaign; Dawn Owens, University of Illinois at Urbana - Champaign

. Strongly disagree Higher scores are desirable, representing a higher level of cultural competence, so someof the items were reverse-scored to accomplish this. (Reverse scoring means that “Stronglyagree” is scored as a 7 instead of a 1, “Moderately agree” is scored as a 6 instead of a 2, etc. Therespondents never see the scoring numbers in the questionnaire, only the verbal labels for eachpoint.) The means and standard deviations presented in Table 1 reflect this reverse scoring, asnoted. In addition, we assessed the Cultural Competency scale for internal consistency(reliability) using Cronbach’s alpha statistic. In so doing, we discovered that two of the items (7and 10) detracted from the overall reliability of the scale, and so removed