Conference Session

Undergraduate Space Design and Project Courses

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sven Bilen, Pennsylvania State University; Brian Schratz, Pennsylvania State University

Tagged Divisions

Aerospace

are able to learn faster, approach designs from many angles, andultimately grow as a team to produce more efficient and professional designs.Student-oriented space projects at Penn State began with the NASA Get Away Special (GAS)payloads designed to fly in the payload bay of NASA’s Space Shuttle (see Fig. 1). Penn Statestudents produced three GAS payloads, which launched aboard the Shuttle in 1986, 1996, and2001. These payloads focused on various objectives from recording orbital debris impacts toseed germination in space. Figure 1 Timeline of SSPL Programs and ProjectsBeginning in 1997, Penn State students saw the addition of sounding rockets with the initiationof the SPIRIT (Student Projects Involving Rocket

Conference Session

ET Leadership, Administration, and Articulation

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jerry Samples, University of Pittsburgh -Johnstown

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

oriented. The information presented is based on previous and on-goingstudies concerning faculty roles and student reactions to their classroom experiences. Discussionwill include the role of the leadership, faculty and students and how they should team to producean effective and success oriented learning environment.BackgroundThere have been many efforts to describe the need for teaching as it stacks up against otherfunctions that a faculty member is required to perform. Research and service are often quoted asjust as important, or more important, than teaching. The then president of Stanford University,Donald Kennedy stated: “It is time for us to reaffirm that education – that is, teaching in all itsforms – is the primary task.”1 The counter

Conference Session

Anything New in Dynamics?

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Brian Self, California Polytechnic State University; Charles Birdsong, California Polytechnic State University; Eileen Rossman, California Polytechnic State University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanics

). The ASDD was used forspatial disorientation training in theU.S. Air Force and is shown in Figure 1. The ASDD.Figure 1. Page 13.73.3The device was simplified somewhat, so that there was no yaw motion of the gondola (refer tothe full assignment in Appendix A).To help with visualization, students were required to build a physical model of the device. Themodel had to show the different coordinate systems used, and how they rotated. One of the morecreative models is shown in Figure 2. Other students decided to use more “green” engineeringand built models from paper and cardboard. These models were extremely useful for the

Conference Session

Tricks of the Trade I

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jerry Samples, University of Pittsburgh -Johnstown

Tagged Divisions

New Engineering Educators

for Engineering Education, 2008 Leadership 104: the Teacher-Scholar CultureAbstractThe Carnegie Classification of colleges and universities presents a natural divide between thosethat are “teaching” focused and those that are “research” focused, with shades of gray sprinkledin between. This divide provides the basis for commentary such as, “we are a teaching school”or, “we are a research university” with no implied ties to the other function: scholarship orteaching.The teacher-scholar model is one implied in Boyer’s book Scholarship Reconsidered [1] wherescholarship is divided into four discrete types with the “scholarship of teaching” set forth as anacceptable form of scholarly enterprise. The model is further described as

Conference Session

Tools for Teaching

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

S. Scott Moor, Indiana University-Purdue University-Fort Wayne

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

methods thatengineering instructors should use. Three of these are 1) Establish the relevance of coursematerial and teach inductively, 2) Promote Active Learning in the Classroom and 3) UseCooperative Learning.1 Repeatedly studies have encouraged and shown the benefits of thesebasic approaches. Inductive learning, where the instruction works from a particular problem tobuild up to the generalities as opposed to the traditional approach of working the other wayaround, includes various problem based learning approaches and learning cycles such as theKolb cycle or VANITH’s legacy cycle.2-4 The benefits of various forms of active learning,where students become engaged in the material beyond simply taking notes, have shown manypositive benefits.5

Conference Session

Research and Education in Radiation and Radiologic

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Lisa Marshall, North Carolina State University; Mohamed Bourham, North Carolina State University

Tagged Divisions

Nuclear and Radiological

. A project in progress,this paper reports on initial observations. Page 13.873.2 Proceedings of the 2008 American Society for Engineering Education Annual Conference & Exposition Copyright © 2008, American Society for Engineering EducationMatriculation - Progress towards Degree Nuclear Engineering enrollment figures have increased over an eight year periodby 74% (Figure 1), and the number of un-matriculated students (students showing anintent to major in nuclear engineering) has increased 55% from 15 to 52 (Figure 2). Overthis same period, the portion of the entire undergraduate student body these numbersrepresent

Conference Session

Student Learning Techniques & Practices in Engineering Technology

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

B. Sridhara, Middle Tennessee State University; Joseph Prince, Middle Tennessee State University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

from the higher to the lower points(Figure 1) in the least time.1 Figure 1. A curve along which a particle is falling under the action of gravity The time required to travel from point P1 to point P2 is given by1, 2 Page 13.1093.3Where v is the particle’s velocity and ds is the arc length through which it is falling. Applyingthe law of conservation of energy we can write for the particleOrSubstituting this for v in the integrand of the first equation and following the steps given inReferences 1 and 2, we can show that 2 x = ½ k (q – sinq), 2 y = ½ k (q – cosq

Conference Session

Curriculum Development and Teaching Models in NRE

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sheldon Landsberger, University of Texas at Austin; Rose Stiffin, Flroida Memorial University; Dimitri Tamalis, Florida Memorial University; Michael elliott, Flroida Memorial University; Ayivi Huisso, Florida Memorial Univeristy

Tagged Divisions

Nuclear and Radiological

, homeland security and non-proliferation. As a result of the ever broadening educational and research needs, ten years agothe nuclear program changed its name to Nuclear and Radiation Engineering to better reflect itsnew directions. In spring 2007, we were funded by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission toimplement at new undergraduate technical option in the Nuclear and Radiation EngineeringProgram at The University of Texas at AustinObjective The overall objective is to provide: (1) a Nuclear Certificate geared towardsundergraduate students in engineering and individuals in the nuclear industry consisting ofcourses in nuclear safety, nuclear security, nuclear environmental protection, and reactoroperations including 15 overall credits with 3

Conference Session

Potpourri

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Nina Dahlmann, Technische Universitaet Berlin; Maria Elsner, Technische Universitaet Berlin; Sabina Jeschke, University of Stuttgart; Nicole Natho, Technische Universitaet Berlin; Olivier Pfeiffer, Technische Universitaet Berlin; Christian Schroeder, Technische Universitaet Berlin

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering

social andeconomic needs. One of the goals of the project GALILEA 1 is to design and implementinnovative new undergraduate courses that attract a gender-balanced ratio of students at theBerlin Institute of Technology. In this article we describe the design and implementation of anexemplary new course. The bachelor course of “Natural Sciences in the Information Society”was the first of the GALILEA courses starting in winter term 2007/08. Its goals and innovationsare illustrated in detail.IntroductionOur society needs qualified specialists. Industry 2 has been referring to the increasing demand ofexperts for years. According to the German Federal Statistical Office DESTATIS 3, a slowincrease of undergraduates in engineering and natural sciences

Conference Session

Computer Applications in Energy Courses

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Peter Idowu, Pennsylvania State University-Harrisburg

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

AC 2008-1445: INTERACTIVE ENERGY COURSEWAREPeter Idowu, Pennsylvania State University-Harrisburg Page 13.780.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2008 Interactive Energy CoursewareAbstractInnovative methods for teaching engineering concepts are receiving broader attention in avariety of contexts. This is in keeping with the perception that improvements is contentdelivery tools and techniques would further sustain students’ interests in the varioustopics, as well as enhance comprehension or understanding of difficult topics. This paperpresents four interactive learning tools that were developed by students in the energysystems and conversion course – (1

Conference Session

Hands-on Materials Science and Engineering

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mir Atiqullah, Southern Polytechnic State University

Tagged Divisions

Materials

transition happens within a bounding temperature range.While standard tensile test as well as izod test on polymers are very useful and fundamental tomaterials testing, polymers behave in a unique fashion when pulled suddenly with an impactload, which mimics high strain rate. Impact testing explores an object's reaction to highdeformation rate or strain. An impact test is intended for determining the energy absorbed infracturing a test piece at high velocity/strain rate. There are 2 standard bending impact tests;Charpy and Izod. Figure 1 shows standard specimens for these tests. Figure 2 shows the level ofenergy absorbed by specimens of a particular material tested at different temperatures. STRIKE (a

Conference Session

Use of Technology to Provide Civil Engineering Education

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jean-Pierre Bardet, University of Southern California; Dennis McLeod, University of Southern California; Gisele Ragusa, University of Southern California; Nazila Mokarram, University of Southern California

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

this project is a tool that specifies evolving ontologies, and supports informationdiscovery and queries, i.e., Protégé20, 11. Protégé is open-source software which can be extendedwith plug-ins. Protégé has visualization tools for web-ontology applications (e.g., TGViz andOWLViz), and exports data into various formats, e.g., XML, RDF, and OWL. Protégé alsosupports the design of forms and templates to input data and query subsets of data. Table 1 listsof few examples of ontologies developed using Protégé. Figure 2 displays the objects andrelationships of the Science Ontology10, which models scientific and educational events, e.g.,scientific conferences, research projects, and software development projects. As shown in Figure

Conference Session

Foster Excellence

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ardie Walser, City College of the City University of New York

Tagged Divisions

Minorities in Engineering

Chemistry I 3 Soc 1232 Introduction to Sociology 3LectureCHE 4102 General Chemistry I Lab 1 MAT 1698 Modern Programming 3Psychology 1032 General Psych 3 Liberal Arts Elective† 1 ENGR 10100 Engineering Design I WaivedTotal 14 Total 14Second Year – Fall Credits Spring CreditsMAT 1646 Calculus III 4 MAT 1742 Ordinary Differential 3

Conference Session

Innovations in Teaching Physics or Engineering Phy

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Adrian Ieta, Murray State University; Arthur Pallone

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Physics & Physics

theenhanced class experience, successes, and shortcomings of the project-based peer-evaluation method used in the classroom. The effectiveness shown in the Optics andMeasurements classes indicates that this teaching approach is more generally applicableto other project-based courses.INTRODUCTIONTeaching engineering and science without laboratory sessions is both challenging and ofdiminished value. It has been reported that project based learning increases interest in thetaught topic, as well as the students’ skills [1, 5, 8]. Epistemological beliefs andinstructional goals can also be related to the use of laboratory activity [6]. Engineering Page

Conference Session

Materials Education Perspectives

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Rajiv Asthana, University of Wisconsin-Stout

Tagged Divisions

Materials

, 2008 Writing a Book on the Role of Materials Science in Manufacturing for Instruction and Research: Lessons LearnedAbstractIn 2006, the author and two colleagues published a materials science book that tried to integratebasic elements of processing science and manufacturing technology from a materials scientist’sviewpoint. The book project essentially evolved as a scholarly experiment designed to 1) addressopportunities and challenges faced over a decade of instructing students from diverse disciplines,and 2) create a cross-over instructional resource that emphasized the solid role of materialsscience in manufacturing for use chiefly by students of engineering studying manufacturingprocesses and materials science. The goal

Conference Session

Investigating Fuel Cells and Alternative Fuels in the Classroom and Lab

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Cortney Martin, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Brandy Bratton, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; David Dillard, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Michael Ellis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Maggie Bump, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

foreign oil. Two videos were shown, Earth’s Clean EnergyDestiny (2000) and The Hydrogen Age (2005). The history of the fuel cell was explored to leadinto the next activity. A hands-on fuel cell laboratory experience enabled the students to morefully engage with and appreciate the processes as they used solar energy to hydrolyze waterwhich then powered small circuits (Figure 1). Figure 1. Hands-on learning with fuel cells.Six fuel cell seminar/discussion programs were offered featuring speakers from outside industryas well as from within the university. The seminars included entrepreneurial, scientific, andglobal energy perspectives to broaden their understanding of contemporary fuel cell and energyresearch needs.Three

Conference Session

Computer Education Management Tools I

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sabina Jeschke, University of Stuttgart; Olivier Pfeiffer, Technische Universitaet Berlin; Thomas Richter, University of Stuttgart

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

. by[19]. Virtual laboratories are also explored as on-shore educational tools to train the technicalskills of sailors of the US navy, see [1].SCORM 1.2 [16] treats all SCOs as separate entities and does not allow them to carry overinformation on the learning process from one SCO to another, and thus to establish the necessarydata to setup an adaptive system. This changed with the SCORM 2004 standard [17]. Possibleapproaches how to reach adaptivity in SCORM have been studied by Mödritscher, García-Barrios and Gütl in [10], though the authors conclude that the lack of metadata standardizationfor the SCOs hinders adaptivity of a SCORM driven LMS. A suitable set of metadata has beenidentified by the “Knowledge On Demand” project [15] within which

Conference Session

New Trends in ECE Education I

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mary Baker, Texas Tech University; Brian Nutter, Texas Tech University; Mohammed Saed, Texas Tech University

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

activitiesconsidered to be important contributors to student retention. Swail2 also notes thatresearch opportunities are very beneficial to science and engineering students. Studyingreal-world applications of classroom concepts improves the student’s educationalexperience and preparedness for the job market. Faculty-student contact beyond theclassroom is also cited as helping to build student motivation and providing positivefuture impact on educational and career decisions2. Grabowski3 also identifies successfactors in undergraduate research that include 1) cross-disciplinary projects, 2) value bothto students and to faculty, 3) close faculty mentoring, and 4) authentic rather thanexperiential activities. Such a program is identified with increased academic

Conference Session

Civil Engineering Teaching Part Two

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Steven Burian, University of Utah; William Johnson, University of Utah; Fred Montague, University of Utah; Arrin Holt, Cooper Roberts Simonsen Associates; Jim Nielson, Cooper Roberts Simonsen Associates; Rachel David, Cooper Roberts Simonsen Associates

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

thebenefits from the student learning perspective.Course DescriptionThe Interdisciplinary Practicum in Sustainability (the original name for the course subsequentlyshortened to Sustainability Practicum) was created to address the following key goals (1)integrating multiple disciplines into a single course and teaching from a multidisciplinaryperspective, (2) immersing students in real problems and projects and facilitating theirdevelopment of creative interdisciplinary solutions meeting constraints and the approval ofdesign professionals and stakeholders. Although intended initially to focus on sustainablebuilding, the course has broadened to cover building and processes within the built environmentattracting a wider array of cohorts (students

Conference Session

Curricular Issues in Computer-Oriented Programs

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Denise Bauer, Pennsylvania State University, University Park; Gül Okudan, Pennsylvania State University

Tagged Divisions

Information Systems

interactions of localized group work.The more specific goals are to understand how different learning styles feel about the use oftechnology for group work and to determine if there is a difference between genders. These goalswill be addressed through four research questions: (1) What are the current technologiesavailable for collaboration during group work and which of these students use? (2) Does the useof technology take away from the traditional face-to-face group work or does it enhance theexperience? (3) Is there a difference among students with different learning styles on the use oftechnology and group work? Does it affect the learning of those individuals? (4) Is there adifference due to gender on the use of technology and group work? Does it

Conference Session

Innovation & Assessment in the delivery of IT/IET

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Susan Scachitti, Purdue University Calumet; Jamie Workman-Germann, Indiana University-Purdue University-Indianapolis; Matthew Stephens, Purdue University; Annaji Sharma Ammu, Purdue University Calumet; Richard Szromba, Purdue University Calumet

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

recognized as potentiallyimportant terms in higher education in engineering and engineering technology programs.One reference that highlights this point well is the number of papers presented annually atthe National American Society for Engineering Education (ASEE) conferences that Page 13.151.4mention the terms Lean or Six Sigma (See Table 1). In 1998 only eleven (11) academicsfound the term Lean important enough to mention in their academic research papers andzero (0) mentioned Six Sigma. In 1999 nine (9) mentioned Lean and one (1) Six Sigma.The number of papers mentioning these terms were slow to increase for the next fiveyears with a dramatic jump in

Conference Session

New Trends in Engineering Management Education

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Zbigniew Pasek, University of Windsor

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Management

, closinga sale or making a snap hiring decision.Feature films where engineering efforts play if not key, then at least a strong supporting role,although rare, do exist; a few good examples are listed in Table 1. Since contemporaryengineering is also a group effort, management issues illustrated in these films are also abound.Overall it seems that engineers as lead characters do not inspire filmmakers as they do not inducemuch drama and tension required for good story telling. Mad scientists fare much better!8Below are brief summaries of selected movies from Table 1, which may help to provide somedetails on the storyline and related engineering/management issues.The Flight of the Phoenix: tells a story of a diverse group of a cargo plane passengers

Conference Session

BME Courses & Curricular Content

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Robert Linsenmeier, Northwestern University; David Gatchell, Northwestern University

Tagged Divisions

Biomedical

ofother topics in biology for the biomedical engineering curriculum. Biomedical engineeringstudents need to be able to work with quantitative aspects of physiology and need practiceapplying engineering concepts to physiological systems. However, many physiology textsappropriate for undergraduates avoid quantitative analysis, and provide few problems to developthe students’ use of mathematics or engineering tools in the context of physiology. As a result,we have begun the development of a resource of quantitative homework problems from whichindividual problems can be selected and linked to any physiology course.1. Introduction Physiology is a core element of an undergraduate biomedical engineering curriculum,with 98% of accredited US

Conference Session

Student Learning Techniques & Practices in Engineering Technology

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Marilyn Barger, University of South Florida; Jodi Sutton, HCC; Eric Roe, Hillsborough Community College; Richard Gilbert, University of South Florida

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

13.1272.2Introduction:Response across the nation, including the state of Florida, consistently shows the demand forqualified employees; individuals with specialized training and relevant work experience, plusvital soft skills. Soft skills refer to a cluster of personal qualities, habits, attitudes and socialgraces that make someone a good employee and a compatible co-worker. “Industry values softskills because research suggests and experience shows that they can be just as important anindicator of job performance as hard skills,”1 states Kate Lorenz, CareerBuilder.com. Soft skillssuch as teamwork, communication skills, and the ability to adapt to change are viewed as beingequally, and sometimes more important then technical knowledge and/or education. Forexample

Conference Session

Foster Excellence

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

David Gonzalez-Barreto, University of Puerto Rico-Mayaguez; Antonio Gonzalez-Quevedo, University of Puerto Rico-Mayaguez; Sonia Bartolomei-Suarez, University of Puerto Rico-Mayaguez

Tagged Divisions

Minorities in Engineering

a systemcan be develop to relate SAP with the high school of origin of our students. This system willhelp us identify the high schools that do a good job in preparing their students for our universityand those that require improving the teaching methods. This system will permit theidentification of the high schools on a regional and island wide basis.It should be noted that other input variables and their predictive capabilities for universitysuccess have been examined by several authors These include studies of students’ high schoolrank and a measure of the quality of his/her high school (1), pre-college preparation, recruitmentprograms, admissions policies, financial assistance, academic intervention programs (2), amongothers.Preliminary

Conference Session

Engineering in the Elementary School

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Manisha Shrestha, George Mason University; Kelly Morris, MPES; Rajesh Ganesan, George Mason University; Donna Sterling, George Mason University

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

students in science and mathematics. The NSF GK-12 program offers a uniqueopportunity to address this need.National Science Foundation (NSF) has established a GK-12 program that provides fellowshipsand education pedagogy to graduate students in STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, andMathematics) fields. The fellows serve as a resource to teachers, and help to increase students’interest in STEM. The plan is for the partnership between the fellow and teacher remains activefor 1 to 2 year/s. NSF has granted funds to SUNRISE project at GMU to initiate partnershipswith unsatisfactory-performing schools in 3 school divisions in the Washington Metropolitanarea. Eight schools are participating in the SUNRISE project; seven elementary schools and

Conference Session

Successful K-12 Programs for Girls & Minorities

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Zbigniew Pasek, University of Windsor

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

professions found in these areas so they mayconsider them as future career choices3. For either of these goals to be attained, the proposedexhibit must accomplish three tasks: (1) attract visitors, (2) motivate them to become engagedwith the exhibit, and (3) facilitate the acquisition of the knowledge, understanding, and attitudesthe exhibit is designed to convey.Typical exhibits in an hands-on museum require a great deal of development effort. On averageit takes 2 to 3 years, a solid budget (anywhere from $100,000 to a few million in extreme cases,depending on complexity), and a diverse team working full time to create an individualinteractive exhibit. Similar effort was invested in the exhibit described here, except that the teamconsisted mostly of

Conference Session

Curricular Developments in Energy Education

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kenneth Van Treuren, Baylor University; Ian Gravagne, Baylor University

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

Mayborn Museum provides an outstanding venue tostage the results.Construction of the Wind and Solar Exhibits for the Mayborn MuseumThe wind and solar exhibits for the museum were constructed as part of the senior capstonedesign class. “Senior Engineering Design II” is divided into sections of between 10 and 30engineers of all disciplines. Each section is organized into a “company,” with a project manager,departments and department heads, a budget and a project client. In this case, the Museum servedas the client. The company was tasked to design and install, if possible, (1) a 1.1 kW (peak)photovoltaic (PV) array on the Museum roof, including a mounting structure to withstand 80mphstraight-line winds, (2) a mounting structure for a small

Conference Session

Trends in Construction Engineering Education II

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Enno Koehn, Lamar University; James Koehn, Chadron State College; Phanindra Nagumantri, Lamar University

Tagged Divisions

Construction

. Global warming isperhaps the most prominent example of a potentially catastrophic problem that so far has fewtangible manifestations. Despite mounting evidence that the climate is changing and globaltemperatures rising as a result of carbon emissions, deep differences exist about the urgency ofclimate change and who should bear the burden of addressing it.1, 2 Page 13.564.2The Public ViewHalf of Americans say they consider themselves environmentalists, but that’s down from three-quarters of the public in 1989. Yet most Americans, particularly younger people, also tell surveyresearchers they expect the environment to get worse in the 21st

Conference Session

Engineering Ethics III

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

William Jordan, Baylor University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Ethics

are not the only people who are trying this bottom-up approach. Non-engineeringexamples of such an approach to poverty are described in the excellent book1 by Shannon Daley-Harris and Jeffrey Keenan.Criteria for Successful Engineering Service Projects—Preliminary WorkSuccessful projects do not just happen. If the project is to be successful there are some thingsthat need to be done before the project can be implemented. They are:1. Have contacts in the country who are interested in having us do the project and who can act as a resource.2. Know enough details about this project so that the design work can be done during the academic year at our university.3. Raise enough money to pay for travel to the country and to purchase the needed