Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Zhaoshuo Jiang P.E., San Francisco State University; Juan M. Caicedo, University of South Carolina; Robert Petrulis, EPRE Consulting LLC

Tagged Topics

Diversity, NSF Grantees Poster Session

and high-rise projects. His current research interests mainly focus on Smart Structures Technology, Structural Control and Health Monitoring and Innovative Engineering Education.Dr. Juan M. Caicedo, University of South Carolina Dr. Caicedo is a Professor at the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering at the University of South Carolina. His research interests are in structural dynamics, model updating and engineering education. He received his B.S. in Civil Engineering from the Universidad del Valle in Colombia, South America, and his M.Sc. and D.Sc. from Washington University in St. Louis. Dr. Caicedo’s teaching interests include the development of critical thinking in undergraduate and graduate education

Collection

2019 CIEC

Authors

Niaz Latif; Mohammad Zahraee; Deborah Blades; Mont Handley

include specificagreements between the University and the entrepreneurs so that both entities benefit throughcommercialization.IntroductionPurdue University Northwest (PNW) took the lead to become an engaged university to serve thecommunity and help foster economic development in February 2015 with the establishment ofthe Commercialization and Manufacturing Excellence Center (CMEC). CMEC is an 18,000sqft., newly renovated facility, designed to assist local entrepreneurs with the commercialization ofnew, innovative products. CMEC provides the necessary physical facility, equipment andmachinery for functional prototype development, prototype testing, laboratory space to developproof of concept (pilot) manufacturing, and classroom space to host

Collection

2018 Gulf Southwest Section Conference

Authors

Heather S. Rose; Charles R. Upshaw; Joshua D. Rhodes; Yuval Edrey; Michael E. Webber

Development of a Rooftop Collaborative Experimental Space through Experiential Learning Projects Heather S. Rose, Charles R. Upshaw, Joshua D. Rhodes, Yuval Edrey, Michael E. Webber University of Texas at Austin, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering 204 E. Dean Keeton St. Austin TX, 78752 E-mail: heatherrose@utexas.edu, crupshaw@utexas.edu Abstract This paper provides the motivation of the lab, anThe Solar, Water, Energy, and Thermal Laboratory accounting of the equipment and systems that are included,(SWEAT Lab) is a rooftop experimental space at the and a

Conference Session

Emerging Trends in Engineering Education Poster Session

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Daniel Sullivan, The College of New Jersey; Stephen O'Brien, The College of New Jersey

(FVC).[1] The FIRST Vex Challenge is modeled after the FRC but has greatlyreduced the cost and capital investment of the program by reducing the size of the robotand limiting its construction to a specified set of standardized components.This author has used the Vex design system[2] as a teaching tool within the TechnologyEducation/Pre-engineering teacher education program of The College of New Jersey.Through a series of projects the students are required to apply a consistent methodologywith regards to the design process. The Vex system allows for rapid prototyping andtesting of ideas as the students work up possible design approaches.The paper examines the students’ perception of the design process as both an abstractconcept and as a tool to

Conference Session

Computer-Assisted Lab Studies

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ramesh Prasad, University of New Brunswick-St. John; Ryan Munro, University of New Brunswick-St. John

Tagged Divisions

Division Experimentation & Lab-Oriented Studies

AC 2007-2839: PC-BASED MEASUREMENT OF THE HEAT OF COMBUSTIONOF A SOLID FUEL USING OXYGEN BOMB CALORIMETERRamesh Prasad, University of New Brunswick-St. John Ramesh C. Prasad, Professor of Mechanical Engineering at the University of New Brunswick, Saint John, NB, Canada has been associated with Engineering education in India and Canada during the last several decades. He obtained B.Sc.Eng.(ME) from Bhagalpur University, India, M.Tech.(ME) from Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, India, M.Sc.E. and Ph.D. from the University of New brunswick, Canada. His primary teaching and research interests are in the area of thermophysical properties of fluids and heat transfer enhancement.Ryan Munro

Conference Session

Direct Measures of Student Performance

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Michael Bronzini, George Mason University; John Matusik, The Engineering Groupe

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

AC 2007-502: USING THE SENIOR DESIGN JURY TO DIRECTLY ASSESSPROGRAM OUTCOMESMichael Bronzini, George Mason University Michael S. Bronzini currently holds the Dewberry Chair in Civil, Environmental, and Infrastructure Engineering (CEIE) in the Volgenau School of Information Technology and Engineering at George Mason University in Fairfax, Virginia, and is also the Chair of the CEIE Department. Prior positions include Director of the Center for Transportation Analysis at Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Chair of the Department of Civil Engineering at Penn State University, and Director of the Transportation Center and Professor of Civil Engineering at the University of Tennessee. Dr

Conference Session

Engineering Economy: Beyond the Classroom

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Donald Remer, Harvey Mudd College; Karen Ahle, Raytheon; Kevin Alley, Southwest Research Institute; John Silny, Raytheon; Karen Hsin, Accenture; Elijah Kwitman, Harvey Mudd College; Allison Hutchings, Harvey Mudd College

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Economy

cost estimation and related topics at Universities such as UCLA, Caltech, Page 12.411.5University of California at Riverside, and the University of Wisconsin at Madison. These shortcourses have also been presented at over 25 companies, national laboratories, and governmentagencies. Many of these engineers and managers have strongly felt this topic should be introducedinto the engineering undergraduate curriculum. To prepare our graduates at Harvey MuddCollege for the challenges they will be facing in their careers in the complex global economy, wehave introduced an elective course on cost estimation for our engineering majors. This

Conference Session

Graduate Student Experiences

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Nihad Dukhan, University of Detroit Mercy; Michael Jenkins, University of Detroit Mercy

Tagged Divisions

Graduate Studies

AC 2007-617: UNDERGRADUATE RESEARCH AS A MOTIVATION FORATTENDING GRADUATE SCHOOLNihad Dukhan, University of Detroit Mercy Nihad Dukhan is an Associate Professor of Mechanical Engineering at the University of Detroit Mercy, where he teaches courses in heat transfer, thermodynamics and energy systems. His ongoing pedagogical interests include developing undergraduate research programs, service-learning programs, and assessing their impact on students’ soft skills. His technical research areas are advanced cooling technologies for high-power devices. Dr. Dukhan earned his BS, MS, and Ph.D. degrees in Mechanical Engineering from the University of Toledo.Michael Jenkins, University of Detroit Mercy

Conference Session

Continuous Improvement & Assessment of ET Programs

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Nasser Alaraje, Michigan Technological University; Guy Hembroff, Michigan Technological University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

achievement levels. However, the results of theassessment tools identified areas which might benefit from improvement. Based on thisassessment, recommendations are made for the purpose of continuous improvement. This paperprovides information on the Program Outcomes assessment process issues and challenges and willbe of benefit to engineering technology programs seeking accreditation or re-accreditation.1. IntroductionThe curriculum of the Electrical Engineering Technology program covers a broad basededucational experience that emphasizes practical, hands-on laboratory work, closely coordinatedwith theoretical classroom discussion. Students receive a solid foundation of coursework inelectric circuits, digital electronics, solid-state electronics

Conference Session

Capstone Design I

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Robb Larson, Montana State University

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

AC 2008-1391: A SNAPSHOT OF SUCCESS – HOW STUDENT-INITIATEDAUTOMOTIVE DESIGN BECAME INTEGRATED INTO THE ME AND METCURRICULARobb Larson, Montana State University Robb Larson is an Assistant Professor of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering at Montana State University in Bozeman, MT. He presently teaches Capstone Design, Engineering Instrumentation, and various computer applications courses. Research areas include snow and avalanche research, alternative energy, and transportation systems. He is the faculty advisor of MSU's student SAE Chapter, the MSU Hockey Club, and the MSU Flyfishing Club. Page

Conference Session

Computer Applications in Energy Courses

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Peter Idowu, Pennsylvania State University-Harrisburg

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

AC 2008-1445: INTERACTIVE ENERGY COURSEWAREPeter Idowu, Pennsylvania State University-Harrisburg Page 13.780.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2008 Interactive Energy CoursewareAbstractInnovative methods for teaching engineering concepts are receiving broader attention in avariety of contexts. This is in keeping with the perception that improvements is contentdelivery tools and techniques would further sustain students’ interests in the varioustopics, as well as enhance comprehension or understanding of difficult topics. This paperpresents four interactive learning tools that were developed by students in the energysystems and conversion course – (1

Conference Session

New Trends in ECE Education I

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mary Baker, Texas Tech University; Brian Nutter, Texas Tech University; Mohammed Saed, Texas Tech University

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

Laboratory (see subject’s wrist)Student Questionnaire Responses The students who participated in the program were given a short questionnaire atthe beginning of the program to assess their level of education and experience and todetermine their reasons for participating in the program. Of the seven students whoattended high school in the US and did not have any engineering courses at Texas Tech,four had completed calculus in high school, two were on track to complete calculus intheir senior year, one completed pre-calculus, and three had some experience inprogramming C++. When asked what attracted them to engineering, students typically Page

Conference Session

Lean Manufacturing and Six Sigma in Manufacturing Education 1

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Alan Leduc, Ball State University

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

AC 2008-1460: SIX SIGMA: DOES IT BELONG IN THE MANUFACTURINGCURRICULUM?Alan Leduc, Ball State University Alan Leduc is an Associate Professor, in the Manufacturing Engineering Technology program at Ball State University and the creator and advisor for the Minor in Process Improvement which focuses on Six Sigma training and will provide students and opportunity to earn a Six Sigma Black Belt certification prior to graduation. In addition to 19 years of teaching experience Alan has 25 years of experience prior experience in industry in the areas of manufacturing, quality, and engineering, ending his industrial career as a Vice President and General Manager. Alan has an M.B.A., M.S

Conference Session

FPD5 - Teaming and Peer Performance

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Claribel Bonilla, University of San Diego; Leonard Perry, University of San Diego

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

Graduates and Their Impact on Curriculum Design," J. Engr. Ed., 82(4), Oct 1993 4. R. A. Guzzo and M. W. Dickson, "Teams in organizations: recent research on performance and effectiveness," Annual Review of Psychology, vol. 47, pp. 307, 1996. 5. J. R. Katzenbach and D. K. Smith, The Wisdom of Teams: Creating the High Performance Organization. Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press, 1993. 6. J. S. Byrd and J. L. Hudgkins, "Teaming in the design laboratory," Journal of Engineering Education, vol. 84, pp. 335, 1995. 7. E. Seat and S. M. Lord, "Enabling effective engineering teams: a program for teaching interaction skills," Journal of Engineering Education, vol. 88, pp. 385, 1999. 8. Personal Strength

Conference Session

Foster Excellence

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Goang-Shin Liaw, Alabama A&M University; Pabitra Saha, Alabama A&M University; James Foreman, Alabama A&M University

Tagged Divisions

Minorities in Engineering

with contract values in excess of two million dollars. His current research interest is to apply nanotechnology in water and air purification systems.Pabitra Saha, Alabama A&M University Dr. Pabitra K. Saha is a Professor and Chair of the Department of Civil Engineering at Alabama A&M University (AAMU) in Huntsville, AL. He has more than 30 years of combined experience in teaching, research and industry. He earned his M.S. and Ph.D. in structural engineering from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign and B.E. from University of Calcutta. Areas of his research interest include computational solid mechanics, higher order p-version finite element modeling, thermo

Conference Session

Embedded Computing

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Christopher Carroll, University of Minnesota-Duluth

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

the Freescale ‘HCS12 Microcontroller and Dragon Development Board (author information omitted for review)AbstractThe Freescale ‘HCS12 sixteen-bit microcontroller is a popular vehicle for teaching introductorymicrocomputer system design. Freescale’s Dragon development board is often the foundationfor lab station implementations. However, the Dragon board usually is used with a dedicatedpersonal computer at each station, which is expensive and which leads to a cluttered labenvironment. Individual personal computers are unnecessary, and are overkill for the needs ofthe lab. What is required is a central computing facility on which students can create, edit, andassemble assembly language programs, and

Conference Session

BME Courses & Curricular Content

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

John Patzer, University of Pittsburgh

Tagged Divisions

Biomedical

13.583.2Biothermodynamics is a prerequisite for our Biotransport course and Biomethods andApplications (laboratory) course and precedes the required human physiology course taught byanother department. Biothermodynamics is a three-credit course that meets twice weekly for anhour and fifteen minutes with an hourly recitation once a week. We currently offer one sectionwith an enrollment of approximately 50 students.A second logistic problem is availability of appropriate texts and material. While the First,Second, and Third Laws of thermodynamics cross all engineering disciplines, applications tendto be discipline specific. Thus, in perusing thermodynamics texts directed toward mechanicalengineers11, 12 one finds applications in heat engines, power transmission

Conference Session

Measuring Success of Graduate Program Components

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Gerald Crain, University of Oklahoma; James Sluss, University of Oklahoma; Monte Tull, University of Oklahoma; Samuel Lee, University of Oklahoma

Tagged Divisions

Graduate Studies

AC 2008-2086: PROGRESS IN ASSESSMENT OF GRADUATE ELECTRICAL ANDCOMPUTER ENGINEERING DEGREE PROGRAMS AT THE UNIVERSITY OFOKLAHOMAGerald Crain, University of Oklahoma G.E. CRAIN is a Professor and former Director of Electrical and Computer Engineering at the University of Oklahoma. He came to OU as a Texas Instruments Professor in 1994 after 24 years in Advanced Radar at TI. His research interests are in Phased Array Radar, Antennas and Microwaves. BSEE Wichita University, MSEE and PhDEE University of Colorado.James Sluss, University of Oklahoma Dr. JAMES J. SLUSS, JR. is Director of Electrical and Computer Engineering at the University of Oklahoma. His research and teaching interests are in the

Collection

2003 GSW

Authors

Shantanu Bhattacharya; Jordan M. Berg; Darryl James

, familiar phenomena such as fluidmixing behave counter to the intuition developed by students in a standard engineeringcurriculum. We present a laboratory project designed to stress this point to students taking a first-year graduate introduction to microsystems. The pilot group found the results surprising andcounter-intuitive. It appears that the project was instrumental in clarifying key concepts inmicrofluidics. IntroductionAfter several decades in which microsystems research mainly addressed electromechanicalsystems [1], the focus has begun to shift to fluidic systems. This shift is driven primarily bypotential application of microsystems to chemistry, biology and medicine [2]. An introductorycourse in

Collection

2003 GSW

Authors

H.W. Corley

7 PUZZLES copyright  2002 by H.W. Corley1. Dr. Frank N. Stein of the CSE faculty is teaching a course in fuzzy logic this semester. The eminent AI guru is notorious for his difficult tests, so the students have begged him repeatedly for a multiple choice quiz. Finally, with a devious smile, he agrees. On the next test, he asks the first question in Swahili, which no one can read. However, the following answer choices are in English. (a) All of the below (b) None of the below (c) All of the above (d) One of the above (e) None of the above (f) None of the above Select the correct

Conference Session

Multidisciplinary Capstone Design Projects

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Yanfei Liu, Indiana University Purdue University, Fort Wayne (Eng); Jiaxin Zhao, Indiana University-Purdue University-Fort Wayne

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering

Zhao is an Assistant Professor of Mechanical Engineering at Indiana University-Purdue University Fort Wayne. He received his BS from the University of Science and Technology of China, his MS from the University of Missouri-Rolla, and his PhD from Purdue University-West Lafayette. His research and teaching interests are tribology, machine design, solid mechanics and numerical methods including finite elements and parallel computing. Page 13.784.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2008 Interactive Sensor Package Unit – a Multidisciplinary Design

Conference Session

Entrepreneurship Education: Experiential Learning and Economic Development II

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

W. Andrew Clark, East Tennessee State University; Craig A. Turner, East Tennessee State University

Tagged Divisions

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation

theircomfort and understanding of financial data and that this is a weakness that we need tocorrect in both the undergraduate and graduate programs.Introduction:Students enrolled in our Master of Science degree in technology come from two distinct Page 14.861.2populations; about one-third are entering graduate school immediately after graduatingfrom their bachelor’s degree program while the other two-thirds are non-traditionalgraduate students who are working on their master’s degree while performing full-timeemployment in a technical field, many working in National Laboratories. Both studentpopulations understand that in addition to understanding the

Conference Session

Student Learning and Assessment

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Anne-Marie Lerner, University of Wisconsin, Platteville

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

Error Tracking: An Assessment Tool for Small-Enrollment CoursesIntroduction:A program undergoing ABET accreditation must institute a procedure of assessing studentoutcome1. This is often done in class-by-class analysis. Instructors teaching large-enrollmentclasses have enough students that statistically significant assessment data can be collectedwithout significant hardship to the professor. For small-enrollment classes, the same assessmentdata may not provide any meaningful information, as there may or may not be enough datapoints to derive statistically significant conclusions. A novel method of assessment comprised ofcategorizing and tracking individual errors is presented and discussed in this paper as a

Conference Session

Assessment and Evaluation of Graphics Programs

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jennifer McDonald, Daniel Webster College; Alexandra Sobin, Daniel Webster College; Marie Planchard, Massachusetts Bay Community College; Nicholas Bertozzi, Daniel Webster College

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Design Graphics

industry and held a variety of management and engineering positions including Beta Test Manager for CAD software at Computervision Corporation and in laboratory robotics at Caliper Life Science. She was founder of the New England SolidWorks Users Group, former Vice-President of the Pro|E New England Users Group and has presented at numerous technical conferences including SolidWorks World, American Society of Engineering Education, American Society of Mechanical Engineers, the Presidential Awards for Excellence in Mathematics and Science Teaching, the Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) Summit and resides on the Northeastern University Engineering Advisory Board

Conference Session

Graduate Student Experiences

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Soumya Srivastava, Mississippi State University; Adrienne Minerick, Mississippi State University; Anurag Srivastava, Mississippi State University; Noel Schulz, Mississippi State University

Tagged Divisions

Graduate Studies

. She recently won an award for maximum number of publications in a year from chemical engineering department at MSU. She is associated with Medical Micro Device Engineering Laboratory (M.D.-ERL) at MSU working under Dr. Adrienne Minerick. Soumya is been an active member of AIChE, AES, ASEE, SWE and Sigma-Xi.Anurag Srivastava, Mississippi State University Anurag K. Srivastava received his Ph.D. degree from Illinois Institute of Technology (IIT), Chicago, in 2005, M. Tech. from Institute of Technology, India in 1999 and B. Tech. in Electrical Engineering from Harcourt Butler Technological Institute, India in 1997. He is working as Assistant Research Professor at Mississippi State University since

Conference Session

ECE Poster Session

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

David Meyer, Purdue University; Cordelia Brown, Purdue University

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

http://www.engr.ncsu.edu/learningstyles/ilsweb.html 3 R.M. Felder and L.K. Silverman, “Learning and Teaching Styles in Engineering Education,” Engr. Education, 78(7), 674-681 (1988). 4 R.M. Felder and J.E. Spurlin, “Applications, Reliability, and Validity of the Index of Learning Styles,” Intl. Journal of Engineering Education, 21(1), 103-112 (2005). 5 R.M. Felder and R. Brent, “Understanding Student Differences,” J. Engr. Education, 94(1), 57-72 (2005). 6 R.M. Felder, “Matters of Style,” ASEE Prism, 6(4), 18-23 (December 1996). 7 R.M. Felder, G.N. Felder, and E.J. Dietz, “The Effects of Personality Type on Engineering Student Performance and Attitudes,” J. Engr. Education, 91(1), 3-17 (2002).8 D. G. Meyer, “Strategies for

Conference Session

Manufacturing Curricula for the Year 2015 and Beyond

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Hugh Jack, Grand Valley State University; Venkitaswamy Raju, State University of New York, Farmingdale; David Wells, North Dakota State University; Robert Mott, University of Dayton

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

research in manufacturing can be quickly and effectively transferred from research projects or industry developments into manufacturing curricula. Session 3: Emerging Methods of Educational Delivery - Alternatives to lecture-based instruction; activity- based learning; project-based learning; case-study based learning; role of laboratories – projected changes, distance learning – Web based; distributed hybrid; role of cooperative education; internships; industry-based education; continuing education, etc. Session 4: Manufacturing Topics in Other Engineering Disciplines - Manufacturing immersed in other (non-manufacturing-named) engineering curricula (mechanical, industrial, electrical

Conference Session

Information Literacy Integration and Assessment

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Donna Riley, Smith College; Rocco Piccinino, Smith College; Mary Moriarty, Smith College; Linda Jones, Smith College

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Libraries

; ≠ Homework assignment and test problem from a first-year course15 directed toward students’ abilities to access and evaluate information in the libraries and on the World Wide Web. ≠ Reports from a variety of design projects, laboratories, or research-based analyses in which students cite data in developing an argument. These types of assignments provide measures of the abilities to access and evaluate information, cite information ethically and in proper format, and utilize information to accomplish a particular purpose. As students progress through the curriculum, they are exposed to a greater variety and greater complexity of data, including data presented in tabular and graphical formats. In

Conference Session

ECE Poster Session

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

John Bowles, University of South Carolina; Caitlin Buchhaults, University of South Carolina; Donald Griffith, University of South Carolina

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

AC 2009-1425: VIRTUALIZING FIRST FOR IMPROVED RECRUITMENT OFSTUDENTS IN COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERINGJohn Bowles, University of South Carolina John Bowles is an Associate Professor in the Computer Science and Engineering Department at the University of South Carolina where he teaches and does research in reliable system design. Previously he was employed by NCR Corporation and Bell Laboratories. He has a BS in Engineering Science from the University of Virginia, an MS in Applied Mathematics from the University of Michigan, and a Ph.D. in Computer Science from Rutgers University.Caitlin Buchhaults, University of South Carolina Caitlin Buckhaults is an undergraduate student majoring in Computer

Conference Session

Design Cognition

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mohamed El-Sayed, Kettering University

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

AC 2009-2234: ENGINEERING DESIGN EDUCATION FOR INTEGRATEDPRODUCT REALIZATIONMohamed El-Sayed, Kettering University Dr. Mohamed El-Sayed is a professor of Mechanical engineering and director of the Hybrid Electric Vehicle Systems Integration Laboratory, Kettering University. He is the current editor of the SAE journal of Materials and Manufacturing. Dr. El-Sayed has over thirty years of teaching experience in the area of design, design simulation, design optimization, and automotive design. Dr. El-Sayed has over twenty years of Automotive Design, Development, and Validation experience. Dr. El-Sayed was the lead engineer on the design optimization and quality/Durability/Reliability Integration of