Conference Session

Professional Papers

Collection

2025 ASEE Southeast Conference

Authors

Sultan Al Shafian, Kennesaw State University; Da Hu, Kennesaw State University; Jayhyun Kwon P.E., Kennesaw State University; Adam Kaplan, Kennesaw State University

Tagged Topics

Professional Papers

Paper ID #45684Augmented Reality for Teaching Rebar Configurations: Improving Comprehensionand Student EngagementMr. Sultan Al Shafian, Kennesaw State University Sultan Al Shafian is currently pursuing his PhD in Interdisciplinary Engineering from Kennesaw State University. His research focus area is Smart Infrastructure. He received his BSc and MSc degrees in Civil Engineering from the Islamic University of Technology, Gazipur, Bangladesh, in 2015 and 2018, respectively. With a remarkable career spanning nearly 8 years in the field of civil engineering, Sultan Al Shafian contributed his expertise to significant mega

Conference Session

Track 1: Technical Session 1: Supporting Engineering Graduate Students to Create Inclusive Learning Environments: A Professional Development Program at a Hispanic-Serving Institution

Collection

2025 Collaborative Network for Engineering & Computing Diversity (CoNECD)

Authors

Katherine R. McCance, The University of Texas at San Antonio

Tagged Topics

2025 CoNECD Paper Submissions, Diversity

PD program, an application was shared withengineering faculty and engineering graduate program coordinators before the start of the spring2024 semester. The application also was sent directly to engineering graduate students assignedas TAs for the semester. Six engineering graduate students submitted applications and wereaccepted to participate (Table 2). All participants expressed interest in inclusive teaching and/orfaculty careers. One of the graduate students served as a TA in the fullest capacity (i.e., taughtweekly recitation sessions). As mentioned above, challenges with TA appointments preventedmost of the participants from actively teaching in a TA role.Table 2. Demographics of engineering graduate student participants in the pilot

Conference Session

Track 5: Technical Session 1: Engineering and Computer Science Faculty Members' Personal and Professional Perspectives on Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion

Collection

2025 Collaborative Network for Engineering & Computing Diversity (CoNECD)

Authors

Yvette E. Pearson P.E., University of Texas at Dallas; Canek Moises Luna Phillips, Rice University; Lisa J. Borello, University of Texas at Dallas; Torrie Cropps; Jue Wu, Univertify of Florida; Samara Rose Boyle

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2025 CoNECD Paper Submissions, Diversity

within the overall nationalpopulation. Faculty members and administrators play key roles in academia, from deciding whogets hired in faculty roles to teach and advise students, to deciding policies and practices thatsupport student retention and graduation. Thus, the beliefs of STEM faculty members andadministrators about who belongs in their institutions, in their disciplines, and the types ofopportunities and access they should have speak to the decision-making that shapes the exclusionthat occurs in STEM.PurposeThis study is part of a larger research project designed to investigate factors that help or hinderindividuals from minoritized racial and ethnic identities when pursuing careers in the STEMprofessoriate. The research questions that

Collection

2025 ASEE -GSW Annual Conference

Authors

Joshua Hicks-Ward, The University of Texas at San Antonio; Kevin Nguyen, The University of Texas at San Antonio; Cody Gonzalez, The University of Texas at San Antonio

Paper ID #49669Comparison, Design Review, and Prototype Model of Robotic Tool Changersfor Multi-Purpose Unmanned Ground Vehicle Applications: Learning ThroughIndustry PartnershipMr. Joshua Hicks-Ward, The University of Texas at San Antonio Joshua Hicks-Ward is a Graduate Student at the University of Texas at San Antonio (UTSA) and Production Manager at Renu Robotics. He received his B.S. in Physics from Southwestern University in 2019 and is currently pursuing his M.S. in Mechanical Engineering at UTSA. Mr. Hicks-Ward’s professional career has led to over four years of experience leading technical operations with three

Collection

2025 ASEE North Central Section (NCS) Annual Conference

Authors

Yousef Sardahi, Marshall University; Asad Salem

Tagged Topics

Diversity

STEM fields and enhancing retention by reducing dropout rates, particularly inmale-dominated environments through supportive and collaborative settings 6 . Creating gender-aware courses that promote participation across technical and managerial roles and introducingrole models can build STEM self-efficacy, encouraging young women to pursue and remain inengineering careers 7,8 . Addressing unconscious bias and providing fair role assignments furtherenable female students to confidently take on technical responsibilities while fostering a strongsense of community and professional commitment 9,10 .Ultimately, this project highlights how practical, student-led initiatives in engineering educationdrive real-world skill development and meaningful

Collection

2025 ASEE North Central Section (NCS) Annual Conference

Authors

Carmen Cioc, The University of Toledo; Sorin Cioc, The University of Toledo; Noela A. Haughton, The University of Toledo; William T. Evans PhD P.E., The University of Toledo

engineering careers. With theseinsights in mind, the authors felt compelled to introduce open-ended labs into their fluidmechanics course, believing that they would provide students with the opportunity to engage inmore meaningful, hands-on learning that mirrors the challenges they will face in professionalpractice [1-5]Pilot Implementation in an Advanced Fluid Mechanics courseThe pilot of the open-ended lab was introduced in the Fall 2024 semester as part of a mechanicalengineering technology program's fluid mechanics course. This course is the second in asequence of two fluid mechanics courses, designed to build upon foundational concepts andprovide more advanced knowledge of fluid behavior. It is a 4-credit hour course, with 3 credithours

Conference Session

Track 2: Technical Session 4: A Descriptive Study on Biased and Non-Inclusive Language Use in the Engineering Education Research Community

Collection

2025 Collaborative Network for Engineering & Computing Diversity (CoNECD)

Authors

Xingchen Xu, Arizona State University; Anjing Dai, Arizona State University, Polytechnic Campus; Li Tan, Arizona State University, Polytechnic Campus

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2025 CoNECD Paper Submissions, Diversity

, thereby influencing diversity and inclusion in academia (Onyeador et al., 2021;Russell et al., 2019). For example, Degner et al (2019) found that the use of gender-specificlanguage or the stereotyping of particular ethnic and racial groups may unintentionally convey amessage of exclusivity, leading certain groups to feel marginalized in their engineering educationstudies and careers. Apart from that, such biases can be subliminally present in instructionalmaterials, research papers, and everyday communications, leading to a persistence of bias thataffects individuals’ opportunities in a variety of settings (Llorens et al., 2021; Schnierle et al.,2019). In consequence, researchers and educators in the field of engineering education

Conference Session

CANCELLED: Track 2: Technical Session 6: Exploring Gender Dynamics in Intercultural Competence Development through a Study Abroad Program

Collection

2025 Collaborative Network for Engineering & Computing Diversity (CoNECD)

Authors

Aparajita Jaiswal, Purdue University at West Lafayette (PPI); Sakhi Aggrawal, Purdue University at West Lafayette (PPI); Vidya Reddy Madana, Purdue University

Tagged Topics

2025 CoNECD Paper Submissions, Diversity

: metacognition, study abroad, undergraduate, intercultural competence, globalmindset, higher education, gender differences1. BackgroundIntercultural competence is an increasingly prominent skill that needs to be taught by highereducation institutions to foster global-mindedness in students [1], [2]. Intercultural competencerefers to an individual’s ability to communicate effectively and appropriately with people fromdifferent cultural backgrounds [3]. In higher education, students’ intercultural development isnow a necessary skill, whether they pursue global careers or not, because the scope of issues andwork individuals encounter today has grown on a global scale [4], [5]. Research shows that withhigher education institutes prioritizing

Conference Session

Track 1: Technical Session 5: Motivations for Engineering Faculty Engagement in an Inclusive Pedagogy Program

Collection

2025 Collaborative Network for Engineering & Computing Diversity (CoNECD)

Authors

Renee M. Desing, University of Washington; Joyce Yen, University of Washington; Karen Thomas-Brown, University of Washington

Tagged Topics

2025 CoNECD Paper Submissions, Diversity

students to connect their education totheir lived experiences and societal needs. Some things that I get really excited about as an instructor is showing them the relevance of the material they're learning beyond why they thought they were taking the class. So oftentimes students come in with a very kind of narrow perspective on why they have to take the course. Either it's just to graduate or get units or throw something on their TV, or they want to learn one specific skill for applying for a job, and so on. But I want to demonstrate to students that the topics that I'm teaching could be relevant more widely in their everyday lives, or help them think more broadly about their career opportunities

Conference Session

Professional Papers

Collection

2025 ASEE Southeast Conference

Authors

Omar McFarlane Sweeney, University of Florida; Vani Ruchika Pabba, University of Florida; Fazil T. Najafi, University of Florida

Tagged Topics

Diversity, Professional Papers

Paper ID #45682SUSTAINABLE CITIES USING RENEWABLE ENERGY A CASE STUDYOF A RENEWABLE CITYMr. Omar McFarlane Sweeney, University of Florida Omar Sweeney is an astute Engineering Professional with three decades of experience, specializing in Civil, Construction Engineering and Project Management. Throughout his professional career, he has successfully led the charge for several major Government-related and social intervention programs and infrastructural projects. He holds a Master of Engineering from the University of Florida. He has completed postgraduate executive training programs at the London School of Economics

Collection

2025 Northeast Section Conference

Authors

Elyas Irankhah; Sashank Narain; Kelilah L. Wolkowicz

, strategy, and problem-solving. While Tic-Tac-Toe AI games effectively introduceWhen integrated with AI, it becomes a powerful tool for students to AI principles, their long-term impact on AIteaching computational thinking and decision-making [13]. learning and career development remains uncertain [28].Integrating AI-driven educational tools has transformed Studies suggest that while initial engagement levels are high,learning methodologies, particularly in game-based learning. it is unclear whether this translates into sustained interest in AIOne study by S. Jain and N. Khera highlights that adapting or improved academic performance in advanced AI coursesTic-Tac-Toe into an AI-driven experience

Collection

2025 ASEE -GSW Annual Conference

Authors

James K. Nelson Jr. P.E., Texas A&M University System RELLIS Campus; Celeste Arden Riley, Texas A&M University - Kingsville; Jeffrey John Hatala, West Texas A&M University; Andrew Crawford, Tarleton State University; London Knight, West Texas A&M University; Victoria June Vinzant, Texas A&M University - Kingsville

available to students in Houston. He also served on the Texas State Board of Education committee preparing the standards for career and technical education. In addition, Dr. Nelson served as the chair of the academic advisory committee for the Texas Board of Registration for Professional Engineers, and chaired the task committee to enhance faculty licensure.Celeste Arden Riley, Texas A&M University - Kingsville Dr. Celeste Riley is an Assistant Professor of Practice in the Department of Psychology and Sociology at Texas A&M University-Kingsville, RELLIS Campus. She earned her bachelor’s degree in Psychology ©American Society for Engineering Education, 2025

Conference Session

Professional Papers

Collection

2025 ASEE Southeast Conference

Authors

M. A. Karim P.E., BCEE, F.ASCE, M.ASEE, University of West Florida

Tagged Topics

Professional Papers

longitudinal approaches to betterunderstanding the long-term effects of attendance on career readiness and professional success inenvironmental engineering.References[1] M. Credé, S. G. Roch, and U. M. Kieszczynka, “Class Attendance in College: A Meta- Analytic Review of the Relationship of Class Attendance With Grades and Student Characteristics,” Rev. Educ. Res., vol. 80, no. 2, pp. 272–295, Jun. 2010, doi: 10.3102/0034654310362998.[2] S. Moore et al., “The Relationship Between Class Attendance and Academic Performance in Engineering Education,” Am. J. Eng. Educ., 2015.[3] J. Wang, et al., “Correlation Between Attendance and Academic Achievement in Environmental Engineering Courses.,” Environ. Educ. Res., 2018.[4] A. Bowers et al

Conference Session

Professional Papers

Collection

2025 ASEE Southeast Conference

Authors

Erin Bosarge, University of South Alabama

Tagged Topics

Diversity, Professional Papers

. • Develop assessments addressing technical, societal, and ethical competencies. • Collaborate with industry to offer real-world AI exposure and mentorship.6.2 Future Research DirectionsFuture research should: • Include larger, more diverse samples for generalization. • Address all AI4K12 components, including "Natural Interaction" and "Societal Impact." • Conduct studies on PBL’s long-term impact on career choices and ethical reasoning. • Expand the scope to non-English and gray literature for global perspectives. • Explore hybrid models combining PBL with flipped classrooms.6.3 Final ThoughtsAs AI reshapes industries and society, preparing students to responsibly engage with thesetechnologies

Conference Session

Professional Papers

Collection

2025 ASEE Southeast Conference

Authors

Lianjun Wu, Mercer University; Arash Afshar, Mercer University; Dorina Marta Mihut; Belle Lin; Melanie L McElroy, Mercer University ; Jordi Riera Shephard, Mercer University; Michael James Norenberg, Mercer University

Tagged Topics

Professional Papers

/Design skills o Material testing and characterization o Data analysis and interpretation o Technical documentation o Project management o Other (please specify): _________Part 4: Project Impact and SuggestionsPlease provide detailed responses to the following questions: 16. How has this project influenced your understanding of interdisciplinary engineering work? 17. What aspects of the project would you suggest improving for future students? 18. How has this project impacted your career goals or interests in prosthetic development?Thank you for your participation in this survey. Your feedback will help improve futureinterdisciplinary engineering projects at Mercer University.

Conference Session

Track 3: Technical Session 6: Uncovering the less-heard histories and barriers of Asian and Asian American Students

Collection

2025 Collaborative Network for Engineering & Computing Diversity (CoNECD)

Authors

Siqing Wei, Purdue University at West Lafayette (COE); Marissa A Tsugawa, Utah State University - Engineering Education; Li Tan, Arizona State University, Polytechnic Campus

Tagged Topics

2025 CoNECD Paper Submissions, Diversity

constitute 14% of the U.S. population.Asian Americans also show the highest median household income and highest levelof education of all racial groups, even surpassing native-born White Americans. Forexample, half of Asian American adults ages 25 and older have a bachelor’s degree ormore, compared with 31% of White Americans, 18% of African Americans, and 13%of Latino/a Americans. Their socioeconomic rise is largely due to immigration: Asianimmigrants arrive in the United States with more than average levels of education,job skills, and incomes. Furthermore, the Pew report emphasized that AsianAmericans place more value on hard work, career success, marriage, and parenthoodthan other Americans, and that they are also more satisfied with their lives

Collection

2025 Northeast Section Conference

Authors

Samuel Servati; PS. Dhanasekaran

’ Achievement in Four Mathematics Topics." Journal oftechnology education by bridging the gap between STEM Education, vol. 19, no. 3, pp. 45-56, 2022.theoretical knowledge and real-world applications. [3]. Verma, A. K., Dickerson, D. L., and McKinney, S.Through active engagement, PBL fosters essential "Engaging Students in STEM Careers with Project-technical skills, critical thinking, adaptability, and Based Learning--MarineTech Project." Technology andteamwork, preparing students to meet the evolving Engineering Teacher, vol. 25, pp. 36-42, 2011. [4]. Savage, R. N., Chen, K. C., and Vanasupa

Conference Session

CANCELLED: Track 5: Technical Session 5: Hiring Practices to Build a Diverse Team at Wakr Forest Engineering: Transforming Engineering Education and Broadening Participation in Engineering is Possible!

Collection

2025 Collaborative Network for Engineering & Computing Diversity (CoNECD)

Authors

Olga Pierrakos, Wake Forest University

Tagged Topics

2025 CoNECD Paper Submissions, Diversity

undergraduate degree and this modeling would be showcased bythe diverse career pathways of the faculty body. After all, students came to Wake ForestUniversity to combine a traditional liberal arts education with the innovation of an engineeringdegree. Students wanted to use their engineering degree for both engineering and non-engineering pathways and diverse professional pathways. Students wanted a technicalengineering degree but had unique interests to combine general knowledge, engineeringdisciplinary knowledge, and professional knowledge. Faculty with both traditional academicjourneys and faculty with industry experience would need to be recruited and to be united arounda common vision, mission, and values of the new department. As will be visible

Conference Session

Track 6: Techncal Session 7: Growing BPE Efforts: Lessons Learned from a College-Wide Seed Grant Program

Collection

2025 Collaborative Network for Engineering & Computing Diversity (CoNECD)

Authors

Gabriella Coloyan Fleming, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Christine Julien, Virginia Tech

Tagged Topics

2025 CoNECD Paper Submissions, Diversity

○ First gen: improved leadership and communication skills ○ Increased feeling of being prepared for a research role, ○ SG2-4: 129 participants. 90% comp to 40% applied to research position, 40% vs 10% working in lab● Grad students ○ Increases in TA job satisfaction and sense of belonging to community of TAs ○ Increase in ability to succeed, combat self-doubt, and pursue self-empowerment ○ Increases compared to climate survey in believing diversity is imperative to CSE success, feeling respected and valued by primary supervisor ○ Increased confidence in science communication● Creation of career-centric vodcast library for international engineering studentsYear 2 Highlights:Two projects’ efforts were

Conference Session

Track 3: Technical Session 4: Introducing a Virtual Dashboard to Benchmark and Monitor Engineering Graduate Degree Retention Trends at Penn State

Collection

2025 Collaborative Network for Engineering & Computing Diversity (CoNECD)

Authors

Enrique D Gomez; Catherine G. P. Berdanier, Pennsylvania State University

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2025 CoNECD Paper Submissions, Diversity

Paper ID #45189Introducing a Virtual Dashboard to Benchmark and Monitor EngineeringGraduate Degree Retention Trends at Penn StateDr. Enrique D GomezCatherine G. P. Berdanier, Pennsylvania State University Catherine G.P. Berdanier is an Associate Professor of Mechanical Engineering at Pennsylvania State University. She earned her B.S. in Chemistry from The University of South Dakota, her M.S. in Aeronautical and Astronautical Engineering and her PhD in Engineering Education from Purdue University. Her research expertise lies in characterizing graduate-level attrition, persistence, and career trajectories; engineering

Collection

2025 ASEE -GSW Annual Conference

Authors

Ahmed Hasan, University of New Mexico; Alex V Maynes

materials, perform confined space inspections, and conduct specific taskswithin hazardous environments.IntroductionThe mechanical engineering department at UNMintroduced a new course in the spring of 2019 titled“An introduction to modern Mechanical Engineering,ME-150” to increase the retention of engineeringstudents. The objective of this course is to introduceengineering freshman students to the variousEngineering technologies related to mechanical Figure 1. 3Dengineering careers, while describing the science and Printing with 1,2 DOBOT’smath behind them . The class offers non-traditional Robotic Armeducation experience to the students, where morethan 80% of the class

Collection

2025 ASEE -GSW Annual Conference

Authors

Randall D. Manteufel, The University of Texas at San Antonio

tutoring systems increase student learning and engagement. AI techniques alsooptimize resources and improve educational institution operations, highlighting the importance ofintegrating AI thoughtfully [11]. Group InterviewsTwenty-two senior-level mechanical engineering students were interviewed in the Fall 2024semester. The interviews were conducted in two groups of eleven students each. About 50% of thestudents were finishing the BSME program that semester and the others anticipated finishing inSpring 2025 or shortly thereafter. All students described how they would be starting theirengineering career after graduation and none intended to pursue graduate studies. The students wereinterviewed in groups since

Collection

2025 ASEE -GSW Annual Conference

Authors

Sandipon Chowdhury, West Texas A&M University; Swastika Bithi, West Texas A&M University

everyday life. This approach not only buildsknowledge but also inspires future careers in STEM fields and environmental stewardship.Students gain a comprehensive understanding of wastewater treatment by constructing small-scalesystems that incorporate sedimentation, filtration, and biological treatment. This activityintroduces key processes such as sedimentation, where solids settle due to gravity, reducingturbidity and preparing water for further purification. Filtration follows, using layers of gravel,sand, and activated charcoal to remove finer particles and chemical pollutants, helping studentsmeasure turbidity changes and understand how filtration improves water clarity. Finally, biologicaltreatment utilizes microorganisms to metabolize

Collection

2025 ASEE -GSW Annual Conference

Authors

Pedro Cordeiro Povoa Cupertino, Wichita State University; Adam Carlton Lynch, Wichita State University

engineering, and design for sustainability in theircurricula. By involving project-based instruction with hands-on applications that are reflectionsof true DoD issues, students will be better able to prepare for careers in aerospace and defense RQ2: Industry Focus: Which challenges should be the top priority to address?Among these, Security, Dependability, and Sustainability emerged as the most criticalchallenges, being associated with 69% of the budget allocation to CPS and UAV technologies.These three areas not only address critical operational needs but also align directly with all DoDCyber Strategy goals, showing where the defense industry should focus their efforts whenworking in CPS and UAV.The KEEN framework played an essential role in

Collection

2025 ASEE -GSW Annual Conference

Authors

Mohammad Waqar Mohiuddin, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas; Jonathan Weaver-Rosen, Texas A&M University; Carlos R. Corleto P.E., Texas A&M University; Joanna Tsenn, Texas A&M University; Shadi Balawi, Texas A&M University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

undergraduate education enables students to complete projectsmore effectively and equips them with essential competencies for their future careers. By fosteringthese abilities, engineering programs can better prepare students to navigate the collaborative nature Proceedings of the 2025 ASEE Gulf-Southwest Annual Conference The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX Copyright © 2025, American Society for Engineering Education 2of professional engineering work. Therefore, integrating teamwork skill development into theengineering curriculum is critical to cultivating the next generation of engineers

Collection

2025 ASEE -GSW Annual Conference

Authors

Mostafa Mohammad, Wichita State University; Adam Carlton Lynch, Wichita State University

continuouslearning. This approach prepares them to excel in academic endeavors and equips them with theskills needed to thrive in professional environments.In addition, Lean Six Sigma is a powerful methodology that equips students with the skills to excelin their careers by focusing on continuous improvement and operational excellence. By learningto identify inefficiencies and implement data-driven solutions, students gain a competitive edge intheir professional journeys. Lean Six Sigma’s emphasis on reducing costs and improving qualitydirectly translates to measurable business value, which is highly attractive to employers. Thiscapability not only enables students to contribute effectively to their early roles but alsodemonstrates their potential for

Collection

2025 ASEE North Central Section (NCS) Annual Conference

Authors

Grace Hattery, Ohio Northern University; Stephany Coffman-Wolph, Ohio Northern University; Dax Amburgy, Ohio Northern University

prospective students stand in front of it they will seethemselves as ONU Engineering’s future. All experiences will be controllable for the AssistantDean through the use of Bluetooth and two controllers (one acting as a beacon and the other as areceiver).The team is building these experiences during the spring semester. With these ideas, the teamhopes to bring intrigue and inspiration to prospective students touring the building. This projectwill give them a glimpse into what they can do with their engineering career as well as makethem the center of the storyline. The hope, too, is that this capstone project can be a continuedproject for future senior engineering students to expand upon.Problem DefinitionThe objective of this project is as follows

Collection

2025 Northeast Section Conference

Authors

PS. Dhanasekaran

weakening of students' writing and criticaland centers for pedagogical sciences. Commitment to thinking skills. The ethics of learning analytics furtherlifelong learning should be encouraged by recognizing it involves issues like privacy, data management, andas a career development component for engineering consent. A major challenge in deploying AI in educationeducators. Most lifelong learning courses in universities is training educators of higher education and engineeringfocus on pedagogical resources, common computer to keep pace with technological advancements.software, tools for e-learning and blended learning, basic Additionally, concerns persist about AI replacingprogramming and language

Collection

2025 Northeast Section Conference

Authors

Alex Peebles

obtained from physical systems. emphasized through validating computer simulation results atPrevious authors have described adding experimental projects to specific time points. Student feedback shows that studentsan introductory dynamics course, where students measured believe CAD simulations helps them understand problems,kinematics of physical systems using video data and increases their level of preparedness for their career, and thataccelerometers, and compared the resulting outcomes to they have a medium-high level of confidence for tackingpredictions made based on the theory presented in the course [7]. dynamics-based problems with hand calculations and computerI think

Collection

2025 ASEE North Central Section (NCS) Annual Conference

Authors

Elin Jensen, Lawrence Technological University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

-Framework_Quickstart-Activity-Guide_2023.pdf Accessed 12.27.24[6] https://www.asce.org/communities/institutes-and-technical-groups/sustainability/sustainability-roadmap Accessed 12.27.24[7] https://www.abet.org/accreditation/accreditation-criteria/criteria-for-accrediting-engineering-programs-2024- 2025/ Accessed 12.27.24[8] https://www.asce.org/-/media/asce-images-and-files/career-and-growth/educators/documents/civil-engineering- program-criteria-commentary---feb-2024.pdf Accessed 12.27.24[9] Buildings & Infrastructure Priority Actions for Sustainability, Embodied Carbon – Concrete. Reference: 07762000-RP-SUS-0003. (2023) https://www.istructe.org/IStructE/media/Public/Resources/ARUP-Embodied- carbon