Conference Session

Entrepreneurship Town Hall Meeting: Supporting University Priorities

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Martin Grimheden, Royal Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation

three phases. First the students focus on the creative design of anairplane based on assorted candy and small office supplies. Secondly, the instructors announcethat the design phase is over and a manufacturing phase starts. The students are now tasked withmanufacturing as many planes as possible, identical to the first prototype while constantly beinginterrupted by process upsets such as loss of raw materials, employee injury etc. The third phaseinvolves reflection and feedback.2. Spelling TestWeaver and Muci-Küchler have reviewed a large amount of literature in the area of creativityexercises and developed a series of exercises proven to be effective in providing distinct teachingpoints that can result in a student’s ability to apply a

Conference Session

Engineering Ethics: An Interdisciplinary Endeavor

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Joseph Herkert, Arizona State University Polytechnic; Jameson Wetmore, Arizona State University; Heather Canary, Arizona State University Polytechnic; Karin Ellison, Arizona State University

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education

responsibility and skill necessary tocommunicate science to the public. Different students have different interests and can be drawnin by different topics.To further make sure that we are covering topics of interest to the students, and thereby motivate Page 14.763.3them to more fully participate in class and reflect on the issues, we let the students play animportant role by choosing the readings and projects we engage in. In some versions of thecourse we have a different student choose a popular news article each week that can helpfacilitate a conversation about an important and timely topic. In other versions of the course wehave students develop

Conference Session

Laboratory Development in ECE Education

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Zorica Nedic, University of South Australia; Andrew Nafalski, University of South Australia; Ozdemir Gol, University of South Australia; Jan Machotka, University of South Australia

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

supply project) remains at the similar level as inprevious years (2006 and 2007). A large majority of students (95%) agreed or strongly agreedthe project motivated them to learn more and 80% of them were highly satisfied with the project-based laboratory. Page 14.90.12The chart presented in Figure 12 shows that mechanical engineering students and particularlycivil engineering students are significantly less satisfied than the electrical engineering students.All students are supervised by the same supervisors and taught by the same lecturers. Responsesto questions 4,5,7 and 8 reflect student perception of students-staff relationship. Interestingly

Conference Session

Emerging Information Technologies

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

C. Richard Helps, Brigham Young University; Bret Swan, Brigham Young University

Tagged Divisions

Information Systems

goalsin technical disciplines.This hidden assumption of product orientation in engineering and technology capstone courses isa significant issue because building a product or system for a customer provides an authenticlearning experience for the students. (“Authentic” here is used in the instructional design sense,IE a learning experience that closely reflects the professional practice the students will enter intoupon graduation.) Students pursuing authentic experiences in this manner show great enthusiasmfor learning both because the degree of control they perceive that they have over the process andbecause they sense that they are engaged in projects that are important to a real customer, IE theyare aware of and motivated by the authenticity of

Conference Session

Critical Thinking and Creative Arts

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Christy Moore, University of Texas, Austin; D'Arcy Randall, University of Texas, Austin; Hillary Hart, University of Texas, Austin

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education

environmentalmovement; homeowners in a new subdivisions, who have discovered there isn’t enough water tokeep their new lawn alive; a farmer, Curtis Peterson, who remembers the way things were;Willie Nelson, who compares Austin to Maui; William Greider, a reporter for Rolling Stone, whobelieves that developers in some sense embody the can-do American spirit; and an oncologist,Judah Folkman, who explains the difference between the growth of cancer cells in the body andhealthy growth. The film’s conclusion seems to be that urban growth in itself is not bad, butunhealthy growth, such as the overdevelopment that threatens the environmental health of theTexas hill country, is like cancer. The conflict portrayed in the film is a reflection of similarconflicts arising

Conference Session

Developing Young MINDS in Engineering: Part I

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Arturo Fuentes, University of Texas, Pan American; Robert Freeman, University of Texas, Pan American; Horacio Vasquez, University of Texas, Pan American; Cristina Villalobos, University of Texas, Pan American; Stephen Crown, University of Texas, Pan American; Miguel Gonzalez, University of Texas, Pan American; Olga Ramirez, University of Texas, Pan American

Tagged Divisions

Minorities in Engineering

’ Page 14.730.4need to see Relevance of Studies to the Real World. CBI, a form of inductive learning, has beenshown to be a more effective approach to the learning process than the traditional deductivepedagogy. The implementation of CBI is built around the framework of the STAR Legacycycle, which is comprised of six main components: reflecting back and looking forward,generate ideas, multiple perspectives, research and revise, test your mettle, and go public.Research consistently points to the following factors as reasons for minority-STEM students’decision to drop-out or transfer out of STEM undergraduate fields of study: insufficient financialresources 16, 25, feelings of isolation 4,24, academic under-preparedness2, and a need to see

Conference Session

Sustainable and Urban Development

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sanjaya Senadheera, Texas Tech

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

hasevolved to encompass a wider group of disciplines including economic development,environment, agriculture, energy, and infrastructure. Taken in a global context, sustainability isnow presented as a concept that allow societies to develop and sustain resources such that theirmembers can use creative and innovative means to achieve their full potential and leave thenatural ecosystem in a sustainable mode for future generations. This is reflected in the mostwidely quoted definition of stating that sustainable development means “meeting the needs of thepresent without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs” 2.Wackernagel et al. (2002)3 suggested that sustainability requires living within the regenerativecapacity of the

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kevin Hulme, State University of New York, Buffalo; Edward Kasprzak, Milliken Research Associates; Kenneth English, State University of New York, Buffalo; Deborah Moore-Russo, State University of New York, Buffalo; Kemper Lewis, State University of New York, Buffalo

of this change.Figure 3 shows a typical understeer gradient plot from this task. In this figure the ends arenoticeably curved, reflecting the effect of the nonlinear tire model. Students universallycommented on how much more realistic this model felt compared against the bicycle model withits linear tire model. 80 60 400 40 200 World X-coordinate, ft Steering Angle (deg

Conference Session

ELD Poster Session

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Robert Heyer-Gray, University of California, Davis; Jean McKenzie, University of California, Berkeley; Lisa Ngo, University of California, Berkeley; Karen Andrews, University of California, Davis; Emily Stambaugh, California Digital Library

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Libraries

and statements can vary among the campuses, therecords for the titles in the union catalog need to be consistent and display the shared printlocation. Cooperation and input among NRLF staff, the UC Berkeley systems department, andthe California Digital Library was vital for allowing this to happen with a minimum of delay.Below are two examples of records from the union catalog that reflect combined UC Berkeleyand UC Davis contributions.IEEE Micro holdings and MARC 852 field display in the Melvyl union catalog:NRLF UC Shared Print-1 Circ status University of California Libraries - Building Use Only v.1(Feb 1981)-24(2004), 26(2006)-27(2007)852 |a GLAD |b UL01 |j XXX Shared Print-1 |3 v.1

Conference Session

Innovative Methods to Teach Engineering to URMs

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Beverley Pickering-Reyna, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee

Tagged Divisions

Minorities in Engineering

awareness, role-playing, team building, andcreativity. IT-LSCD advocated leadership development, knowledge of social protocol, andunderstanding the value of constructive life choices. The system supported multiple formalreasoning for decision-making, analyses, and problem solving. Exposure to information aboutemployment trends, employer expectations, and employee rights provided minority young adultswith an additional access level. The method expected minority young adults to learn to dress forsuccess, understand the interview process, and network with what they had learned. As such, IT-LSCD consistently employed the talents of leaders who reflected the service population.The presumption existed in the IT-LSCD method that minority young adults

Conference Session

Emerging Information Technologies

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Stephen Gilbert, Iowa State University; Pam Shill, Iowa State University; Kevin Saunders, Iowa State University

Tagged Divisions

Information Systems

interns, helping the faculty and graduatestudents with ongoing projects. This approach is valuable, but can lead to a sense of isolation ifthe participants cannot easily reflect with each other on their new experience. Other programsassign small groups of students to labs in order to decrease the potential for isolation. Thisresearch reports on the structure of a highly-successful REU site with a relatively rareconfiguration: 15 participants are co-located in a single lab but grouped in teams of three, andeach team works on an existing research project. This approach attempts to establish a intenselearning community1,2 within the REU, as discussed by other REU Site principle investigators3 inwhich students learn not only the relevant research

Conference Session

Implementation of the Civil Engineering Body of Knowledge and Recent ABET Experiences

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jean-Pierre Bardet, University of Southern California; Gisele Ragusa, University of Southern California

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

innovative and exemplary Bloom’s work was for its era (1956), the materialnow used in support of his work has become outdated and does not fully exemplify the peda-gogical and curricular expectations required for education engineers with global foci per NAE. Ithas been found to be lacking in multidimensionality particularly at college and university levelsin terms of meeting the increasing challenges facing higher education faculty. This is particularlytrue in the case of research universities with engineering schools where engineering educationresearch is of focus. Professional organizations associated with the field of Civil Engineering in-cluding ASCE have clear expectations for preparing engineers who are globally focused leaderswho and reflect

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Hamid Vakilzadian, University of Nebraska, Lincoln; Dietmar Moeller, University of Hamburg

programming.6. Quality AssuranceThe mission of university education is to contribute to society through the pursuit ofeducation, learning, and research at the highest international levels of excellence [8]. In orderto ensure that the quality and excellencies of learning and teaching maintained, the M&Sprogram in electrical engineering needs to embed a quality assurance procedure which allowsexamination and reflection and enhances teaching activities. Hence, quality assurance processhas to review the teaching, learning, and assessment activities, including curriculum contentand design, at appropriate regular intervals. Normally this would be at least annually, as partof a review of the quality statement or in response to reports of examiners or

Conference Session

Instructional Strategies in AEC Education

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ahmed Megri, University of Wyoming

Tagged Divisions

Architectural

wall enclosures to identify specific ratings and their limits (i.e., smoke partitions, smoke barriers, one, two, four-hour ratings, and 2/3/4-fire walls) (show on life safety plan and all floor plans.). Provide any fire-resistance rated wall, column, beam, floor/ceiling, roof/ceiling assemblies, fire rated head-of-wall joints, curtain walls, and fire stopping penetrations through fire rated construction. Provide details in their entirety, including design illustrations and material specifications (use the UL Directory). Provide a reflected ceiling plan showing lights, diffusers, exit sign, sprinkler heads, smoke detectors and emergency lights, etc. International Building Code design philosophy is based on a prescriptive

Conference Session

SE Curriculum and Course Management

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Zulfa Zakaria, IIUM

Tagged Divisions

Software Engineering Constituent Committee

for Category 1 (V&V Terminology and Foundations), Category 2(Reviews), and Category 3 (Testing).The survey results elicited here indicate that it is important to enhance the learning and teachingcoverage of Software V&V topics. This is especially apparent, for instance, in the case of unittesting that is commonly applied in industry [8] and also in the case of topics that reflect otherindustry needs [6]. The suggested PBL industry project-based course which blends withchallenging software V&V testing activities and the use of the Pex tool (to encourage TDDpractice) is to be targeted so as to attract those BSE graduate students who are interested infurthering their careers as software testers. This course aims at combining the five

Conference Session

Knowing Our Students, Faculty, and Profession

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ashlyn Munson, Colorado School of Mines; Barbara Moskal, Colorado School of Mines; Alka Harriger, Purdue University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

. The results and opinions expressed hereinare that of the authors and do not necessarily reflect that of the NSF. Page 14.1104.3II. MethodsThis section describes the design of the 2008 student portion of the SPIRIT summer workshop,the target student population, and the quantitative and qualitative methodologies that were used.A. Workshop DesignThe 2008 SPIRIT summer workshop consisted of a two week summer institute. Teachersparticipated in the full two week program while guidance counselors and students participated inthe second week only. During week one of the workshop, teachers were educated about ITcareers and the integration of the Alice

Conference Session

Panel: Forming an Interdisciplinary Research Collaboration

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Julie Mills, University of South Australia; Judith Gill, University of South Australia; Suzanne Franzway, University of South Australia; Rhonda Sharp, University of South Australia

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering

in researchprojects related to women in engineering, in both the professional workplace and educationcontexts. What is unusual about this particular research group is the widely varying disciplinebackgrounds of the members. The group comprises professors in feminist economics, sociology,education and civil engineering. The collaboration has faced numerous challenges in terms ofgeography, methodology, availability, finding a common language and understanding, differingpractice in the various disciplines with respect to writing for publication and what grants count.This paper identifies four inter-related themes that have emerged from our reflections on ourexperience of gender-based multidisciplinary research.IntroductionMultidisciplinary

Conference Session

Sustainable Education and the Environment

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Roger Beardsley, Central Washington University; Stephen Morton, Central Washington University

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

that the combustion creates some NO2. According to the IPCCreport, both methane and NO2 have Global Warming Potential (GWP) values that far exceed theeffect of an equivalent mass of CO2. For CH4, the GWP = 23; for NO2, the GWP = 296 (GWPfor CO2 = 1)4. The CA-CP calculator assumes a constant value of 3940 BTU per passenger-milefrom year 2000 on, and does not automatically update the value to reflect decreasing (orincreasing) energy intensity per passenger mile. The Bureau of Transportation Statistics (BTS)tracks this data value7, and it should be updated for current years in the CA-CP calculator(EF_Transportation sheet, column BF).Data Point Calculator Assumptions Data value in CA-CP spreadsheet3Fuel Efficiency

Conference Session

Getting Started: Objectives, Rubrics, Evaluations, and Assessment

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kathy Schmidt, University of Texas, Austin; Mia Markey, University of Texas, Austin; Wonsoon Park, University of Texas, Austin

Tagged Divisions

New Engineering Educators

your classroom thatyou want to explore and to want to study it. Just don’t jump in without thoroughly thinking aboutwhat you are questioning and how to best get an in-depth look. Not only will a haphazardapproach create problems with data accuracy and storage, but if you fail to overlook existingempirical findings, your results are limited. Furthermore, if you are new to educational researchapproaches, it is wise to take a look at existing literature and its implications.As you conduct classroom research, you will reflect and review your teaching. This processallows you to refine and improve. An iterative cycle of reflection and improvement is good forboth teaching and learning processes.3. Research with Human ParticipantsIf you are going to

Conference Session

Mechanical Engineering Poster Session

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kathy Schmidt, University of Texas, Austin; Juan Garcia, University of Texas, Austin; Michael Webber, University of Texas, Austin

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

interactions, reflection andto facilitate between class communications. According to Winer, “a Web log is a hierarchy oftext, images, media objects, and data, arranged chronologically, that can be viewed in an HTMLbrowser.” 6 Blogs are easy to construct for all that is needed is a Web browser and an Internetpublishing service. Given their ease of use and their proliferation, they are used frequently in alllevels of education. The pedagogical paradigm that supports the use of blogs in educationalsettings is Vygotsky's educational theory that states children learn from social interaction.7College students, however, also bring lived experiences to their learning. The use of a blog thatprovided as images, multimedia, audio, and text is a good way for

Conference Session

Multidisciplinary Design Constituents

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

James Farison, Baylor University; Zhuocheng Yang, Baylor University

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering

evaluators needed changes each year and with each accreditation cycle, as illustrated bythe data presented here in comparison with that of papers from the previous years of ASEE’snew accreditation role.12,13,14 Based on the current listing from the ABET website4 as compiledin Table 2, Table 3 gives the number of institutions and the numbers of multidisciplinaryengineering program accreditation visits implied for the six-year accreditation cycle from 2008-09 through 2013-14. Clearly, there is a wide variation reflected by those data in the anticipatedworkload from year to year, ranging from five programs at five institutions in 2008-09 to 20programs at 20 institutions in 2011-12. In addition to the numbers of visits over that six-yearcycle indicated

Conference Session

Engaging Students in Learning

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

John Marshall, University of Southern Maine

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

” or “loose it” brain. Activities designed to engage the brain canhelp grow dendrites, which is the wiring that connects brain cells. The more ways we find toprocess information the stronger learning (i.e., neural connections between brain cells) becomes.Research is proving that to enhance learning, we should be involving students in lessons byproviding a non-threatening environment which allows them time to ask questions, seek Page 14.380.2solutions, reflect, share thinking about a theme or topic, and respond to other's viewpoints.In short, as teachers, we need to be able to accomplish learning by doing. Action helps to growthe brain. The

Conference Session

Knowing Our Students, Faculty, and Profession

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Janel Sutkus, Carnegie Mellon University; Donald Carpenter, Lawrence Technological University; Cynthia Finelli, University of Michigan; Trevor Harding

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

the students and asked thecampus liaison to select faculty and administrators either involved in ethics education or withknowledge of how ethics was included within the curriculum. Each participant completed a briefanonymous questionnaire which allowed us to aggregate their demographic characteristics.Student participants reflected the demographics of engineering students nationwide, with two-thirds of the participants being male, seventy-five percent studying civil, mechanical, orelectrical and computer engineering, and two-thirds being white3. In addition, the participantswere distributed almost evenly across freshman, sophomore, junior, and senior/fifth-year classes.Nearly sixty percent were members of a professional engineering student

Conference Session

Instrumentation in Education

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Asad Yousuf, Savannah State University; Yan Zeng, Savannah State University

Tagged Divisions

Instrumentation

method (8,9,10). We believe this would be a good lab exercise for the studentsand advanced experiment skill for those students who will conduct their research inchemical physics area in the future.References1. “Spectroscopy and Principles of Spectroscopy” Clark, R.N. Manual of RemoteSensing, A. Rencz, Editor, John Wiley and Sons, Inc. 1999.2. “Reflectance Spectroscopy: Quantitative Analysis Techniques for Remote SensingApplications”, Clark, R.N. and T.L. Roush, J. Geophys. Res., 89, 6329-6340, 1984.3. “Mapping with Imaging Spectrometer Data Using the Complete Band Shape Least-Squares Algorithm Simultaneously Fit to Multiple Spectral Features from MultipleMaterials”, Clark, R.N., G.A. Swayze, A. Gallagher, N. Gorelick, and F.Kruse, Proceedings of

Conference Session

Think Outside the Box! K-12 Engineering Curriculum

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Milo Koretsky, Oregon State University; Debra Gilbuena, Oregon State University; Adam Kirsch, Crescent Valley High School

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

3. Familiarization with the Software – Impacting Si3N4 Deposition Assignment. (185 min.) VCVD Worksheet I. (150 min.) 5. Peer Review / 6. Additional Testing / Report Revision – (One 7. Report Reflection (45 min.) week given outside of class to complete) Submittal Figure 5. Activities for the Virtual CVD project in the Chemistry classes.Within the Chemistry classes, the utilization of the Virtual CVD Laboratory was more directed,although, once again, tasks were framed within the situated context of the project. Instructorsremained owners of a company utilizing the CVD process, however this time student groupsrepresented consultants hired by

Conference Session

Engineering in the Middle Grades

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Christine Schnittka, University of Virginia; Randy Bell, University of Virginia; Larry Richards, University of Virginia

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

design challenge.There is a “need to know” each particular science concept built into the curriculum. Theperformance objectives are derived from the Virginia Standards of Learning8, the NationalScience Education Standards9, and the Benchmarks for Science Literacy10, and placed in orderfrom the simplest behavior to the most complex on Bloom’s taxonomy scale.11The Save the Penguins ETK curriculum is outlined in Figure 1. It begins with the teacherperforming some engaging demonstrations about heat transfer. In these demonstrations, theteacher models the experimental methods as the “more knowledgeable other,” and students areshown how to undertake these methods on their own in social groups. The teacher then elicitsdiscussions and reflections on the

Conference Session

Engineering Collaboration: Faculty and Student Involvement in K-12 Programs

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Elizabeth Eschenbach, Humboldt State University; Mary Virnoche, Humboldt State University; Lonny Grafman, Humboldt State University; Forrest Stamper, Hoopa Valley High School; Laura Atkins, Humboldt State University; Rebecca Raymond, Humboldt State University; Katie Mills, Humboldt State University

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

Humboldt State University(HSU) had the following objectives for secondary science and math teachers as stated in theInvitation to Participate (Appendix A): • Provide opportunities to experience the engineering design process first hand; teacher teams will complete a hands-on engineering design project at the institute. • Provide opportunities for reflection and curriculum planning during the institute. Participants will leave with tangible products to use during the school year. • Develop awareness of existing engineering secondary school curriculum, K-12 engineering education research (see www.teachengineering.com). • Develop a community of teachers interested in pursuing engineering approaches to teaching

Conference Session

Exemplary Outreach Programs in Engineering Education

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Pamela Lottero-Perdue, Towson State University

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

population ofBGC summer program attendees (32% female). Also reflective of this population is the ethnicdiversity in the SEAS Club: 8 members of the SEAS Club (35%) were African American; 2 (9%)were Hispanic; and 13 (56%) were white. SEAS Club participants were not asked about theirsocioeconomic (SES) status, however, according to a BGC leader, the SEAS Club and BGCsummer program participants had SES levels ranging from low- to mid-level.SEAS Club participants were not asked to divulge report cards or grades. Anecdotal evidencerevealed that there was a wide range in scholastic achievement among the participants, and manychildren described themselves as having great difficulty with reading and writing.Club ActivitiesClub activities were centered on

Conference Session

Engineering Design: Implementation and Evaluation

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Gül Okudan, Pennsylvania State University; Alexander Yin, Pennsylvania State University; Saraj Gupta, Pennsylvania State University; Lisa Lattuca, Pennsylvania State University; Patrick Terenzini, Pennsylvania State University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

flexible manner in a cycle of reflection-action-re-reflection7. All of these have implications for the pedagogy that might be chosen to convey andprepare the setting for design learning.Despite their contributions to the design research, shortcomings of these approaches exist inexplaining, (or taking into account) the relationships between the design practice, design context,and design team performance. For example, the normative approach isolates design tasks fromtheir wider context 8,9. It neglects most of the specific factors and constraints designers need tocope with, such as economic constraints, time pressure and teamwork10. The empirical approachhas not been always theory based – a clear direction of research sometimes has been missing9

Conference Session

Infusing Engineering Content Through Curricular Innovation

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Michael Pelletier, Northern Essex Community College; Linda Desjardins, Northern Essex Community College; Paul Chanley, Northern Essex Community College; Lori Heymans, Northern Essex Community College

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

starting the Teacher Educator Institute, each of the twenty-two lead teachers filledout a participant survey. Tables V, VI and VII tabulate the participant survey responsesand reflect the number of years the teachers have been employed in education, theireducational backgrounds, and reasons for participation respectively. Table V: Number of Years Employed in Education Years in Education 3 3.5 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 13 16 17 20 Number of 3 1 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 Teachers Page 14.998.9 Table VI: Educational Background of the Lead Teachers Subject