Collection

2001 Annual Conference

Authors

William Plymale; Scott Midkiff; Luiz DaSilva

module is further decomposed into one or more units. The outline of themodules and units is shown in Figure 4. In aggregate, the modules provide content to meet thecourse’s learning objectives, as depicted in Figure 3. A take-home midterm and final exam areused to evaluate a student’s mastery of the course material. A course evaluation instrument wasused to survey the students at the end of the course. Ideally, formative evaluation would be usedthroughout the semester to provide improvements during a single offering of the course. Whilewe plan to do this for future offerings, it was not done for the Fall 2000 offering of the course

Collection

2001 Annual Conference

Authors

Youki Terada; Pam Sirivedhin; Flora McMartin; Alice Agogino; Ann McKenna

Copyright Page 6.32.1 2001, American Society for Engineering Education”development of innovative assessment techniques to measure open-ended design process skills 5,and employing innovative uses of technology to enhance student learning 6,7. Several of the GEprojects built upon and expanded on the work initiated by earlier Synthesis projects.One specific example of a GE grant reform effort was the introduction of a new course‘Animating Physics’8. The objective of the course is to explore challenging physics conceptsthrough the use of physically realistic animations. Students designed, planned, programmed

Collection

2001 Annual Conference

Authors

Martha Wilson

focus group meeting.Focus Group MeetingNear the end of the Fall Semester 2000, an informal meeting was held to discuss the relativelylow numbers of women enrolled in the program. Before the meeting, all students were contactedvia e-mail to explain the faculty’s concern and to begin plans for an initial meeting. All studentshad an opportunity to choose the best meeting time, and to provide comments and input prior tothe meeting. Although free pizza was provided as an incentive, twenty-two students out of thetotal 133 enrolled in the program attended the first meeting, and seven of the sixteen womenenrolled in the program were in attendance. This group formed the basis of the initial focusgroup.The first meeting began with an overview of

Conference Session

Graduate Student Experience

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Katherine E. Winters, Virginia Tech; Holly M. Matusovich, Virginia Tech

Tagged Divisions

Graduate Studies, Student

attritionrates in the sciences focused on the research question: “what influence do TAs have onunderclass students‟ plans to major in or leave the sciences?”5. Study results showed thatalthough GTAs could not be directly tied to retention they had a large amount of control overclassroom climate, which in turn did impact retention rates. Moreover, students cited GTAenthusiasm and attitude as facilitating the students‟ learning. Given the similarity of retentionand attrition issues across Science, Technology, Engineering and Math (STEM) fields, findingsfrom this study in science are very likely to be relevant to engineering.Graduate Teaching Assistants in EngineeringAccording to the National Academy of Engineering: “the essence of engineering – the

Conference Session

Engineering Design in Pedagogy

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Nathan Mentzer, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Kyungsuk Park, Utah State University

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education, K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

from the pilotstudy will be presented and compared to results from previous work focused on experts at the2011 ASEE conference. The area of focus for this paper is time allocation across essentialelements of the design process. This research may help to uncover the elusive cognitive thoughtprocesses employed by students as they practice engineering design thinking and will informcurriculum developers and teachers planning classroom strategies to improve high schoolstudents’ understanding of engineering.Keywords: Engineering Design, High School, Engineering Education, Technological LiteracyRationale“The key to educating students to thrive in a competitive global economy is introducing themearly to the engineering design skills and concepts that

Conference Session

Multidisciplinary Technical Session

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Salah Badjou, Wentworth Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering

program that is competitive with other biomedical engineering programs offered inMassachusetts. Effectively, this further integrates the electromechanical engineering program byincorporating the important biological dimension. The program has attracted a substantialnumber of students, and has expanded opportunities for our graduates. The ElectromechanicalEngineering Faculty Committee3 composed of eleven faculty members drawn from variousdisciplines, thoroughly researched, planned, and obtained administrative approval for theprogram, implemented, and is continuously assessing and fine-tuning this novel concentration.The endeavor was very much faculty driven. The faculty exercised care so that the addition ofthe new concentration did not alter or

Conference Session

They're Not "Soft" Skills!

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Eckehard Doerry, Northern Arizona University; James Dean Palmer, Northern Arizona University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

tasks, and providing clear documentation of due dates and expected task products. This removes the ambiguity that poor performers typically use as concealment. • it promotes team progress and learning of proactive project management skills by forcing teams to think explicitly and in detail about where they are, what needs to be done next, and how personnel resources should be deployed.Note that task reports are not a replacement for the team's overall project plan, which teams arerequired to maintain as well (usually using project management software), but rather acomplementary articulation of detailed weekly assignments that move the team towardscompleting the broader tasks or milestones shown in the project

Conference Session

Curricular Innovations in College-Industry Partnerships

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Richard T. Schoephoerster, University of Texas, El Paso; Ryan Wicker, University of Texas, El Paso; Ricardo Pineda, University of Texas, El Paso; Ahsan Choudhuri, University of Texas, El Paso

Tagged Divisions

College Industry Partnerships

way that the evolution of the modern medical centers has done for theprofession of medicine and the medical industry over the last half century.As we developed our plan, we considered five key elements for a successful model ofpreparation for professional engineering practice, all taken from the medical center model.These key medical center elements, along with our proposed equivalent engineeringcounterparts, are listed in Table 1 and are described as follows.  Clinical Experiences at the Post-Baccalaureate Level Following recommendations from the Flexner Report in 1910, medical schools across the U.S. have required a baccalaureate degree for admission.11 Medical educators understand, as did Flexner, that clinical

Conference Session

Integration of Liberal Education into Engineering

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kacey Beddoes, Virginia Tech; Maura J. Borrego, Virginia Tech; Brent K Jesiek, Purdue University, West Lafayette

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Ethics, Liberal Education/Engineering & Society

take other team members’ dissertation research intoaccount when planning their own dissertation research, even if it was on a different part of thesystem. For example, students whose focus was on the media aspects of the system needed toexplain to students from engineering why one kind of sensing mechanism would be preferable,more interesting or innovative than another kind, vis-à-vis the media fields in which theirresearch was situated. Inclusion artifacts were therefore used to suggest a certain design plan orfeature because the kind of sensing mechanism chosen would affect the work of everyone on theteam. In other words, students from the media fields could not make a choice of sensingmechanism without convincing the other team members to

Conference Session

Special Session Celebrating the 10th Anniversary of the MATE International ROV Competition

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Douglas E. Oppliger, Michigan Technological University; Valorie Troesch, Michigan Technological University; Jean Kampe, Michigan Technological University

Tagged Divisions

Ocean and Marine

students indicated that they areconsidering STEM careers. Longitudinal data will be collected to follow student attitudes andactions concerning post secondary STEM intentions.Perceived Value of HSE: In spring 2009, 44 of 45 responding students said they wouldencourage other students to participate in HSE or a similar project. In spring 2010, all 73responding students stated that they would encourage other students to participate in HSE.The above information pertains to the HSE program as a whole. Now let us look specifically atthe TCROV team and evidence of student learning resulting from their ROV centered projects.The TCROV Team, what it is & what is learnedAs stated earlier, the plan to bring ROVs into this school was intended to bring

Conference Session

Hey You: Effectively Engaging Students in the Classroom

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jeffrey A. Laman, Pennsylvania State University, University Park; Mary Lynn Brannon, Pennsylvania State University, University Park; Irene B. Mena, Pennsylvania State University, University Park

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

enrollment for students; 3) offerextended open-ended problems to promote development of creativity and innovation skills; and4) include writing within coursework to stimulate a broader world view. Evaluation of thisactive learning plan was completed through comparison of past quiz and exam performances.Four semesters of data are now available for comparison. In addition, it is expected that lessonslearned through this careful redesign and evaluation of CE441 will be directly translatable to thecapstone course that all students enrolled in CE441 take each spring. This capstone experienceoffers two open-ended structural engineering design problems that are solved by groups of threeor four students. Success and new findings from Fall 2011 CE441 will be

Conference Session

Laboratory Development in ECE I

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mohamed Tawfik, Spanish University for Distance Education (UNED); Elio Sancristobal, Spanish University for Distance Education (UNED); Sergio Martin, Spanish University for Distance Education (UNED); Rosario Gil, Spanish University for Distance Education (UNED); Alberto Pesquera Martín, Spanish University for Distance Education (UNED); Tovar Edmundo, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid; Martin Llamas-Nistal, University of Vigo; Gabriel Diaz Orueta, Spanish University for Distance Education (UNED); Juan Peire; Manuel Castro, Spanish University for Distance Education (UNED)

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

Politcnica de Madrid (UPM). He is a certified Software De- velopment Professional (CSDP) from the IEEE Computer Society. He is Associate Dean for Quality and Strategic Planning in the Computing School of the Universidad Politcnica de Madrid. From this last po- sition, he is in charge of the training for academic staff, the introduction of innovative solutions including new pedagogies, new approaches that improve student learning of technical skills and cultural skills, im- proved methods of blended learning, and others. He works in the open educational resources area. He is leader of an Innovation Group in Education in the UPM. He is Executive Director of the OCW UPM Office and an elected member of the Board of Directors

Conference Session

Research in Engineering Education I

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sandra Loree Dika, University of North Carolina, Charlotte; Jae Hoon Lim, University of North Carolina, Charlotte

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

Postsecondary Research and Planning. 18 Higher Education Research Institute (HERI). (n.d.). About CIRP. Retrieved from Higher Education Reseearch Institute web site: http://www.heri.ucla.edu/abtcirp.php19 CSEQ. (2007). The College Student Experiences Questionnaire assessment program. Retrieved from CSEQ website: http://cseq.iub.edu/cseq_generalinfo.cfm20 Pace, C. R., & Kuh, G. D. (1998). College Student Experiences Questionnaire (4th ed.). Bloomington:Indiana University Center for Postsecondary Research and Planning.21 National Survey of School Engagement (NSSE). (2011). About NSSE. Retrieved from National Survey of Student Engagement website: http://nsse.iub.edu/html/about.cfm22 Besterfield-Sacre, M.E., & Atman, C.J. (1994). Survey

Conference Session

FPD III: Innovation in Design in the First Year

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Andrew Lau, Pennsylvania State University, University Park; Tara Lynn Sulewski, Pennsylvania State University, University Park

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

elevations and floor plan of house concept 4 Introduce envelope and air leakage Thermal envelope & heat transfer Perform heat load experiments with coolers Passive solar design concepts Analyze appliance energy use and cost (with system sketch) Appliances Prepare for appliance research 5 Compile appliance research reports Energy principles Review the various types of HVAC systems with emphasis HVAC systems on efficiency Review the slides on ground-source heat pumps Investigate how house size

Conference Session

Trends in Mechanical Engineering: Curricula and Courses

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Simin Hall, Virginia Tech; Catherine T. Amelink, Virginia Tech; Deyu Hu, Virginia Tech

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

approach isdesigned to allow for more effective integration of course objectives with online strategies,pedagogies, and best practices (Royce 1970). We worked with our distance learning institute andusing their process that follows a life-cycle model with seven phases: (a) Planning Phase; (b)Analysis Phase; (c) Design Phase; (d) Development Phase; (e) Testing Phase; (f) ImplementationPhase; and (g) Evaluation, Support, and Maintenance Phase. Each phase is distinguished byactivities, techniques, best practices and procedures that combine to construct viable, sustainable,efficient, and useful online courses. The design choices are driven primarily by the learningobjectives associated with a given course. This methodology for eLearning course

Conference Session

Design in Freshman and Sophomore Courses

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Michael J. Reese Jr., Johns Hopkins University; Peter H. Froehlich, Johns Hopkins University; Joan Freedman, Johns Hopkins University

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

section and course project.  Tim Train, President of Big Huge Games (now Studio General Manager of Zynga East), helped coordinate input from gaming industry leaders during the needs assessment phase, provided feedback on curriculum design, and assisted with recruiting guest lecturers and team mentors.The group defined the course objectives and designed a semester-long video game developmentproject that would define the structure and topics of the course. The students would: 1. Develop a software system in small teams. 2. Design and implement a complete video game. 3. Plan, manage, and document a software development project. 4. Present status updates, project overviews, and technical topics

Conference Session

Systems Engineering Education and K-12

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Pablo Biswas, Texas A&M International University; Runchang Lin, Texas A&M International University; Ramesh Hanumanthgari, Texas A&M International University; Sri Bala Vojjala

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Management, Industrial Engineering, Systems Engineering

: initial planning of ViTAS 3. Iteration 0: user stories for ViTAS 4. Constructive iterations for ViTAS 5. Release iterations 6. ProductionNext sections describe the above steps during the development of the ViTAS application.The scope of ViTASThe ViTAS is a web-based application, which provides the student and the professors of TAMIUan interactive communication baseline outside of class. The students will upload their homeworksolutions given by the professor on a particular class such as college algebra, business math I andII, general physics, principal of electrical engineering, etc. [Table 4]. The purpose of thisapplication is to reduce the class drop rate by 50% especially for the freshman and sophomorestudents. Detail discussion

Conference Session

Recruitment and Retention Matters in Engineering Technology

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Joseph A. Morgan, Texas A&M University; Jay R. Porter, Texas A&M University; Douglas William Twigge; John Block, Texas A&M University; Mickie Byrd

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

of the basic E-Clock kit, the developers arehopeful that some of the high school students will contribute to the wiki by designing their ownadvanced kits and generating the new control software. Sharing their work with others via thewiki will allow the project to continue to expand. To support this, the developers plan to create asocial communications link via Facebook to allow for increased information sharing and trackingof the high school students as they graduate and enter college.Initial results will be reported in the paper/presentation based on kits that have been sent tofemale students who participated in the Krisys Robot Women Explore Engineering (WEE)Workshop hosted by the College of Engineering during the summer of 2011. In

Conference Session

Biological and Agricultural Engineering Education Technical Session

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

George E. Meyer, University of Nebraska, Lincoln; Kim Cluff, University of Nebraska, Lincoln; Jeyamkondan Subbiah P.E., University of Nebraska, Lincoln

Tagged Divisions

Biological & Agricultural

Hall, East Campus of UNL. The main building with a total of 61,700 ft2 was built in1917. The building was completely renovated in 1981, and is now one of the better classroom-laboratory buildings on campus, with high outside demand for course instruction. Classes areheld in various sized lecture halls with capacities of 16, 24, 40, 46, and 112 seats. Theseclassrooms were constructed during the 1981 renovation, and have served the department withcontinued improvement made possible by financial support from the National ScienceFoundation and UNL. Plans have been developed and some funding identified to remodel thelargest lecture hall to change its configuration, to improve the learning environment, and toupgrade the presentation technology. That

Conference Session

Ethics Education, Global Health, and Outreach in BME

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Michael J. Rust, Western New England University; Steven G. Northrup, Western New England University

Tagged Divisions

Biomedical

the technology. Each team will present the results of their research in the form of an in-class presentation.After completion of exams at the end of the semester, the students and faculty embarked on a 12-day field experience in Guatemala. The timing of the field experience was chosen to notinterfere with other coursework and exams, as well as to enable students to return in time forsummer internship positions. The field experience was planned and developed by the courseinstructors in consultation with contacts in Guatemala, including a professor at a local universityand the volunteer coordinator at a mission. These contacts, several of whom had worked withWNE in

Conference Session

Relevance of and Models for Community Engagement in Engineering Education

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

James L. Huff, Purdue University; Dulcy M. Abraham, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Carla B. Zoltowski, Purdue University, West Lafayette; William C. Oakes, Purdue University, West Lafayette

Tagged Divisions

Community Engagement Division

, stating, “Usually I aminteracting directly with the people of [a given] country, so it was interesting to interact withother [US Citizens] and talk about the country’s problems without actually being there.”Behavioral: “Flexibility and Adaptability to Cultural Settings” 10In the personal student reflections, much of the SHADE team seemed to direct much of theirfocus on their development of communication and teamwork skills when working acrossoccupational cultures. The impetus for their focus on improving communication with theirprojects’ stakeholders seemed to be related to incorrect assumptions made about them, which setthe project team behind their planned schedule. As one student wrote, “[Something] that I would change [about the SHADE

Conference Session

Interdisciplinary Experiences and Assessment in Environmental Engineering

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Cheryl J.K. Desha, Queensland University of Technology; Charlie Hargroves, The Natural Edge Project

Tagged Divisions

Environmental Engineering

structural adjustment (with Professor Peter Newman at Curtin University), and has been the co-author of four international books on sustainable development, with the latest two listed in the Top 40 Sustainability Books of 2010 by the Cambridge University Sustainability Leadership Program. He is a Sustainable Development Fellow at the University of Adelaide and a Co-founder and principal researcher with the Natural Edge Project, a collaborative partnership for research, education, policy development, and strategy for sustainable development, based in Australia. His main research interests include merging technological opportunities, capacity building, and community behaviour change with policy and strategic planning to

Conference Session

ABET: Reflections on Accreditation

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kevin G. Sutterer, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology; Michael Robinson P.E., Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology; James H. Hanson, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology; Michael C. Reeves P.E., Civil & Environmental Consultants, Inc.; Andrew B Twarek P.E., Ruby+Associates, Inc.

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

engineering community and as stewards of society, are primary program constituents.Many engineering programs make use of industry professionals to affirm program educationalobjectives and to provide input about general preparation of engineering graduates. For example,program industry advisory boards need to cyclically affirm overall program educational Page 25.230.3objectives and participate in program strategic planning, and sometimes teams of industryprofessionals participate in evaluation of student learning through capstone projects (Scales etal., 1998; Napper and Hales, 1999). These efforts are more “top level” reviews or evaluations ofthe

Conference Session

ERM Potpourri

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Megan F. Campanile, Illinois Institute of Technology; Eric M. Brey, Illinois Institute of Technology; Allison Antink Meyer, Illinois Institute of Technology; Norman G. Lederman, Illinois Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

trajectories.1.0 Introduction Undergraduate research experiences are anticipated to both increase understanding ofresearch practice and motivate students to pursue advanced degrees in the sciences andengineering.1 Broadening participation in careers in science and engineering is often a primarygoal of these programs and the government funding associated with them. However, the abilityto reach students at critical transition points in their career trajectory is difficult.2,3 Undergraduateresearch is often primarily performed by students who have already established clear careergoals,2 and the experience either confirms the students’ plans or strengthens their resumes. Research experience is also expected to enhance undergraduates

Conference Session

Training and Mentoring of Graduate Teaching Assistants

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mary Lynn Brannon, Pennsylvania State University, University Park

Tagged Divisions

Graduate Studies

”, “always use a check list and criteria”,“be especially careful about the interaction between the students and the teacher” and “watch outfor clues from when the students may have trouble following the teacher and how you improveupon that”. In answering the question, “do you plan to be a college teacher as a career goal?” in theposttest, 67% of the students said yes! Page 25.1436.8Conclusion and ReflectionThe instructor of the course integrated a peer observation project because students asked formore than one observation of their teaching. Initially one observation by the instructor wasprovided to each student who was teaching; and no observation

Conference Session

Considerations for the Collection Conscious Librarian

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Peter Zuber, Brigham Young University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Libraries

becomesless volatile.7 Alternatives also exist in charitable organizations or recycling. However, somepatrons will always prefer a book; greener alternatives require more planning; and time is oftenat a premium given other tasks at hand. Librarian’s time or motivation Page 25.1470.3 Studies have reported the tendency of librarians to find little time for weeding or tomaintain the motivation to work on weeding.8 Wallace states that the use of conventionalweeding techniques, meaning judgment based decision making, can require several minutes pertitle. As the number of volumes increases, the dedicated time required for weeding can reach

Conference Session

Lessons Learned through Community Engagement of Engineering Students

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

John J. Duffy, University of Massachusetts, Lowell; Linda Barrington, University of Massachusetts, Lowell; Emmanuelle Reynaud, University of Massachusetts, Lowell; Manuel A. Heredia, University of Massachusetts, Lowell

Tagged Divisions

Community Engagement Division

enhances the positive effects 17. Page 25.1473.2Astin et al. found with longitudinal data of 22,000 students that service-learning had significantpositive effects on 11 outcome measures: academic performance (GPA, writing skills, criticalthinking skills), values (commitment to activism and to promoting racial understanding), self-efficacy, leadership (leadership activities, self-rated leadership ability, interpersonal skills), choiceof a service career, and plans to participate in service after college. In all measures except self-efficacy, leadership, and interpersonal skills service-learning was found to be significantly moreeffective than

Conference Session

ADVANCE and Related Faculty Issues

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kathleen L. Kitto, Western Washington University; Sue Guenter-Schlesinger, Western Washington University

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering

implementingboth anti-discrimination laws and university policies that prohibit discrimination and by helpingcreate an environment in which diversity is valued. It also works to increase access for theemployment for women, people of color, people with disabilities, and veterans who havetraditionally faced barriers to employment opportunities. Western compiles and updates annualAffirmative Action Plans that help guide leadership on understanding which disciplines areunderrepresented, by women and minorities, proportional to availability in the labor market.Goals are set, and the EO Office then works with departmental searches to recruit diverseapplicants to apply for open positions. Currently, the EO Office is working closely with the CSTto assist search

Conference Session

Broadening Participation

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Meagan C. Ross, Purdue University, West Lafayette

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

beprepared to help students plan for these types of careers, particularly through course selection.Therefore, it is important for us to not only understand the role of counselors, but to have a bettergrasp of their KAB regarding gender and STEM, and how this may potentially influence howthey counsel and engage with students. This paper examines the results of a five point Likert scale assessment tool developed usingthe KAB framework. The survey was administered as a pre and post assessment from a two hourprofessional development workshop on STEM occupations in November of 2010. Participantsincluded 120 counselors from a large Southwest school district. Eleven out of the original 45survey items are reviewed in this paper and N=71 participant

Conference Session

NSF Grantees' Poster Session

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Gamze Ozogul, Arizona State University; Amy M. Johnson, Arizona State University; Martin Reisslein, Arizona State University; Kirsten R. Butcher, University of Utah

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

students with the necessary information to selectappropriate steps leading to a goal9. In contrast, novice students lack appropriate schemas to Page 25.1121.2allow them to focus on underlying concepts within a problem and plan a successful solutionapproach10. As a result, these learners tend to rely on surface features of visual representationsand are unable to solve the problems11,12. The processes used during problem-solving depend upon the problem solver'sunderstanding and representation of the problem type13. It is clear from expertise studies thatexperts and novices differ significantly in the way they make use of visual