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Displaying results 19171 - 19200 of 22118 in total
Conference Session
Civil Engineering Division Technical Session 6
Collection
2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Steven J. Burian, University of Utah; Defne S. Apul, University of Toledo
Tagged Divisions
Civil Engineering
institutional barriers preventing interdisciplinary courses, an already full curriculum,resistance to curriculum change, and lack of knowledge of social sciences and other disciplinesamong engineering faculty and students. To overcome these challenges, a variety of approacheshave been designed to infuse sustainability concepts and techniques into engineering courses andcurricula3-16. These ideas include actions such as modifying learning objectives to includesustainability perspectives, incorporating sustainability knowledge and skills into learningactivities, exposing students to sustainability ideas using co-curricular experiences, and creatingnew learning modules and even entire courses.One general problem that has been difficult to overcome in
Collection
2021 First-Year Engineering Experience
Authors
Brian Dick P.Eng., Vancouver Island University
Hands-On Group Project work during COVID-191AbstractCOVID-19 has impacted delivery of the first-year engineering design curriculum throughout thepost-secondary system. At Vancouver Island University (VIU), instruction of the first-yearcurriculum shifted to an entirely remote learning environment where students were not expectedto be in physical contact at any point during the term. This presented a significant challenge todelivering its learning outcomes and activities, particularly hands-on, team-based project work.At VIU, students typically complete a cornerstone design project in the second term of their first-year of studies. Due to COVID-19, this project was modified to allow for completion within avirtual learning environment. Teams of
Conference Session
Mechanical Engineering Technical Session: Pedagogy II - Best Teaching Practices
Collection
2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access
Authors
J. Blake Hylton, Ohio Northern University; Lawrence Funke, Ohio Northern University
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Mechanical Engineering
Tulsa, also in Mechanical Engineering. He currently teaches first-year engineering courses as well as various courses in Mechanical Engineering, primarily in the mechanics area. His pedagogical research areas include standards-based assessment and curriculum design, including the incorporation of entrepreneurial thinking into the engineering curriculum and especially as pertains to First-Year Engineering.Dr. Lawrence Funke, Ohio Northern University Dr. Funke received his PhD in Mechanical Engineering from the University of Notre Dame in 2017. He is currently an assistant professor at Ohio Northern University. c American Society for Engineering Education, 2020 Exploring Impacts of a Flipped
Conference Session
Pre-college Engineering Education Division Technical Session 1
Collection
2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access
Authors
Richard J. Aleong, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Robin Adams, Purdue University, West Lafayette
Tagged Divisions
Pre-College Engineering Education
-Dimensional learning which highlights how science learning takes place through theholistic and integrated learning of disciplinary core ideas, science and engineering practices, andcross-cutting concepts [1]. Within these three dimensions, the science and engineering practiceshave been a focal point for pre-college science curriculum and instructional reform because oftheir emphasis on learning the ways scientists and engineers conduct their professional work [2].With an emphasis on what it means to do scientific inquiry and engineering design, the scienceand engineering practices place the learning of science knowledge in relation to the work ofscience and engineering. The use of engineering design-based tasks offers one pedagogical approach
Conference Session
Design And Manufacturing Experiences I
Collection
2004 Annual Conference
Authors
William Nadir; Peter Young; Il Yong Kim; Olivier de Weck; David Wallace
-design-implement-operate] initiative has been well received byundergraduates, who have thoughtful suggestions for improvements. Some feeling of imbalancebetween fundamentals and other skills. Offerings in CAD/CAM, machining, fabrication desired."The intent of this course is to respond to this perceived gap, while exploiting synergies withother engineering departments that have articulated similar needs. We have developed an intense6-credit-unit IAP (independent activities period)1 course that takes students through theconception, design, and implementation of a single, complex structural component. This activitysupports the learning objectives of the Conceive-Design-Implement-Operate (CDIO) initiative[1,2,3] and leverages the latest technologies
Conference Session
Remote Physical Laboratories: Experimentation and Laboratory-oriented Studies
Collection
2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access
Authors
John M. Sullivan Jr, Worcester Polytechnic Institute; Ahmet Can Sabuncu, Worcester Polytechnic Institute; Valerie B. Smedile Rifkin, Worcester Polytechnic Institute; Kimberly Lechasseur, Worcester Polytechnic Institute; Caitlin A. Keller, Worcester Polytechnic Institute
Tagged Divisions
Experimentation and Laboratory-Oriented Studies
, open-ended project involving a minimum of 3 sensorsand/or controllers to perform a student-defined integrated objective. An analysis of the studentperceived outcomes showed significant learning relative to traditional classroom laboratoryinstruction. Student engagement was high, and a primary contributing factor perceived by thestudents was their ability to create or choose their projects, select the sensors, and design theirexperimental set-up. In summary, we conclude that this anytime-anywhere experimentationlaboratory is a viable option for keeping remote students engaged and will continue as asignificant enhancement in student learning opportunities.Introduction: The course was developed at an academic institution that has a long
Conference Session
NSF Grantees Poster Session
Collection
2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Kevin D. Dahm, Rowan University; Ravi P. Ramachandran, Rowan University; Nidhal Carla Bouaynaya, Rowan University
Tagged Topics
NSF Grantees Poster Session
- Intense Course ModulesThis paper presents two new course modules that have been developed for junior-level ChemicalEngineering core courses: Chemical Reaction Engineering and Chemical EngineeringThermodynamics II. As currently offered at Rowan University, both of these courses integratesimulation and computer lab activities in which students devise models of key physical systems,and then interrogate the models to study cause-and-effect in these physical systems. Thesecomputer labs are an integral part of both courses, but the scope (one 160-minute period) limitsthe complexity of the models that can be used, if the students are required to build the modelthemselves. In the course modules described here, students will study two physical systems
Conference Session
College Industry Partnerships Division Technical Session 2
Collection
2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Deeksha Seth, Drexel University; John Joseph Carr Jr., New Jersey Academy for Aquatic Sciences; Angela D. Wenger, New Jersey Academy for Aquatic Sciences ; Lisa D. McNair, Virginia Tech; James Louis Tangorra, Drexel University
Tagged Divisions
College Industry Partnerships
focused on family learning. Ms. Wenger is deeply commitment to diversity issues and broadening access to science for underserved audiences. She is also passionate about professional development of youth and staff working in science centers and museums.Dr. Lisa D. McNair, Virginia Tech Lisa D. McNair is an Associate Professor of Engineering Education at Virginia Tech, where she also serves as Assistant Department Head of Graduate Programs and co-Director of the VT Engineering Com- munication Center (VTECC). She received her PhD in Linguistics from the University of Chicago and a B.A. in English from the University of Georgia. Her research interests include interdisciplinary collabora- tion, design education
Conference Session
Division Experimentation & Lab-Oriented Studies: Best Papers
Collection
2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Anahid Behrouzi, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign; Daniel Kuchma, Tufts University
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Division Experimentation & Lab-Oriented Studies
, especially those associated with the instructors’ personal research/consulting experience, received highly positive feedback and students would often approach the instructor to ask follow up questions. These types of case-studies should be more fully integrated throughout the semester, rather than concentrated at the end as they were in the Fall 2015 semester.  Students enjoyed the creativity associated with the final design project and the fact that each team’s problem statement was unique. Many requested that some of the experiment- based activities from earlier in the semester be replaced with small design challenges. Instructors would have to be selective to insure curriculum topics are still addressed if this
Conference Session
Redefining Manufacturing Education Practices
Collection
2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Aditya Akundi, The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley; Immanuel Edinbarough P.E., The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley; Md Fashiar Rahman, The University of Texas at El Paso; Amit J. Lopes; Sergio Luna
Tagged Divisions
Manufacturing Division (MFG)
methodology of Systems Engineering tothe students of a graduate Manufacturing and Industrial Engineering program at the University ofTexas Rio Grande Valley. This graduate course was initially developed to be a part of a traditionalface-to-face lecture-based curriculum; however, with the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, it wasrestructured and discoursed coursed in an online format. This paper discusses on course structureused to enforce online systems engineering over weeks. This included addressing the basicconcepts of systems engineering to provide the student's knowledge to facilitate the transformationof operational needs to a well-defined system. Further, students reviewed the iterative designprocess of problem formulation, analysis, optimization
Conference Session
Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation Division – Tactical Approaches to Entrepreneurship Education
Collection
2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Eric G Meyer, Lawrence Technological University; Mansoor Nasir, Lawrence Technological University
Tagged Divisions
Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation
problems that they are asked to solve.Engineering graduates entering industry require business and entrepreneurial skills, so LawrenceTechnological University and others, have implemented comprehensive transformations of theengineering curriculum to instill an entrepreneurial mindset in students (Carpenter et al., 2011).These developments, funded by the Kern Entrepreneurship Education Network (KEEN), includedan entrepreneurial certificate program and a seminar series that were strongly tied with the businessprograms. Entrepreneurial education was also integrated across the curriculum, throughoutengineering, science, arts and humanities courses (Gerhart and Carpenter, 2013). Starting withfreshman (Gerhart et al., 2014), the College of Engineering
Collection
2010 Spring ASEE Middle Atlantic Section Conference
Authors
Arthur D. Kney P.E.; Nancy Ball; Traci Shoemaker; Danuta Bukatko; Angela Moran; Joe Colosi
interest in technology. However,Butler11 noted that students between kindergarten and fifth grade start to develop a gender-basedtechnology gap which peaks at the eighth-grade level; females lose interest in technology asreflected in their levels of computer usage. Similarly, Cady and Terrell12 found that girls asyoung as 10 years old began to have negative self-attitudes with regard to computers andtechnology. However, by incorporating technology in the science curriculum, the girlsdeveloped higher levels of confidence in their ability to use technology and also raised their viewof the importance of using technology. Finally, Sun, Lin, and Yu13 found that the integration oftechnology into the science curriculum had a very positive impact on all
Conference Session
Electrical and Computer Division Technical Session 9
Collection
2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access
Authors
Zachariah E. Fuchs, University of Cincinnati
Tagged Divisions
Electrical and Computer
second year students and serve as a motivating introduction to the program. The coursesoften use prototype boards to interface sensor and actuator modules from a system-levelintegration perspective. There are also courses at the other end of the spectrum that focus on thelow-level development of microcontroller firmware and how microcontrollers interface withindividual sensors, actuators, and other devices. Due to the detailed nature of the material, it canbe challenging to present these topics and labs within the context of an overarching project whilestill limiting the scope to fit within a single term.Pinball machines integrate many core topics of electrical engineering, computer engineering,mechanical engineering, and computer science in
Conference Session
NSF Grantees Poster Session
Collection
2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Thomas A. Litzinger, Pennsylvania State University, University Park; Sarah E. Zappe, Pennsylvania State University, University Park; Maura J. Borrego, Virginia Tech; Jefferey E. Froyd, Texas A&M University; Wendy Newstetter, Georgia Institute of Technology; Karen L. Tonso, Wayne State University; Peggy Noel Van Meter, Pennsylvania State University
Tagged Topics
NSF Grantees
University Jeffrey E. Froyd is the Director of Faculty Climate and Development at Texas A&M University. He served as Project Director for the Foundation Coalition, an NSF Engineering Education Coalition in which six institutions systematically renewed, assessed, and institutionalized their undergraduate engineering curricula, and extensively shared their results with the engineering education community. He co-created the Integrated, First-Year Curriculum in Science, Engineering and Mathematics at Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology, which was recognized in 1997 with a Hesburgh Award Certificate of Excellence. He has authored or co-authored over 70 papers on engineering education in areas ranging from curricular change
Conference Session
Information Literacy: Theory and Practice
Collection
2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Mysore Narayanan, Miami University
Tagged Divisions
Engineering Libraries
multiples modes of delivery techniques. Such a method has been suggested by Fleming and Mills. Lectures, Reading, Writing, Visual Aids, Tactile and Kinesthetic modes of delivery help to reach students with diverse learning skills.DECIDE: Finally, there should be an assessment of the course, the curriculum, the learning environment, the student body, and the instructor. It is important to conduct separate assessment of all the above-mentioned five. Once the five sets of data are in placed in their appropriate context, one can judge the impact of problem based learning on the learning environment itself.Source: Narayanan, Mysore. (2010
Conference Session
Experiences of Multidisciplinary Engineering Students
Collection
2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Vicki Stieha, Boise State University; Noah Salzman, Boise State University; Amy J. Moll, Boise State University
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Multidisciplinary Engineering
integrating the variables that matter to them is a step thatwe can take to increase the number of women and underrepresented minority graduates inengineering. This paper shares an evaluative case study as we report findings from data gatheringtools guiding our continuous improvement process. The findings illuminate students’ perceptionsof their engineering design course and curriculum. We conclude by discussing the pedagogicaldecisions the teaching team is making as a result of listening to our students’ voices.IntroductionAccording to a 2012 report from the President’s Council of Advisors on Science andTechnology, the U.S. needs approximately one million additional science, technology,engineering, and mathematics (STEM) college graduates in order to
Collection
Proceedings of the 2020 ASEE PSW Section Conference, canceled
Authors
Heather Marriott, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, Prescott
and come with an integrated development environment.2.1 Lectures Designed for Active Participation and In-Class ExercisesMany of today’s classrooms are equipped with computers for every student, these computersshould be used throughout the lecture to help improve student engagement and understanding ofthe material. My class sessions include a lecture the first half of class followed by hands-on in-class exercises using the material covered in the lecture. The lecture itself contains manyexamples of sample code that students copy and paste (thus avoiding typing errors) and run inparallel with the lecture. The lecture requires that students try different inputs to the programsand make small modifications to see the effect of the changes. This
Conference Session
Electrical and Computer Engineering Laboratories
Collection
2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Nael Barakat, Grand Valley State University; Lihong (Heidi) Jiao, Grand Valley State University
Tagged Divisions
Division Experimentation & Lab-Oriented Studies
enrolled in this course during itsfirst offering. Objectives of the course and lab were developed previous to the offering andoutcomes were assessed during and after the offering. In particular, the lab part was distinctlyassessed and the results were evaluated. This resulted in action items and conclusions whichhave already been integrated in the next offering for continuous improvement. The next offeringis planned to take place during the spring of 2011.KeywordsNanotechnology education, Nanotechnology lab, Nanotechnology courseIntroductionThe products and outcomes of Nanotechnology research and developments have beenexponentially expanding for the last decade. This expansion is expected to continue in the nextdecade as well, resulting in an
Conference Session
Computer & Web-Based Instruction
Collection
2005 Annual Conference
Authors
Stewart Prince; Robert Ryan
using the Microsoft Excel computing environment as its primary programming“language” for more than a decade. The familiar capabilities of the worksheetenvironment, coupled with the ability to perform complex calculations with Visual Basicfor Applications (VBA), provide an effective platform for analyzing, designing, andoptimizing engineering systems.Since 2000, the Department has been using SolidWorks and the associated COSMOSanalysis packages as the tool for designing and analyzing parts and assemblies. Thecontinuing development of the Visual Basic language, and its ability to communicatewith the SolidWorks “design suite” via the Applications Programmer Interface (API), hasopened up new possibilities for creating an integrated computing
Conference Session
Software Engineering Teaching Techniques
Collection
2009 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
J. Scott Hawker, Rochester Institute of Technology
Tagged Divisions
Software Engineering Constituent Committee
, component-based software architectures, software and systems engineering process models, intelligent control, the semantic web, and real-time artificial intelligence. In 1999, Dr. Hawker joined the Computer Science Department at the University of Alabama as an Assistant Professor focusing on software engineering, and in 2004 he moved to the Software Engineering Department at RIT. Dr. Hawker is also co-director of the Laboratory for Environmental Computing and Decision Making, which focuses on modeling and understanding the impact of freight transportation and automotive industry activities and public policies. Dr. Hawker is a member of the ASEE, IEEE, IEEE Computer Society, and the
Collection
2022 ASEE - North Central Section Conference
Authors
Matthew R. Williams, Case Western Reserve University; Daniela Solomon, Case Western Reserve University; Colin K Drummond, Case Western Reserve University
ASEE North Central Section Conference Copyright © 2022, American Society for Engineering Education 2under the Creative Commons license and made available to other institutions interested infacilitating standards integration into the curriculum.Moot Court Case Educational AttributesAs an educational exercise, participation in a moot court case has a number of benefits over amore traditional “read and recite” type of assignment.  A moot court exercise provides real-worldapplicable attributes including immersion, self-direction, teamwork, and critical thinking.  Eachof these has been shown to improve retention and
Conference Session
Manufacturing Division Technical Session 2
Collection
2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Irina Nicoleta Ciobanescu Husanu, Drexel University; Yalcin Ertekin, Drexel University; M. Eric Carr, Drexel University
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Manufacturing
. • Demonstrate flexibility in thinking. • Independently pursue learning. • Students will build team work skills (brainstorming, integrate independent work in a team environment, respect and appreciate other opinions, share learning)We did an ad-hoc assessment of the above-mentioned learning outcomes as we could not haveour own surveys. Assessing informally their level of interest and engagement, all 15 girls were100% engaged in every activity and enjoyed their time. Students were asked questions such as: 1. Do you find a connection between what you learn in school and the real engineering world? What specific connection did you find in doing this activity? (both activities) 2. What mathematics concepts did you apply here
Collection
2001 Annual Conference
Authors
Richard Smith; Marv Abrams
. The ApproachThe objective is to create, demonstrate and share laboratory-based curriculum in which computersimulations are integrated with experimentation. The resultant educational outcome will providestudents and educators with an approach for understanding the capabilities, advantages,limitations, and correlation/validation of simulations relative to physical experience. Coursesdeveloped using this technique will feature integrated computer simulations and physicalexperiments with direct Internet access by other universities to participate and share resources.The methodologies being developed under a National Science Foundation CCLI-EducationalMaterials Development grant will assist other educators in expanding and improving
Conference Session
Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation Division Technical Session 7
Collection
2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Hamid R. Piroozi J.D., Indiana University-Purdue University of Indianapolis; Justin L. Hess, Indiana University-Purdue University of Indianapolis; Charles Feldhaus, Indiana University-Purdue University of Indianapolis
Tagged Divisions
Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation
educational programtitled Engineering-Science Intellectual Property Project (ESIP-Project). This project includesthree degree-counted elective courses that together create an IP concentration in an engineeringBS curriculum. The intent of the project is to generate within students a deep understanding of IPrequirements for creating novel, nonobvious, and non-infringing designs. In addition, the ESIP-Project is designed to teach IP concepts as they relate to engineering design, as well as criticalthinking skills and innovation. More specifically, students will be prepared to engage in prior artreview, identify what is needed to obtain enforceable designs, and apply strategies to avoidinfringement of existing patents. At the culmination of ESIP-Project
Conference Session
Preparing a Modern Aerospace Workforce
Collection
2008 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Narayanan Komerath, Georgia Institute of Technology
Tagged Divisions
Aerospace
that teams working on very large problems,across continents, are now commonplace. Large system integration tools have come into theworkplace. Conceptually, optimization can include even the “soft” aspects involving social andpolitical realities, that in fact take up a large part of project or system cost and time. Curricula inSystem Design are obvious avenues for pursuing the design of large systems. At present, theemphasis is on industrial training to use the large computer programs and databases thatcharacterize this discipline. In the curriculum, time may be better spent on the thought processes Page 13.452.5required. A valid observation
Conference Session
Entrepreneurship Education: Experiential Learning and Economic Development II
Collection
2009 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Daniel Raviv, Florida Atlantic University; Moshe Barak, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev; Timothy VanEpps, Florida Atlantic University
Tagged Divisions
Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation
for small and large scale changes in its content, the curriculum,and the participation of different faculty and invited scholars from different disciplines and institutions.This particular feature of the program will lead to a change in the university academic culture, i.e., it willencourage the faculty to take calculated risks, be more innovative and to experiment with differentteaching methods, allowing for amplification of knowledge and techniques into other, more traditionalprograms, thereby having a long-term effect on students and society.Related work This proposed program assumes a general understanding of the term innovation, like the definitionby the 3M Company “new ideas plus action or implementation which results in an
Conference Session
Engineering Libraries Division Technical Session 5
Collection
2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Margaret Phillips, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Amy S. Van Epps, Harvard University; Nastasha E. Johnson, Purdue University, West Lafayette; David A. Zwicky, Purdue University, West Lafayette
Tagged Divisions
Engineering Libraries
recently an associate professor of Library Science and Engineering Librarian at Purdue University. She has extensive experience providing instruction for engineering and technology students, including Purdue’s first-year engineering program. Her research interests include finding effective methods for integrating information literacy knowledge into the undergraduate engi- neering curriculum. Ms. Van Epps has a BA in engineering science from Lafayette College, her MSLS from Catholic University of America, a M.Eng. in Industrial Engineering from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, and is currently working on her PhD in Engineering Education at Purdue.Mrs. Nastasha E. Johnson, Purdue University, West Lafayette Nastasha
Conference Session
New Learning Paradigms I
Collection
2010 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Waddah Akili, Iowa State University
Tagged Divisions
Educational Research and Methods
are identified and corrected. Using procedures such as informalcooperative learning guarantees that students have been exposed to some active and interactive Page 15.919.6methods prior to engaging in PBL.B. Infusing PBL in the Curriculum: There are several strategies that may be utilized to infusePBL in an engineering curriculum. The selected strategy depends upon: 1) the commitment ofthe institution, as a whole, to the process of deploying active learning schemes in general, andPBL in particular, 2) the readiness of the teaching staff, and 3) available recourses, facilities, andsupport services. Table 1 illustrates three approaches to
Conference Session
NSF Grantees Poster Session
Collection
2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Tirupalavanam G. Ganesh, Arizona State University; Johnny Thieken, Arizona State University; Lisa Stapley Randall, Arizona State University; Alison W. Smith, SRP
Tagged Topics
NSF Grantees
designed learning supports for traditionally underserved students, these learners arenoted to have performed at high achievement levels.5 A multi-disciplinary team of contentexperts and public and private collaborators must approach the curriculum implied in thischallenge. Such a program must also include the potential to engage parents, educators, andrelevant community members in authenticating students’ experiences. Informal learning settingsoutside the framework of schooling offer the potential to stimulate interest, initiative,experimentation, discovery, play, imagination, and innovation in learners.6,7 Engaging learners inactivities where they test ideas and concepts, apply them to a new situation, and integrate thenew knowledge with pre
Conference Session
Informing the Critical Understanding of Our Users: Using Data to Develop New and Diverse Services
Collection
2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Kate Mercer, University of Waterloo; Kari D. Weaver, University of Waterloo; Ariel Jocelyn Stables-Kennedy, Western University
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Engineering Libraries
Pharmacy. Most of Kate’s publication history revolves around how health and technology interact, and her primary research focus is on how people are accessing, understanding and disseminating information.Ms. Kari D. Weaver, University of Waterloo Kari D. Weaver holds a B.A. from Indiana University, an M.L.I.S. from the University of Rhode Island, and is a doctoral candidate in the Department of Instruction & Teacher Education, School of Education at the University of South Carolina. Currently, she works as the Instructional Design Librarian at the University of Waterloo Library in Waterloo, Ontario, Canada. Her research interests include co-teaching, information literacy perceptions and behaviors of students across