Conference Session

Sociotechnical Integration

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Cynthia Helen Carlson P.E., Merrimack College; Catherine Woodworth Wong, Merrimack College

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education/Engineering & Society

from this course. - My understanding of engineering has not changed much, I pretty much know everything I knew coming into this. And know I just know a lot about climate change and a Copenhagen debate that didn’t solve any issues - The teacher used easy terms for us to understand the key ideas and how we can relate it to our life which helped us connect engineering to our lives. - My understanding of engineering has not changed because of this class because the professor only talked about climate change. Climate change has nothing to do with engineering. - Climate change has a lot to do with engineering.The self-reflections show that there were very different ways in which the students absorbedand

Conference Session

NSF Grantees: Entrepreneurship

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Magdalini Z. Lagoudas, Texas A&M University; So Yoon Yoon, University of Cincinnati; Rodney Boehm, Texas A&M University; Samantha Asbell, Texas A&M University

Tagged Topics

Diversity, NSF Grantees Poster Session

1, 33 < 0.001 0.319D. Learning Environments and Course EvaluationAs shown in Figure 8, students were all positive in describing the learning environment createdduring the course, such as collegial, motivating, productive, innovative, and positivelychallenging. While the course was neither harsh nor exhausting, it might be somewhat stressful,considering the rate of 4.28 over the neutral point.Figure 8. The Site learning environmentStudents all positively reflected the delivery of the Site program as shown in Figure 9.Figure 9. Overall delivery of the Site programThe effects of the Site program were all positive in their future plans, as presented in Figure 10.Figure 10. Impact of the Site program on future plansIV. DiscussionAfter

Conference Session

Student Division Technical Session 4

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Alyssa Travitz, University of Michigan; Ayse Muniz, The University of Michigan; Joanne Kay Beckwith, University of Michigan; Rose K. Cersonsky, University of Michigan

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Student

connect withone another and reflect on the information they have been exposed to throughout the day.As shown in fig. 6, the majority of teachers have already used, or are intending to use the activitykit provided. Some have even mentioned using activities from the website that were not part of thetrack they attended at the workshop but fit their classroom curriculum. There was a wide breadthin the ways teachers implemented their classroom kits. Some teachers mentioned they use theactivity as an introduction to a new concept, while others used them as hands on reinforcement ofa concept they had already taught in a traditional fashion. Teachers who used the kits mentionedthat they encouraged them to try new teaching strategies in their classrooms

Conference Session

Minorities in Engineering Division Technical Session 6

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Henriette D. Burns, Southern Illinois University, Edwardsville; Mark McKenney, Southern Illinois University, Edwardsville; Matt Johnson; Sharon Locke; Ann Vogel, iBIO Institute; Colin Wilson, Southern Illinois University; Georgia Bracey, Southern Illinois University, Edwardsville

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Minorities in Engineering

-Technologist [30], [31] and sequencing exercises such as explaining how to put on a coat verbally to another girl. 7. Expand data collection to include reflection, usually in the form of exit slips at the end of class. 8. Design tools specifically targeted at the CT skills and practices relevant in the lesson of the day. 9. Add real-time in-class data collection hardware, such as Swivl video systems to capture conversations at multiple locations in the classroom.Data Analysis. Quantitative data, such as the engagement surveys, will continue to be analyzedby descriptive analysis. The small participant size excludes the application of popular methodsfor affective construct analysis. All qualitative data will continue

Conference Session

First-year Programs: Focus on Students

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Goli Nossoni, University of New Haven; Ronald S. Harichandran, University of New Haven

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

have been skewed by thepresentation of the topics in classes and the assignments. However, the data was collected across6-7 sections of the course taught by different instructors in each of the two years during whichdata was collected. Therefore, the data should reflect some averaging. For example, if oneinstructor taught sustainability well and with enthusiasm in one class, while another taught thetopic poorly, then the responses of students from one class should offset the responses from theother class when the data is pooled.Summary and Conclusions A survey-based study of first-year engineering students was conducted at the University ofNew Haven to determine their personality types and interest in topics such as visualization

Conference Session

Information Literacy in First-year Courses and Co-curricular Experiences

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Catherine Woodworth Wong, Merrimack College; Cynthia Helen Carlson P.E., Merrimack College

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Libraries

[23], a Reacting To The Past game about climate change that was part of the Fall 2017 andFall 2019 semesters. Environmental movie nights took place on Wednesday nights at 7 PM at thelibrary with the librarian and the professor in attendance. Movies were also open to the widercampus community and the public. Students were encouraged to attend via a passport program.Climate Change World Café In addition to the environmental movie nights, first-year engineering students wereinvited to take part in a World Café on climate change during the Fall 2018 semester. One way tofoster resilience is through communication as students are bombarded with information aboutclimate change without the opportunity to digest, reflect, and consider steps for

Conference Session

Mechanical Engineering Technical Session: Curriculum and Education

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Shelby Ann McNeilly, Boise State University; Krishna Pakala, Boise State University; Donald Plumlee P.E., Boise State University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

modernized bachelor-level program at BSU’s MBE Department was developedbased upon a range of stakeholder inspirations, one of the most critical being student feedback.Through course evaluations and direct reflection of learning, undergraduates had requested moreflexibility with class selection, more hands-on engineering, and more themed learning tracks.The faculty recognized these inquiries to be of similar premise to those presented by numerousmechanical engineering education reform initiatives and publications. In these documents, thediscussion of the disassociation between industry needs and what mechanical engineers new totheir careers are prepared to provide is relentless. With the understanding that the presentcurriculum had not been

Conference Session

New Media for Ethics Education

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Valerie H. Summet, Rollins College; Rebecca A. Bates, Minnesota State University, Mankato

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Ethics

mathematicians, scientists, and engineers contains acode of ethics or a statement of ethical behavior. For example, ACM’s code of ethics states,“Computing professionals’ actions change the world. To act responsibly, they should reflect uponthe wider impacts of their work, consistently supporting the public good” [1]. This statementmakes it clear that a student cannot consider their work in a vacuum, and it also makes clear that astudent must connect their work to the impacts of that work.ABET accreditation guidelines for colleges and universities include a student outcome thatstudents from an ABET accredited undergraduate program will have “an ability to recognizeethical and professional responsibilities in engineering situations” [2]. The merging of

Conference Session

Computers in Education Division Technical Session 5: Online Teaching and Learning

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Maria-Isabel Carnasciali, University of New Haven; Nadiye O. Erdil, University of New Haven; Ronald S. Harichandran, University of New Haven; Jean Nocito-Gobel, University of New Haven; Cheryl Q. Li, University of New Haven

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

– Introduces a number of methods that can lead to new business ventures, including recognizing societal trends and market gaps, and discovering different ways to develop solutions to societal needs. 12. Innovating to Solve Problems Under Organizational Constraints – Introduces different types of innovation and problem-solving techniques in order to create a portfolio of practical solutions that reflect organizational boundaries and constraints. 13. Innovative Client-Centered Solutions Through Design Thinking – Describes two human- centered design thinking cycles and teaches how to apply design-thinking skills to a client-centered challenge. 14. Learning from Failure – Describes the difference between

Conference Session

Understanding Student Behavior and Experiences

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Nancy Nelson, University of Calgary; Robert William Brennan, University of Calgary

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

’ practices and values also alignedfor both factors indicating they did what they believed was best for their success. There was,however, no alignment between students’ prioritization and their values. Early interventions thathelp balance students’ priorities, supported with ongoing reflective practice, may help bringstudents’ priorities, practices and values into alignment.LimitationsWe believe that the participants in this study represent all Canadian undergraduate engineeringstudents, but recognize they are not statistically representative. The findings of this survey mayhave a bias associated with non-response. Students who chose to complete the survey may havedifferent views from those who did not. It is also not known what other factors may

Conference Session

Assessment of Learning in ECE Courses

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Ahmed Dallal, University of Pittsburgh; April Dukes, University of Pittsburgh; Renee M. Clark, University of Pittsburgh

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

, University of Pittsburgh. She conducts research on education projects that focus on active learning and engineering professional development. Current research includes the propagation of active learning throughout the Swanson School and the use of systematic reflection and metacognitive activities within coursework. She received the Ph.D. in Industrial Engineering from the University of Pittsburgh and the MS in Mechanical Engineering from Case Western. She has over 25 years of experience as an engineer and analyst in industry and academia. She completed her post-doctoral studies in engineering education at the University of Pittsburgh. c American Society for Engineering Education, 2020

Collection

2019 ASEE Zone I Conference & Workshop

Authors

Salah Badjou

FIGURE 8-23 FRONT PANEL FOR TEMPERATURE IN GREENHOUSE FIGURE 8-24 BLOCK DIAGRAM FOR GREENHOUSE The thermocouple was plugged into the system and calibrated. The thermocouple used is a K-type, and the tip of the thermocouple is the part that actually detects the heat. The tip of the thermocouple needs to be oriented in such a way that it gets direct heat from the light bulb and not reflections. The light bulb and fan are part of the experiment. The fan gets actuated so that when the

Collection

2017 Gulf Southwest Section Conference

Authors

Kimberlee Smith; Mario Beruvides

as adjuncts to the substantialfinancial aid programs created to assist low-income students.”12 Therefore, “[t]he history ofTRIO is a fascinating story of unique Federal Government experiments to address the problemsof poverty by providing educational opportunities in higher education.”9 Furthermore, to addressissues within the society, Gullatt & Jan, state that, “the services provided by pre-collegiateoutreach programs aim to counter negative school or community influences (lack of rigorouscurriculum, poorly trained teachers, lack of role models) by providing the missing elements thathelp students aspire to, prepare for, and obtain college enrollment.”10 As found by Hexter, thesimilarity in aim is reflected through a similarity in

Collection

2017 Gulf Southwest Section Conference

Authors

Amir Karimi; Randall D. Manteufel

used in solvingengineering problems. They succeed at algorithmic problem solving but have difficulty explainingthe physical systems being described. This is reflected in low scores on concept inventoryexams.1,2 Continued poor performance in thermodynamics courses is linked to students notgrasping the key concepts and failing to recognize how to apply relevant concepts in solvingproblems.3 Even when students pass thermal and fluid science courses, many fail to achieve a deepunderstanding of the fundamental concepts. For example, students may be able to solve problems Proceedings of the 2017 ASEE Gulf-Southwest Section Annual Conference Organized by The University of Texas at Dallas

Conference Session

Flipped, Blended, Online, Oh My

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Ricardo Zaurin PE, University of Central Florida; Sudipta Dey Tirtha, University of Central Florida; Naveen Eluru, University of Central Florida

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

%. Two main aspects were studied:students’ success in the class and students’ results per gender and ethnicity.The first finding refers to students’ success in the class: The percentages of mixed-modestudents successfully completing Statics and advancing to other courses was in average morethan 5 percent points higher than the F2F sections. The grade distribution also reflected animportant increase in A’s and B’s with a decrease in C’s, D’s and F’s.Univariate and multivariate statistical analyses were conducted. From univariate analysis, it wasfound that race, level, overall GPA prior to the course, gender, number of prior attempts andinclusion of mixed-mode instructional delivery approach are potentially important variables forpredicting future

Conference Session

Construction Engineering Division Technical Session 5

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

M. Scott Stanford P.E., United States Air Force Academy; Joel Sloan P.E., United States Air Force Academy; James B. Pocock, United States Air Force Academy; M. Mark Russell P.E., DFCE

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Construction Engineering

hands-on immersion experience at FERL (describedpreviously) and co-enrollment in numerous course offerings. This knowledge helps createsbalanced teams which is critical to ensuring healthy competition in the fourth phase. During the competition, teams assume the identity of a design-build firm, dividing upindividual roles by sub-discipline as outlined previously. Team leaders are charged withproviding overall guidance and ensuring the final products reflect a fully coordinated design andconstruction plan between sub-disciplines. Teams compete to “win” the job by having the mosttechnically sound approach and best integrated design. Examining Table 1 highlights a few important similarities between The Crucible and theASC design-build

Conference Session

Software Engineering Division Technical Session 1

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Edward F. Gehringer, North Carolina State University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Software Engineering Division

course ends (e.g., as peer tutors or project mentors), • help improve the course (e.g., by creating new active-learning exercises over the material, or scoping out new technological developments that could be incorporated into the course), and • keep you in contact with current industrial practice (e.g., by serving as a scrum master or training others in the practice).This way of looking at a course reflects a subtle, but important, difference in devising courseprojects. The question is not, How can I specify projects that will familarize students with thecourse content? but rather, How can I design projects that will help students find their role inpromoting their own learning and that of their classmates? This

Conference Session

Optical and Wireless Communication Systems

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Adam Neale, University of Waterloo; Jason Shirtliff, University of Waterloo; William Bishop, University of Waterloo; Cutberto Santillan Rios, University of Waterloo

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

, none of the available tools accurately reflected the laboratory materialenough to warrant use in the course. Most of the existing simulators either did not use thedesired antenna configurations or did not facilitate altering the desired parameters of interest.The tools that did allow the detailed examination of the desire parameters of interest were toocomplicated and contained too many features for the simple pre-lab exercise. Also, none of thetools attempted to explain the underlying theory in a way suitable for students. Thus, it wasdetermined that a simulation tool should be developed by the university to facilitate the needs ofthe dipole antenna laboratory study.The end product of this development is a suite of four simulation tools

Conference Session

Student Teams and Project-Based Learning

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Adam Carberry, Tufts University; Merredith Portsmore, Tufts University; Chris Rogers, Tufts University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

approach of this research is to employ an outreach program as a non-classroom basedpedagogy of engagement. A number of non-outreach opportunities outside the classroom forengineering students have been studied to determine if they do indeed encourage intentionallearning goals and active reflection by the student on what he or she learns throughout theexperience.[22-25] These opportunities range from volunteer community service to field education,such as internships and co-ops.[26] Research has shown that these experiences not only allowstudents to gain a sense of civic responsibility, but that they also help students to developprofessional teamwork and communication skills, assist in identifying career paths, preparestudents for the demands of

Conference Session

Multidisciplinary Course Innovation

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Lionel Craddock, Bluefield State College; Daphne Rainey, Virginia Bioinformatics Institute; Susan Faulkner, Virginia Bioinformatics Institute; Frank Hart, Bluefield State College; Martha Eborall, Bluefield State College; Lewis Foster, Bluefield State College; Stephen Cammer, Virginia Bioinformatics Institute; Betsy Tretola, Virginia Tech; Bruno Sobral, Virginia Bioinformatics Institute; Oswald Crasta, Virginia Bioinformatics Institute; Bruce Mutter, Bluefield State College

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering

disciplines to utilize this new teaching/learning paradigm, developproject-centric coursework, deploy the project-centric course to BSC students, and form the basisfor continuous improvement in the curriculum as needed to reflect this new teaching/learningparadigm. The BSC professors were provided the necessary mentoring and tools to develop anddeploy a course that facilitates multidisciplinary teaching/learning, thus advancing thepreparation of current and future generations of scientists, engineers, and educators.Project-Centric Cyberinfrastructure Education: Course DevelopmentImplementation of a project-centric teaching paradigm was aimed at engaging students inapplying the concepts of cyberinfrastructure. During the process of course development

Conference Session

Outreach Projects and General Energy Education

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Elizabeth DeBartolo, Rochester Institute of Technology; Margaret Bailey, Rochester Institute of Technology; Melissa Zaczek, Cummins; Timothy Schriefer, Rochester Institute of Technology; Patrick Kelley, Carnegie Mellon University; Mallika Ramaswamy, Rochester Institute of Technology; Nicholas Ryczko, Pratt & Whitney

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

, and a take-home activity; details for each are included below.Within a set of activities, the middle school students should be exposed to educational activitiesranging from basic comprehension to design and evaluation to reflecting on what they’ve learnedat home. The design team used Bloom’s Taxonomy7 as a guideline in this, and similar goalshave been set for other middle school engineering modules8. Kits developed to date include HeatTransfer, Chemical Energy, Electrical Energy, Solar Power, and Wind and Water Power.Instruction Manual: The instruction manual consists of a guide sheet, lesson plans, handouts,and assessment forms. The contents of the Instruction Manuals are available online so teacherscan browse and decide which kit(s) to use

Conference Session

New Engineering Educators: Off the Beaten Path

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Bobby Crawford, USMA; Tony Jones, USMA

Tagged Divisions

New Engineering Educators

that welearned is to have all of the required materials prepared well in advance.This EDP was also more difficult for the students. They have a large variety of materialsto choose from (as opposed to being restricted to a two-liter soda bottle) and amultifaceted problem: focus on scoring or attacking the opponent, speed versecontrollability, etc.; the number of tradeoffs is significant. The LEGO sets are capable ofbuilding very complex machines but the rules of the contest limit the size that the cadetscan use and a single nine volt battery power supply rewards those who design efficiently.The student satisfaction with the EDPs throughout the course is reflected in the followingstudent comments: “The past 26 lessons have been quite

Conference Session

Teaching Ethics

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Waleed Abulfaraj, King Abdulaziz University; Mohamed Hassan, Alexandria University, Egypt

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Ethics

misconduct. These will always be fundamental concerns. But there ismore to engineering ethics than this. There is the more positive side that focuses on doing one'swork responsibly and well, whether in the workplace or in community service22.Service learning may be defined as22: Credit-bearing educational experience in which studentsparticipate in an organized service activity that meets identified community needs and reflect onthe service activity in such a way as to gain further understanding of the course content, abroader appreciation of the discipline, and an enhanced sense of civic responsibility.The concept of service learning is not new to higher education, or to the engineeringprofession22. The idea of integrating service with education has

Conference Session

Design in Engineering Eduaction - Poster Session

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jennifer Miskimins, Colorado School of Mines; Ramona Graves, Colorado School of Mines

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

multidisciplinary senior capstone design class and the criteria that itspecifically was responsible for meeting. It was (and is) felt that this course was the maincomponent that links the curriculum together, and, therefore, it was also the linchpin of verifyingfulfillment of the various criteria.The first document also focused on certain curriculum issues that were present at the time in2000. Several of the survey and interview questions used for all data sources (students, alumni,industry recruiters, etc.) reflected concerns about certain classes, course sequences, and overallcurriculum flow. Although not intended as such, this document provided a history of these issuesfor new faculty to review and become familiar with history of curriculum development

Conference Session

Cognitive and Motivational Issues in Student Performance I

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Dawn Williams, Howard University; Lorraine Fleming, Howard University; Marcus Jones, Howard University; Ashley Griffin, Howard University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

Higher Education. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office.4. Tinto, V. (1988) Stages of Student Departure: Reflections on the Longitudinal Character of Student Leaving The Journal of Higher Education: Ohio State University Press. Page 12.387.105. Rendon, L. I., Jalomo, R.E., and Nora, A. (2000). Theoretical considerations in the study of minority student retention in higher education: In Rethinking the Departure Puzzle: New Theory and Research on College Student Retention, edited by J. Braxton, 127-156. Nashville: Vanderbilt University Press.6. Kuh, G.D. (2001). Assessing what really matters to student learning

Conference Session

Engineering Without Borders: Programs Involving Students

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ivan Esparragoza, Pennsylvania State University; Richard Devon, Pennsylvania State University

Tagged Divisions

International

distributed in differentlocations in order to design products for a global market. Using teams distributed in differentlocations over the world implies that the design team is representing a broader and diversecommunity and, therefore, making more significant, creative and widely accepted contributionsto the final product. Global design also implies a commitment to create safe consumer productsto benefit the international community, protecting the global environment, supporting culturaldiversity, and respecting international agreements and standards.It is evident that if the world is changing the academic programs should change also to reflect thenew tendencies the future engineers are going to be facing. Most of the engineering programshave a design

Conference Session

Industrial Collaborations and Applications

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jason Durfee, Eastern Washington University; William Loendorf, Eastern Washington University; Donald Richter, Eastern Washington University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

take some pride in the work that they have completedincluding getting their work submitted to this university symposium. Additionally, steps arebeing taken to institute a seminar-type environment where students that complete undergraduateresearch will have the opportunity to present their work to the other students within thedepartment.Conclusions, Reflections, and the FutureAlthough having students do work with industry is not a new concept, recognizing the synergismof enhancing student growth and learning as well as advancing the success of local industry is amore recent concept. Eastern Washington University is situated close to many smallmanufacturing companies that are vital to the economic and technological success of thesurrounding area

Conference Session

Innovations for the Senior Year of the ME Curriculum

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Showkat Chowdhury, Alabama A&M University; Abdul Jalloh, Alabama A&M University; Ruben Rojas-Oviedo, Alabama A&M University; Mohamed Seif, Alabama A&M University; Amir Mobasher, Alabama A&M University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

university,reflects the uniqueness of the traditional land-grant institution, which combines professional,vocational and liberal arts pursuits. The University provides baccalaureate and graduate Page 12.342.3studies that are compatible with the times to all qualified and capable individuals who areinterested in further developing their technical, professional, and scholastic skills andcompetencies. AAMU is located in Huntsville, Alabama, which is known internationally as acenter of aerospace and defense technology. Huntsville is considered as a leader in high-techresearch, engineering services, information systems design and in the manufacturing

Conference Session

Continuous Improvement & Assessment of ET Programs

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Robert Chin, East Carolina University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

. Furthermore, the descriptors describe what was rather than perhaps what ought to be.Finally, the data are also collapsed from numerous sources and may not necessarily reflect aparticular economic endeavor or locale.References1. Rogers, G. (n.d.). The Language of Assessment: Humpty Dumpty Had a Great Fall . . . . Retrieved October 14, 2007, from http://www.abet.org/Linked%20Documents- UPDATE/Assessment/Assessment%20Tips3.pdf2. U.S. Department of Labor, Office of Administrative Law Judges. (n.d.). Dictionary of Occupational Titles (4th Ed., Rev. 1991) – Parts. Retrieved January 17, 2008, from http://www.oalj.dol.gov/PUBLIC/DOT/REFERENCES/DOTPARTS.HTM3. O*NET Resource Center. (n.d.). About O*NET. Retrieved October 14, 2007, from

Conference Session

Lean Manufacturing and Six Sigma in Manufacturing Education 2

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

M. Brian Thomas, Cleveland State University

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

time frames between ninety minutes5, 10-12 and one day1, 13.Regardless of the time frame, all authors cited here employ repetition as a tool to highlight thedifference between non-Lean production and Lean production. The shorter time frames allowfor just two or three rounds to be used as a basis of comparison. For example, the exercisedescribed by Billington6 uses three rounds (push, pull with lot size = 3, pull with single-pieceflow) to demonstrate to students how Lean can reduce work-in-process (WIP). An advantage formultiple sessions, though, is that it provides the students with time to reflect on the events of aprevious exercise and plan for the next. The added time permits a less-structured exercise, asstudents are able to develop their