Conference Session

Exploration of Trends in Engineering Education

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Anil Saigal, Tufts University; Arun K. Saigal, Massachusetts Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Graduate Studies

development. Page 25.632.1 c American Society for Engineering Education, 2012 Faculty Hiring Patterns in Mechanical Engineering at Elite Universities Anil Saigal1 and Arun Saigal2 1 Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155 email: anil.saigal@tufts.edu 2 MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139 email: aksaigal@mit.eduAbstractDoes it matter

Conference Session

Engineering Technology Curriculum Innovations

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Julie M. Little-Wiles M.S.M., Ph.D. (A.B.D.), Purdue University, West Lafayette; Stephen Hundley, Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis; Wanda L. Worley, Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis; Erich J. Bauer, Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

this particular institution does frequentlyoffer such courses in their various programs.This research centered on what faculty use in a learning management system to aid their studentsin not only gaining knowledge, but also in engaging them in the course and area of focus.Specific elements were identified that (1) faculty commonly use within the learning managementsystem, (2) faculty perceive students respond best to, and (3) faculty perceive students care mostabout. The results provide both administrators and faculty with general guidelines in developingand maintaining successful online learning environments. Standard tools available in themajority of learning management systems were evaluated. Determination of faculty’s trainingexperience

Conference Session

Considerations for the Collection Conscious Librarian

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Patricia E. Kirkwood, University of Arkansas

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Libraries

mustmake difficult decisions about what products and resources should be purchased and promoted.Librarians must also decide what resources to emphasize when they have the opportunity to getinto the classroom. A recent article that examines the information seeking behavior of computerscience and engineering faculty at the College of New Jersey states “A third major issue was theneed for more subject-specific databases…. [1].” This library was unable to purchase additionaldatabases to meet that expressed need and had to answer the following question: Is CiteSeerX areasonable substitution for a subscription database in the area of computer science? There is noproven method of assessing Web crawler generated databases, especially in direct comparison

Conference Session

Thinking About the Engineering Curriculum

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Olga Pierrakos, James Madison University; Anna Zilberberg; Christopher W. Swan, Tufts University; Angela R. Bielefeldt, University of Colorado, Boulder; Kurt Paterson P.E., Michigan Technological University; John J. Duffy, University of Massachusetts, Lowell; Sean Mcvay, James Madison Univeristy

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

gap, this study aims to gain adeeper understanding of the faculty‟s experience with LTS. Herein, we present the thoroughdevelopment of the LTS Faculty Survey, designed with content and construct validationprocesses in mind and included quantitative and qualitative items, as well as key findings fromsurveyed LTS faculty experts (N=25). The survey enabled us to measure characteristics of LTScurricular and extracurricular efforts, perceived barriers faced by faculty, motivations forimplementing LTS efforts, attitudes about LTS, etc. all from a faculty perspective. Key findingssuggest that major barriers for LTS implementation are (1) faculty time/workload, (2) problemscoordinating with the community, and (3) the lack of policy on the role of LTS

Conference Session

Factors Impacting Engineering Career Choices, Including Engaging Families

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

David R. Heil, David Heil & Associates, Inc.; Neil Hutzler, Michigan Technological University; Christine M. Cunningham, Museum of Science; Mia Jackson, Foundation for Family Science & Engineering; Joan F. Chadde, Michigan Technological University

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

, rural, and minority communities. Family Math and Family Science offerpublications and program delivery in both English and Spanish to assist in reaching diverseaudiences.In its report Changing the Conversation: Messages for Improving Public Understanding ofEngineering9, the National Academy of Engineering concluded the public image ofengineering needed to reflect the optimism and aspirations of students and needed to beinclusive. Some common misconceptions include: (1) engineering work is a sedentary deskjob, (2) engineering is strongly linked to math and science, but not to other vital aspects, suchas creativity, teamwork, and communication, and (3) engineers are not seen as directly helpingpeople. NAE observed that many kids want a well

Conference Session

Women in Engineering Poster Session

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Shweta Chopra, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Gary R. Bertoline, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Chad M. Laux, Purdue University, West Lafayette

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering

RationaleNumerous reports have discussed the dearth of women in Science, Technology, Engineering;Mathematics (STEM) fields 1, 2. Almost two-thirds of young children of age group 9-15 state thatthey enjoy science, but girls’ attitudes and interests change by middle school3. During highschool, girls and boys take the same number of science courses. In addition, girls perform as wellas boys in those courses. Despite comparable performance levels, girls rarely continue studyingscience at college level4. Lack of female progress in STEM education has been observed inSTEM fields despite multiple measures taken by universities, colleges, schools, industries, andother organizations dedicated to increasing awareness, providing mentoring services, andrecruiting and

Conference Session

Thermodynamics, Fluids, and Heat Transfer

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kyle A. Watson, University of the Pacific; Ashland O. Brown, University of the Pacific; Rachelle Kisst Hackett, University of the Pacific; Alexis Pham, University of the Pacific

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

has served as Dean for two engineering schools and headed groups at Ford Motor Co. and General Motors Corp., which included a product design section composed of product analysis engineers (finite element analysis experts). He has taught engineering courses in thermodynamics, solar engineering, graphics, dynamics, machine design, and finite elements methods. He has more than 50 referred technical research publications, and conference papers with 10 in the areas of finite element learning modules, with two recently accepted as referred engineering journal papers covering the results of the NSF CCLI-Phase 1 work.Dr. Rachelle Kisst Hackett, University of the Pacific Rachelle Kisst Hackett, Ph.D., is an Associate

Conference Session

Methods, Techniques, and New Programs in Graduate Education

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Michael G. Jenkins P.E., California State University, Fresno; Walter V. Loscutoff, California State University, Fresno; Thomas Nguyen

Tagged Divisions

Graduate Studies

starting his position as faculty at CSU, Fresno. His research and teaching interests include advanced materials, alternate energy, systems analysis, and project management.Dr. Thomas Nguyen Page 25.639.1 c American Society for Engineering Education, 2012 Five-Year BS/MS in Engineering – The Time Has Come Michael G. Jenkins1, PhD, PE; Walter V. Loscutoff1, PhD; Thomas L. Nguyen2, PhD 1 California State University, Fresno, CA; 2Levitas Consultants, Merced, CAAbstractThe time has come to implement five-year BS/MS programs as the norm for the firstprofessional degrees

Conference Session

FPD X: Addressing Retention in the First Year

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Andria Costello Staniec, Syracuse University; Helen M. Doerr, Syracuse University

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

” have demonstrated higher student outcomes, includingpersistence to graduation9. While a variety of programs have evolved over the past two decades,in Arendale’s review of postsecondary peer cooperative learning programs, they are divided intotwo groups: (1) those that provide additional support through outside of class activities withlittle change by the primary instructor and (2) those that reflect a transformed learningenvironment for all students enrolled in the course9. Included in the second category are thoseworkshops using the Peer-Led Team Learning (PLTL) model developed in science education.Keys to the success of the PLTL model are a peer-led workshop that is integral to the course, theclose involvement of the faculty in working with

Conference Session

Computers and Simulation

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Hatem M. Wasfy, Advanced Science and Automation Corp.; Tamer M. Wasfy, Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis; Jeanne Peters, Advanced Science and Automation Corp.

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

joint/contact constraints. An asperity-basedfriction model is used to model joint/contact friction. A bounding box binary tree contact searchalgorithm is used to allow fast contact detection between finite elements and other elements aswell as general triangular/quadrilateral rigid-body surfaces. The following experiments aremodeled: mass-spring systems, pendulums, pulley-rope-mass systems, air-hockey, billiards, 1Dand 2D frictional and frictionless motion with and without gravity, roller-coasters, planetarymotion, gears, cams, robotic manipulators and linkages.1. IntroductionA flexible multibody system is a system of interconnected rigid and/or flexible bodies. Thebodies are connected using various types of joints including spherical, revolute

Conference Session

Using Applications and Projects in Teaching Mathematics

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Gunter Bischof, Joanneum University of Applied Sciences, Graz, Austria; Christian Steinmann, Joanneum University of Applied Sciences, Graz, Austria

Tagged Divisions

Mathematics

25.642.3equations is obtained when considering an incompressible flow of a Newtonian fluid. Liquidsare often regarded as incompressible because they require such high pressure to compressthem appreciably. However, it is quite legitimate in many applications to consider even agaseous medium such as the atmosphere to be incompressible, in which case theincompressible flow assumption typically holds well at low Mach numbers up to about 0.3.The behavior of a viscous incompressible fluid is governed by the simplified Navier-Stokesequation, which can be written as ∂v 1 + ( v ⋅ ∇) v = − ∇P +ν ∆v , ∂t ρand by the continuity equation

Conference Session

Computers in the Laboratory

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jennifer Marie Catchpole; Steven F. Barrett, University of Wyoming; Cameron H.G. Wright P.E., University of Wyoming

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

them to be closely involved as a project mentor.There is no shortage of students looking for meaningful, challenging projects. All accreditedundergraduate programs of engineering and computer science require a capstone designexperience. ABET criteria states: “Students must be prepared for engineering practice through acurriculum culminating in a major design experience based on the knowledge and skills acquiredin earlier course work and incorporating appropriate engineering standards and multiple realisticconstraints.”1 The criterion also provides a list of student outcomes commonly referred to as 3(a)to 3(k). Many of these student outcomes may be practiced by students participating in an FSBSproject. Potential student outcomes include:• “an

Conference Session

Tricks of the Trade II

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

W. Vincent Wilding P.E., Brigham Young University; James K. Archibald, Brigham Young University; Paul Richards P.E., Brigham Young University; Steven L. Shumway, Brigham Young University; Brian D Jensen, Brigham Young University

Tagged Divisions

New Engineering Educators

faculty member in research and citizenship,in addition to teaching demands, it is difficult for faculty to devote large amounts of time todevelopment activities. This is particularly true for young faculty who are trying to establishstrong research programs.Fostering a culture of excellent teaching and planning efficient and effective seminars has been agoal in our college. There are many possible ways to structure a program for teacherdevelopment.1 Programs may vary in topics covered, expected time commitment, involvementof outside experts, and whether the programs are mandatory. The purpose of this paper is torelate the lessons learned in our efforts to develop such a culture and program, and it is hopedthat our experience will help to inform

Conference Session

Curricular Innovations in College-Industry Partnerships

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Thomas F. Wolff P.E., Michigan State University; Carmellia Davis-King, Michigan State University; Timothy J. Hinds, Michigan State University; Daina Briedis, Michigan State University

Tagged Divisions

College Industry Partnerships

program hasfurther engaged corporate entities in several lesser-commitment activities that 1) serve ourstudents and the program goals in a more narrowly targeted sense, and 2) provide opportunitiesfor additional potential sponsors to familiarize themselves with our programs and its goals, andhence begin to consider potential theme sponsorship.The following sections of this paper will further describe the goals, planning, evolution andexecution of the program with special emphasis on the sponsor partnerships. As the initialpartnership is just now completing its first year, assessment is still evolving. But early anecdotalinformation is both indicating success and informing the future direction of the initiative. Thevalue of connecting students to

Conference Session

Laboratory Exercises for Energy, Power, and Industrial Applications

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Hyun W. Kim, Youngstown State University; Yogendra M. Panta, Youngstown State University

Tagged Divisions

Division Experimentation & Lab-Oriented Studies

, as shown in Table 1, to measure students’ performance.The rubric identifies six pertinent abilities that students must develop during their studies in themechanical engineering program. They are the abilities to identify objectives, to use appropriatetools and methods, to conduct experiments safely, to collect sufficient data and apply statisticalanalysis, to evaluate results for validation of objectives, and to formulate an experiment toevaluate an engineering problem. There are four levels of achievement criteria that each studentmust display. The program aims that every senior in the program meets or exceeds criteria 3. Inorder to attain the goal, the program has been requiring that each mechanical engineeringlaboratory course contains an

Conference Session

Middle School Programs

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Richard H. Crawford, University of Texas, Austin; Christina Kay White, University of Texas, Austin; Chandra L. Muller, University of Texas, Austin; Anthony J. Petrosino Jr., University of Texas, Austin ; Austin B. Talley P.E., University of Texas, Austin ; Kristin L. Wood, University of Texas, Austin

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

paper, we describe a novel afterschool engineering program targeted for middle schoolgrades. The afterschool program builds on our many years of experience in conductingengineering-based professional development for K-12 teachers. The program is founded on athree-pronged approach of: 1) engaging students in inquiry-based learning opportunities thatfeature motivation of engineering concepts with readily-available technology examples, andteam-based design projects with the National Academy of Engineering 21st Century GrandChallenges themes; 2) professional development and support for teachers to guide students inmeaningful engineering design activities; and 3) informing parents and caregivers of the fullrange of STEM college and career pathway

Conference Session

ABET Accreditation, Assessment, and Program Improvement in ECE

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Danial J. Neebel, Loras College; Nicholas J. Burek, Loras College; Thomas Griebel, Loras College

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

scienceto further their understanding of hardware. Figure 1: Layered Architecture of the FPGArcade.The FPGArcade is designed to be used from a top down perspective. Users can dive right intogame development and experience the reward of seeing their game running on a board. The realgem here is the transparency. The endless opaque code in contemporary machines abstracts thehardware making it difficult if not impossible for a novice to untangle. It is hard to understandwhat is truly going on under the hood of a machine when Windows, glut, and other API’sobscure one’s vision. The FPGArcade is modeled with three simple layers, shown in Figure 1,which can be peeled back. Students are encouraged to delve deeper to optimize the system

Conference Session

Instrumentation in Education

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Akram Hossain, Purdue University, Calumet (Tech); Mohammad A. Zahraee, Purdue University, Calumet; Hamza Kadir, Purdue University Calumet (College of Technology)

Tagged Divisions

Instrumentation

. It waits and collects a set of 6 bottles. When six bottles arecollected, it feeds the set of bottles to the master screw conveyor at once. The master screwcontinuously runs at a high speed (RPM of the motor = 240 RPM). If the pocket which is createdat the junction of these two screws is not perfect during handing over, the bottles cannot pass andmay be crushed or shattered. The scenario is portrayed by Fig.1 below. Fig.1: A perfect pocket formation at the junction of the two screw conveyorsThe screw conveyor on the left hand side is the slave screw and the screw conveyor on the righthand side is the master screw. The slave collects the bottles before feeding it to the master screw.In the above figure, at the junction of the two

Conference Session

Professional Issues in Ethics Education

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Islam H. El-adaway, Mississippi State University; Marianne M. Jennings, Arizona State University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Ethics

-authorship status. Fourth, the authorsanalyze the ethical issues governing status of authorship. Fifth, the authors propose a frameworkfor defining and refining co-authorship guidelines through analysis and evaluation.2. Types of AuthorshipWork to date has established types of co-author relationships that range from the classic exampleof partners in research such as Watson and Crick to department heads adding their name to allworks that originate in their departments.The Gift or Honorary AuthorshipIn this type of arrangement, those authors who have done the actual design, conduct, and writingof the research decide to bestow co-author status on someone who has had little or no affiliationwith the project [1]. This is a form of honorary authorship

Conference Session

Progress in Manufacturing Education III

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Julia L. Morse, Kansas State University, Salina; Heidi Blackburn, Kansas State University, Salina

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

texts to theirconstituents. According to Knovel’s current website, “62% of the world’s top universities and80% of the top engineering schools in the United States provide access to Knovel.”5 In 2009,Industrial Engineer highlighted the usefulness of Knovel to engineering practitioners. 6 (The2010 starting cost of an annual corporate subscription to Knovel was quoted at $5,000.7)Figure 1 depicts an example of the technical subject categories which can be available through aKnovel library subscription.Figure 1. Sample selection of topic areas in the Knovel Database. (Selection may vary based onthe subscription.)8In the area of manufacturing, useful handbooks and texts available in the Knovel library include

Conference Session

FPD III: Innovation in Design in the First Year

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

David Miller, Pittsburg State University; Greg Murray, Pittsburg State University; Robert E. Gerlick, Pittsburg State University

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

, it helps them learn to think in three dimensions, and allows fortie-ins with many analysis and prototyping packages. To illustrate the last of these points, thestudents were allowed to create rapid prototypes of their models to race the cars. The rapidprototype machine used was a STRATASYS Dimension sst768 (Stratasys, Inc. Eden Prairie,MN), which printed three-dimensional models out of ABS plastic based on the solid part filesproduced in SolidWorks (Figure 1). This, too, is becoming more and more prevalent in industrybecause of the speed and low cost of the models which allow designs to be tested before full-scale production. The project was called the “SLA Derby,” after a rapid prototyping method

Conference Session

Aerospace Technical Session

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Adeel Khalid, Southern Polytechnic State University

Tagged Divisions

Aerospace

defined for the project. Students were recruited based on their level of interest,knowledge, ability and capacity. A timetable was established to complete the project. Thetimetable is shown in the form of a Gantt chart in Table 1. This provided students guidelines tostay on track. Students also completed design documentation using systems engineeringapproach9. Specific emphasis was given on project management such as to meet variousdeadlines. Gantt chart was used to keep track of project activities. The idea was to make theequipment part of the Aerospace laboratory which was being established as part of the newAerospace program at SPSU. The laboratory space had not yet been identified, so storage of

Conference Session

NSF Grantees' Poster Session

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

David L. Soldan, Kansas State University; Noel N. Schulz, Kansas State University; Don Gruenbacher, Kansas State University; Rekha Natarajan, Kansas State University; Blythe Marlow Vogt, Kansas State University

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Conference Session

Computer-based Measurements

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Bridget M. Smyser, Northeastern University; Kevin McCue, Northeastern University

Tagged Divisions

Instrumentation

groups in open lab times or to arrange for groups to borrowequipment for measurement outside of lab. Student topics were varied and showed a great deal ofcreativity, as shown in Figure 1 below. Page 25.655.9Sample of Student Topics for Term ProjectsMeasuring decibel levels around the T (subway)Determining which vendor’s coffee cups kept coffee hot the longestMeasuring the pressure produced by adding Mentos to Diet CokeDetermining the critical radius for heat flux through an insulated copper pipeQuantifying the effect of drafting on bicycle velocityDetermining which fan produces the largest wind volume per kW and per dollarProducing a human

Conference Session

Curriculum Exchange II

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sonja Turner, North Carolina A&T State University; Narayan Bhattarai, North Carolina A&T State University; Dhananjay Kumar, North Carolina A&T State University

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

, lung tissue, and heart tissue.The technique used to turn these macromolecules into Nano fibers is called electro spinning.Electro spinning is a highly versatile method used to process polymers into continuous fibers Page 25.656.3with diameters ranging from micrometers to a few nanometers [1]. It involves the use of electricalcharge to draw very fine fibers from liquids. Solvents are used to assist in the breaking down ofthe solid pieces of a polymer into a liquid solution.Using polymers to produce Nano fibers provide medical benefits as well as improvements in theuses of materials associated with energy, and building materials. Nano fibers

Conference Session

Capstone and International Experiences

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jacob T. Allenstein, Ohio State University; Clifford A. Whitfield, Ohio State University; Bob Rhoads, Ohio State University

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering

. Below is the GanttChart for the automotive industry sponsored project. Figure 1 – Gantt Chart for a Successful Capstone ProjectThe automotive industry sponsor provided wind tunnel research capability and available datesfor testing. The available dates provided a deadline for the specific project hurdles and theproject Gantt Chart was built around those dates. Once the Gantt Chart was established and Page 25.657.8approved by the facilty advisor and project coordinator, the students started researching mainsources of drag on a typical SUVs. Discovering the primary sources of drag, the students startedcreating prototypes in a CAD

Conference Session

NSF Grantees' Poster Session

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Nasser Alaraje, Michigan Technological University; Aleksandr Sergeyev, Michigan Technological University; Fred Scheu, College of Lake County

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

professional individuals and college faculty seeking knowledge and expertisein programmable logic design. Faculty members having the opportunity to attend theseworkshops gain the knowledge and expertise to teach both VHDL digital Design andProgrammable Logic (FPGA) design courses. The exposure to industry-taught courses will helpthe faculty members to impact the learning experience of his/her undergraduate students byproviding them with skills that are highly marketable and appreciated by industry. II. Curriculum Development at Michigan Tech UniversityFigure 1 shows the current and proposed digital design logic sequence which incorporates theaddition of two new courses that will be added to the current course (Digital Electronics). TheEET program

Conference Session

Energy Education Courses, Labs, and Projects II

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ibraheem A. Kateeb, North Carolina A&T State University; Larry Burton, North Carolina A&T State University; Naser El-Bathy P.E., North Carolina A&T State University; Faris Abdullah Almansour, North Carolina A&T State University

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

States were down 2.8%, thebiggest annual drop since the 1980s [1]. The Smart Grid enables grid operators to see further into thesystem and allows them the flexibility to better manage the intermittency of RES. This in turn surmountsa significant barrier, enabling wind and solar to be deployed rapidly – and in larger percentages to havea green Smart Grid.Going Green through the use of RES and make the planet sustainable and by so doing improve the airquality and environment. US government has required that by the year 2030 that 20% of the electricalenergy generated in the U S will be from RES. There are many different types of RES such ashydroelectric, biomass, wind, solar, wave, tidal and geothermal. The key to the usage of renewableresources is

Conference Session

Educating Students for Professional Success

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ana T. Torres-Ayala, University of South Florida

Tagged Divisions

Graduate Studies

”4. Self- Page 25.660.2determination theory suggests that intrinsic motivation can be increased when three basic humanneeds are addressed: the need to perceive one’s behavior as self-determined (autonomy), the needto feel effective when expressing one’s capacities (competence), and the need to feel a sense ofbelonging with others (relatedness).Other factors that contribute to student motivation are perceptions of the value of a task5 and theexpectation of succeeding in a task6. How a person interprets causes (attributions) for success orfailure affects that person’s future expectations of success. These causes may be: 1) internal orexternal

Conference Session

Techniques in Improving Mathematics Education in STEM Curricula

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Erin Shaw, University of Southern California; Zachary Boehm, University of Southern California; Hussain Badruddin Penwala, University of Southern California; Jihie Kim, University of Southern California

Tagged Divisions

Mathematics

10 No time 6 8 4 One 1-5 Hours 6 2 Two 4 5-10 Hours 0 Three/Four 2 10-15 Hours 0 Games Texting Phone Page 25.661.4 Figure 2a,b. Types of devices owned by students and number of hours spent